Damped Oscillation: Topic 2

UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Topic 2:
Damped Oscillation
1
• For ideal SHM, total energy remained constant and

displacement followed a simple sine curve for infinite time
• In practice some energy is always dissipated by a resistive or

viscous process
• Example, the amplitude of a freely swinging pendulum will

always decay with time as energy is lost
• The presence of resistance to motion means that another force

is active, which is taken as being proportional to the velocity
2
frictional force acts in the direction opposite to that of the

velocity (see figure below)
Newton’s Second law becomes:
where r is the constant of proportionality and has the

dimensions of force per unit of velocity and the present of
this term will always result in energy loss
3
The problem now is to find the behaviour of the displacement

x from the equation:
differential
equation
where the coefficients m, r and s are constant
When these coefficients are constant a solution of the form
can always be found
C has the dimension of x (i.e. length)

 has the dimension of inverse time
4
Taking C as a constant length:
The equation of motion become:
So:
Or:
5
Solving the quadratic equation in  gives:
The displacement can now be expressed as:
the sum of both these terms:
6
damping resistance term stiffness term
= positive, zero or negative

depending on the relative magnitude of the two terms inside it
 three possible solutions and each solution describes a
particular kind of behaviour
: heavy damping results in a dead beat system
: balance between the two terms results in a

critically damped system
: system is lightly damped and gives

oscillatory damped simple harmonic motion
7
Case 1. Heavy Damping
Let: and
If now F = C1 + C2 and G = C1  C2
8
Hyperbolic sine:
Hyperbolic cosine:
9
Case 1. Heavy Damping
• This represents non-oscillatory behaviour

• The actual displacement will depend upon the initial or
boundary conditions
• If x = 0 at t = 0, then F = 0 and displacement x become
10
 p0
If x = 0 at t = 0  e ( F cosh0  G sinh 0)  0
 F 0
 x  e  pt G sinh qt
 r 2 s 
1/ 2

 x  Ge rt / 2 m sinh  2   t 
 4m m 

11
Case 1: Heavy Damping
It will return to zero

displacement quite
slowly without
oscillating about its
equilibrium position
12
Case 2: Critical Damping

r
 q=0 
2m
The quadratic equation
in  has equal roots

In the differential equation
 solution, demands that C
satisfies must be written:
C = A + Bt
A = a constant length B = a given velocity which depends
on the boundary conditions
13

Example
Mechanical oscillators which experience sudden impulses and are

required to return to zero displacement in the minimum time
Suppose: at t = 0, displacement x = 0 (i.e. A = 0) and receives an

impulse which gives it an initial velocity V
at t = 0:
Complete solution:
14
At maximum displacement:
At this time the displacement is:
15
16
Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
when
= imaginary quantity
So the displacement is:
17
The bracket has the dimensions of inverse time (i.e. of frequency)

 the behaviour of the displacement x is oscillatory with a
new frequency
 = frequency of ideal simple harmonic motion
18
To compare the behaviour of the damped oscillator with

the ideal case, we have to express the solution in a form
similar to that in the ideal case, i.e.
Rewrite:
Choose:
where A and  are constant which depend on the motion at t = 0
19
SHM with new frequency:
Amplitude A is modified by e-rt/2m (which decays with time)
20
21
Summary
solution
solution
: heavy damped
: critically damped
: damped SHM
22
Summary
: heavy damped
23
Summary
: critically damped
24
Summary
: damped SHM
Amplitude A is modified by e-rt/2m (which decays with time)

25
Methods of Describing the Damping of an Oscillator
Logarithmic Decrement, 
Relaxation Time or Modulus of Decay
Q-value of a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator
26
Methods of Describing
Methods the
of Describing theDamping ofan
Damping of anOscillator
Oscillator
Energy of an oscillator:
proportional to the square of its amplitude: E  a2
In the presence of a damping force

the amplitude decays with time as
So the energy decay will be proportional to
 E
• The larger the value of the damping force r the more rapid
the decay of the amplitude and energy
27
Logarithmic Decrement
= measures the rate at which the amplitude dies away
Suppose in the expression:
Choose  = /2, x = A0 at t = 0:
28
29
If the period of oscillation is  where  = 2/
then one period later the amplitude is given by
where:
- logarithmic decrement
30
The logarithmic decrement  is the logarithm of the ratio of

two amplitudes of oscillation which are separated by one
period
Experimentally, the value of is best found by comparing

amplitudes of oscillations which are separated by n periods.
The graph of versus n for different value of n has a

slope 
31
Relaxation Time or Modulus of Decay
Another way of expressing the damping effect:

time taken for the amplitude to decay to
of its original value Ao
 at time
32
Quality Factor or Q-value measures the rate at which

the energy decays from E0 to E0e-1
the decay of the amplitude:
the decay of energy is proportional to

where E0 is the energy value at t = 0
33
• Time for the energy E decay to E0e-1 : t = m/r

