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I. INTRODUCTION
A
Abstract— The increase in the number of satellite
lthough the Internet has changed people's daily lives,
communication system users requires more spectrum and
bandwidth resources. In the future, multi-beam broadband
almost two-thirds of people do not use wired or wireless
satellite systems should have greater flexibility and be able to internet. The satellite network, which has global coverage and
dynamically adjust to changes in business volume. A method for is not constrained by geographical conditions, has attracted
effectively sharing spectrum can effectively use spectrum widespread attention from the research and industry community.
resources. Cognitive radio spectrum sharing technology is an They prefer to use low-altitude satellites to reduce propagation
effective method for improving spectrum efficiency and realizing delay and achieve real-time communication. Additionally,
effective utilization of spectrum resources. on the other hand, the through the use of addressing, routing and other technologies,
next-generation of high-throughput satellite (HTS) used for you can provide transportation services with Quality of Service
broadband user access is closely related to the use of the Ka band
(QoS) regulations in next-generation satellite networks.
and more frequencies. This is related to accessing so-called
"terabit connections" to support increased bit rate requirements.
However, the existing satellite networks do not upgrade
Therefore, there are many challenges, such as updating hardware/software flexibly and depend on closed and planned
configuration, introducing new communication technologies and infrastructures. It brought great challenges for the rapid
networks, providing truly excellent services, interoperability of introduction of new communication technologies and networks,
satellite network equipment, integration of Satellite, and hampered the provision of truly differentiated services for a
terrestrial networks. Software-Defined Network (SDN) has wide variety of growing satellite network applications, and
flexibility, Programmability, and logic centralization increase the provided satellite communication equipment provided by
use of network resources and simplify the network Management Microsoft The interoperability between them brings significant
reduces operating costs and promotes development and
obstacles. Different operators (or based on different
innovation. This paper studies the spectrum broadband satellite
network system dedicated to cognitive radio sharing software. The
communication technologies) impede the smooth integration of
technology enables effective management of satellite resources, heterogeneous satellites and terrestrial networks. On the other
improves the use of satellite resources, and improves the hand, terrestrial network architectures adopt new paradigms,
performance of multi-beam satellite communication systems such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network
along with high-throughput satellite. The principle of multiple Function Virtualization (NFV). The SDN focuses on the
knowledge packages sharing software-defined packages discusses ambitious vision of the centralized network logic, which makes
the system of satellite broadband networks. Analyze spectrum the network nodes programmable, thereby providing a certain
efficiency and productivity. level of abstraction that is accessed through the control interface
Manuscript received October 22, 2019; revised December 2, 2019; accepted (API). The SDN template provides the opportunity to manage
January 18, 2020. Date of publication February 06, 2020; date of current network services by summarizing the main functions. This can
version May 28, 2020. The work of N. Mohamed was supported by The
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Project under
be done by separating the network control plane from the data
Grant 2016CBN9149. (Corresponding author: Noureldin Mohamed) . level, and by network simulation. The goal of NFV is to
N.Mohamed with the School of computer science and technology, Beijing implement some network functionality in software packages so
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
(e-mail:1820181066@bit.edu.cn, noureldinmohamedabdelaal@gmail.com ).
that services can be served using these software packages
C.E.Leiserson is with the school of Engineering and, Massachusetts Institute simultaneously. In this case, network functions such as
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (e-mail: switching, routing, and security services are no longer applied
cei@mit.edu).
through dedicated hardware, but through software running on
commercial-purpose x-86 devices. There are some major
Index Terms— HTS system, Ka band, QN-band, Software players in the SDN / NFV field (i.e. CISCO, VMware, Alcatel-
Defined Networking, Network Functions Virtualization, Lucent, HP, IBM, etc.). Has or will be able to integrate (all or
Extremely High Frequencies, Smart Gateways, Extremely
part of it) And communicate with the de facto open framework
high frequencies, Propagation impairment mitigation
techniques, Site diversity, Smart gateway, Cognitive Radio; SDN / NFV Standard to date: OpenStack. The SDN / NFV
Full frequency reuse, Radio resource management. model permits taking advantage of the high flexibility,
measurability and speedy preparation options inherent during a
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 22, NO. 2, SECOND QUARTER 2020
TCP performance can also be found on satellite links in the hub a certain distance (usually tens of kilometers for EHF), ensuring
(or carried over to PoP or near the end-user). Successfully an area between precipitation is minimal. Therefore, if heavy
providing satellite communication services for end-users rain occurs in one GW region, there may not be rain (or very
includes one or more real business participants, each of whom small) in another area; the site is used in the best spread
plays one or more roles (they bear a series of responsibilities). conditions to create the link.
switching (HO). The N + 0 frequency multiplexing method is •Traffic control: Determination of active services, performance,
used to serve the carriers from different axes to the terminal, and resources received (satellites and backbone).
and the wrong location results in the loss of the corresponding • Satellite and ground-based network performance indicators.
frequency band segment. If the continuity of network services •SNO / SVNO Strategy: Urgent or superuser requirements.
must be guaranteed and performance compromised, both Once specific flows or ST handover are defined, the application
situations will present challenges. Indeed, axis modulation will automatically:
(case N + P) or carrier modulation (N + 0) must be sent to ST • Notify the relevant ST and FL / RL-TU to change its
and implemented. At the same time, the routing table in the frequency if necessary.
Earth Network must be updated. Moreover, the delivery • Update the forwarding rules in the GWs and backbone
decision issue is complex, as it may involve hundreds of STs, network. Two options can be considered:
considering multiple criteria, such as traffic control, network • Direct route guidance: The flow is directed directly from its
knowledge, and channel quality changes. The current satellite new center to the closest PoP,
network follows the N + P method and delivers the entire This is often achieved due to SDN related programmable
package at once. functionalities that are added to the packet-processing pipe. as
an example, OpenFlow can dynamically deploy forwarding
rules matching packets based on:
equipment at the boundaries of the satellite network to convert The demand for VNO services is clear, not new. VNO service
the operation of TCP into a compatible version with satellites. allows SNO to effectively divide satellite resources among
These devices, called performance improvement factors (PEPs), multiple SVNOs by providing dedicated satellite capacity with
are distributed in the satellite network and provide advanced different QoS levels. Usually, SVNO will reassemble these
services such as web caching. services, in turn, to provide comprehensive value-added
The protocol optimization provided by PEP is incompatible services to its customers. However, SVNO has limited control
with many solutions, especially in military or space over the services (and basic resources) they purchase, mainly
deployments where security and mobility restrictions exist. For due to the closed nature of satellite equipment and the
example, implementing mobile phone architectures such as management interface between SNO and SVNO.
mobile IP provides a solution to the complex problems of PEP. Figure 7 shows the network management system (NMS) used
The most problematic situation occurs during mixed delivery, by SVNO on the one hand, and SNO NMC running NCC, GW,
that is, from a satellite network requiring improvement of the and all STs on the other hand. Even if some management
PEP to a network that is no longer needed (which may be functions (for example, routing, etc.) can be completed directly
counter-productive). In this case, the managed and accelerated from NMS for SVNO to ST, most functions must also pass
TCP connection by PEP should still exist after the PEP is through NMC (for example, to obtain status and statistical
deactivated (or the PEP changed generally). However, PEP is information for ST). To this end, SNO provides a management
physically confined to the infrastructure and cannot follow the interface (I.SNO-SVNO) as part of the VNO service to enable
end-user. For the proposed mixed satellite / terrestrial solutions NMS to manage SVNO satellite terminals. This interface is
to solve this problem, it requires the exchange of context usually SNMP dependent and complementary to some vendor-
between potential people. Other medium boxes that provide specific solutions.
advanced services in satellite networks (NAT, firewalls,
security, etc.) suffer from the same problems. The VNO service offered to SVNO depends on the level of
visibility and control function offered by the I.SNO-SVNO
PEPs and Network Function Virtualization — management interface, which is far from universal. Besides,
The network function virtualization model aims to perform data some control functions require manual intervention by SNO to
level processing or control level functions in large capacity data verify or implement the required configuration. From SVNO
centers or network elements. This opens up a new era for perspective, this requires the development of new services and
thinking about middleboxes because middleboxes can be easily the complexity of the process of creating your services.
deployed on-demand and provide advanced services under Virtualization of VNO Network Services and Network
operator control. Moreover, these mid boxes may be mobile Programming Opportunities —
because they only depend on programs that can be migrated SVNO requires more control over its resources by reducing (or
from one standard server to another. Given the use case 1 (field not using) SNO intervention. The problem is:
diversity) presented above, PEP is usually implemented in a 1. The process of supplying an automated service faster.
satellite center. When the satellite station is delivered to the 2 enrich their service catalog.
new hub, the TCP connection will be disconnected via PEP 3 Enable satellite communication as a service consumption
because the new PEP will not know the connection context. model.
With the NFV model, PEP will not be executed as a dedicated
medium box, but as a program that can be run on different
devices. Besides, the PEP functionality can be customized to
the connection context (for example, ST), and can be modified
according to application requirements (security, mobility,
performance, etc.). If the ST switches from one satellite hub to
another, its "dedicated virtual PEP" will be carried over to the
new hub and will continue to implement appropriate TCP
improvements. Some cloud computing systems support NFV
and have already provided solutions for deploying virtual
network functions (VNF). Some vendors have suggested
default functionality to improve and accelerate the TCP
protocol for web application servers. From a technical point of
view, PEP virtualization will become a reality.
Figure 6. SDN-enabled satellite/ADSL hybrid architecture.
Docker," 2016 IEEE Information Technology, Networking, Electronic science Professor Leiserson has won many academic awards. He
and Automation Control Conference, Chongqing, 2016, pp. 1112-1115, received the IEEE Computer Society 2014 Taylor L. Booth Education
doi: 10.1109/ITNEC.2016.7560537. Award “for worldwide computer science education impact through
[14] C. A. Ezefibe and Y. R. Shayan, "Towards virtualisation and secured writing a best-selling algorithms textbook, and developing courses on
software defined networking for wireless and cellular networks," 2016 algorithms and parallel programming.” He received the ACM 2013
IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award “for contributions to
(CCECE), Vancouver, BC, 2016, pp. 1-5, doi: efficient and robust parallel computation through both provably
10.1109/CCECE.2016.7726826. efficient randomized scheduling protocols and a set of parallel-language
[15] Z. Wang, D. Tao and Z. Lin, "Dynamic Virtualization Security Service primitives constituting the Cilk framework.” He has received several
Construction Strategy for Software Defined Networks," 2016 12th “best paper” awards and the ACM SIGPLAN ten-year retrospective
International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks award for most influential 1998 PLDI paper. He received the ACM 1982
(MSN), Hefei, 2016, pp. 139-144, doi: 10.1109/MSN.2016.031. Doctoral Dissertation Award for his Ph.D. thesis, Area-Efficient VLSI
[16] F. Reynaud, F. Aguessy, O. Bettan, M. Bouet and V. Conan, "Attacks Computation. He is a Margaret MacVicar Faculty Fellow at MIT, the
against Network Functions Virtualization and Software-Defined highest recognition at MIT for undergraduate teaching. He is an ACM
Networking: State-of-the-art," 2016 IEEE NetSoft Conference and Fellow, an AAAS Fellow, and a senior member of IEEE and SIAM.
Workshops (NetSoft), Seoul, 2016, pp. 471-476, doi:
10.1109/NETSOFT.2016.7502487.
[17] P. Lin, Y. Lin, C. Wu, Y. Lai and Y. Kao, "Balanced Service Chaining
in Software-Defined Networks with Network Function Virtualization,"
in Computer, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 68-76, Nov. 2016, doi:
10.1109/MC.2016.349.
[18] T. Wood, K. K. Ramakrishnan, J. Hwang, G. Liu and W. Zhang,
"Toward a software-based network: integrating software defined
networking and network function virtualization," in IEEE Network, vol.
29, no. 3, pp. 36-41, May-June 2015, doi:
10.1109/MNET.2015.7113223.