• During this time the oscillator will have vibrated
through m/r rad
define the Quality Factor or Q-value:
Q-value = number of radians through which the

damped system oscillates as its energy
decays to
34
If r is small, then Q is very large 
to a very close approximation:
which is a constant of the damped system
35
Q is a constant implies that the ratio
is also a constant
is the number of cycles (or

 complete oscillations) through
which the system moves in
decaying to
36
If
the energy lost per cycle is:
where (the period of oscillation)
37
Example
For the damped oscillator shown,

m = 250 g, k = 85 N m-1, and
r = 0.070 kg s-1.
(a) What is the period of the
motion?
(b) How long does it take for the
amplitude of the damped
oscillation to drop to half of its
initial value?
(c) How long does it take for the r
mechanical energy to drop to
one half its initial value.
38
Example
Solution
(a) Period is approximately that of undamped oscillator:
m 0.25
T  2  2  0.34 s
k 85
(b) Amplitude of oscillation: Ae-rt/2m = 0.5A
 
ln e  rt / 2 m  rt / 2m  ln 0.5
 2m ln 0.5  2  0.25  (0.6931)

t   4.95 s
r 0.070
39
Example
Solution
(c) Mechanical energy at time t is

1 2 rt / m
kA e
2
1 2 rt / m 1  1 2 
kA e   kA 
2 22 
rt 1
   ln
m 2
1
 m ln
 t 2   (0.25)(0.6931)  2.48 s
r 0.070
40
Damped SHM in an Electrical Circuit

Electrical circuit of inductance, capacitance and resistance
capable of damped simple harmonic oscillations
The sum of the voltages around the circuit
is given from Kirchhoff ’s law

which, for , gives oscillatory
behaviour at a frequency
LCR circuit
41

Damped Oscillation: Topic 2

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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM

• For ideal SHM, total energy remained constant and

• In practice some energy is always dissipated by a resistive or

• Example, the amplitude of a freely swinging pendulum will

• The presence of resistance to motion means that another force

frictional force acts in the direction opposite to that of the

Newton’s Second law becomes:

where r is the constant of proportionality and has the

The problem now is to find the behaviour of the displacement

where the coefficients m, r and s are constant

When these coefficients are constant a solution of the form

can always be found

C has the dimension of x (i.e. length)

Taking C as a constant length:

The equation of motion become:

Solving the quadratic equation in  gives:

The displacement can now be expressed as:

the sum of both these terms:

damping resistance term stiffness term

= positive, zero or negative

: heavy damping results in a dead beat system

: balance between the two terms results in a

: system is lightly damped and gives

Case 1. Heavy Damping

Case 1. Heavy Damping

• This represents non-oscillatory behaviour

• If x = 0 at t = 0, then F = 0 and displacement x become

Case 1: Heavy Damping

It will return to zero

Case 2: Critical Damping

Case 2: Critical Damping

Mechanical oscillators which experience sudden impulses and are

Suppose: at t = 0, displacement x = 0 (i.e. A = 0) and receives an

Case 2: Critical Damping

At this time the displacement is:

Case 2: Critical Damping

Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

So the displacement is:

Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

The bracket has the dimensions of inverse time (i.e. of frequency)

 = frequency of ideal simple harmonic motion

Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

To compare the behaviour of the damped oscillator with

where A and  are constant which depend on the motion at t = 0

Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

SHM with new frequency:

Amplitude A is modified by e-rt/2m (which decays with time)

Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

Amplitude A is modified by e-rt/2m (which decays with time)

Methods of Describing the Damping of an Oscillator

Relaxation Time or Modulus of Decay

Q-value of a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator

proportional to the square of its amplitude: E  a2

In the presence of a damping force

Suppose in the expression:

If the period of oscillation is  where  = 2/

then one period later the amplitude is given by

The logarithmic decrement  is the logarithm of the ratio of

Experimentally, the value of is best found by comparing

The graph of versus n for different value of n has a

Relaxation Time or Modulus of Decay

Another way of expressing the damping effect:

Q-value of a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator