Single Variable Data Analysis Part 4 Comparing Data Displays RQ

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Year 9 Mathematics 5.1 Program 1
Single Variable Data Analysis -

Pt 4: Comparing Data Displays
Distance Education Mathematics Network

Acknowledgments
Distance Education Mathematics Network gratefully acknowledges the following owners of copyright
material.
Centre for Learning Innovation
Board of Studies NSW Mathematics K-10 Syllabus 2013
Learning Materials Production, Open Training and Education Network - Distance Education, NSW
Department of Education and Training 2002
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95.1-P1 Single Variable Data Analysis Part 4 Comparing Data Displays RQ.Docx Distance Education Mathematics Network
2
3
Outcomes
By completing this unit, students are working towards achieving the following outcomes.
You have the opportunity to learn to:
 use appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols in mathematical

contexts MA5.1-1WM
 select and use appropriate strategies to solve problems MA5.1-2WM
 provide reasoning to support conclusions that are appropriate to the

context MA5.1-3WM
 use statistical displays to compare sets of data, and evaluate

statistical claims made in the media MA5.1-12SP
Knowledge, skills and understanding

Students:
Working Mathematically
 develop understanding and fluency in mathematics through inquiry, exploring and connecting
mathematical concepts, choose and apply problem-solving skills and mathematical
techniques, communication and reasoning
Statistics and Probability
 collect, represent, analyse, interpret and evaluate data, assign and use probabilities, and
make sound judgements
4
MathsOnline
Before you commence this unit, you can revise your skills using the online site Mathsonline. This
site is an additional resource to be used in conjunction with your leaflet and its use is highly
recommended but not compulsory. You must still return your completed Title Page to your teacher
for correction.
Your maths teacher should have issued you with a Mathsonline login and password.
Students can pay to register with MathsOnline.
Contact your teacher for details.
www.mathsonline.com.au
The pathway to the animated lessons, worksheets and summary for this topic are:
Course: Years 9 and 10

Stream: Probability and Statistics
Topic: Statistics
Lessons: Stem-and-leaf Plots
It is advisable to listen to these lessons before you work on

the booklet and use it to enhance your knowledge and
understanding
BLANK PAGE
Preliminary Quiz
Before you start this booklet, use this preliminary quiz to revise some skills you will need.
Activity – Preliminary Quiz
Try these.
1. Find the mean, mode, median and range for these data displays. (Correct to 1 decimal place)
a)
8 9 10 11 12 13
mean: _____________________________________________________________________
median: ____________________________________________________________________
mode: _____________________________________________________________________
range: _____________________________________________________________________
b)
Stem Leaf
2 7 8 9
3 1 3 5 5 9
4 0 2 2 7
5 1 1
mean: (Correct to 1 decimal place)_______________________________________________

median: ____________________________________________________________________
mode: _____________________________________________________________________
range: _____________________________________________________________________
Now correct your answers from the suggested answers given below.
5
Suggested Answers:
171
1. a) mean 
15
 11.4
median = 12
mode = 12
range = 13 – 8
=5
530
b) mean 
14
 37.9 (1 decimal place)
35  39
median 
2
 37
mode = 35, 42 and 51
range  51  27
 24
6
Data displays
So far, we have looked at 3 ways of displaying data or information that has been collected. We have
looked at:
1. Frequency histograms and polygons

2. Dot plots
3. Stem-and-leaf Plots.
The Shape of Data Displays
The shape of a data display can reflect how scores are distributed and where they are bunched or
clustered.
Here are some common shapes of data displays using dot plots, stem and leaf plots and frequency
histograms and polygons.
1. Symmetrical (or Normal or Unimodal) Data

Frequency
Note: We have sketched

a smooth curve over the
dots to show the shape
Score
more clearly. The curve
One peak in the middle showing one mode. just gives us a better idea
of the shape.
Example of symmetrical data:
The HSC results look like this for the whole state in most subjects.
2. Positively Skewed Data

Frequency
Score
The data is skewed away from the positive end of the horizontal (score) axis.
OR
With positively skewed data displays the tail points to the higher scores.
7
Example of positively skewed data:
This might be a graph of all the people’s ages that attended a children’s party.
3. Negatively Skewed Data

Frequency
Score
The data is skewed away from the negative end of the horizontal (score) axis.
OR
With negatively skewed data displays the tail points towards the lower scores.
Example of negatively skewed data:
This might be a graph of all the people ages that attended an 80th birthday party.
4. Bimodal Data
Frequency
Score
2 peaks reflecting the 2 modes
Example of bimodal data:
This might be the ages of people attending a family get-together with a mixture of children and
adults.
8
We can get similar patterns with stem and leaf plots as well as with frequency histograms and
polygons.
Stem and leaf plots

Note: an ordered stem and leaf plot must be
A curve can be drawn here about the leaf used i.e. the leaves in ascending order.
section. If you turn your page sideways
you can see the shape more clearly.
Stem Leaf
5 8
6 1 5 5 9
7 2 2 3 7 8 8 Symmetrical or Unimodal
8 3 4 4 6
9 0
Stem Leaf
2 2 3 3 3 5 8 9
3 2 4 6 8
4 1 6 6
Positively skewed
5 2 7
6 0
Stem Leaf
10 9
11 3 7
Negatively skewed
12 0 1 6
13 2 4 5 5
14 0 0 1 1 7 8
Bimodal
9
Frequency histograms
f f
x x
Symmetrical or Unimodal Positively skewed
f f
x x
Negatively skewed Bimodal
10
Exercise 4.1 – The shape of data displays
1. Look at the following data displays and decide if the data is: -
 Symmetrical
 Positively Skewed
 Negatively Skewed
OR
 Bimodal
You may draw in the curve if you wish.
a) A survey of office workers was conducted to find out how many cups of coffee that
they drank each day. Here is a dot plot of the results.
0 1 2 3 4 5
No of cups of coffee per day
The shape of this dot plot is ____________________________
b) A Year 9 class of students were surveyed to find out how many coins they had in their
pockets or purses.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No of coins
11
c) The incomes of a group of Year 9 students for a week in the school holidays is shown in
this stem-and-leaf plot in ascending order. The results are listed in ascending order.
Stem Leaf
11 0
12 5 7
13 0 2 7 8
14 0 3 3 5 6 7
15 1 2 2 3 5 6 8
16 0 0 0 0 0 5
Remember the “stem” is the hundreds and tens column and the leaf is the last digit in
the data i.e. the units
The shape of this stem-and-leaf plot is _____________________________
d) This frequency histogram shows the results for a Year 9 class in a test on Statistics out
of 20.
5
frequency
0
0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Marks
What shape is this frequency histogram? ____________________________
12
2. a) Look back at Question 1 a)
i) Do you think that we would get similarly skewed results if a group of office
workers were surveyed to find out how many cups of tea that they drank each
day? Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ii) Would you have been surprised if the results for the number of cups of coffee
consumed per day were reversed? Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) For Question 1 b)
Do you think that these results would have been different quite a few years ago when
there were still 1 and 2 cent coins?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) Do you think that these results for Question 1 c) would be different if the economy was
hit by a Global Financial crisis and many adults lost their jobs? In what way would the
stem-and-leaf plot be different?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
d) Refer to Question 1 d)
Do you think that, the teacher needs to re-teach this topic or do you think that, in
general, the students understand the work? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13
Back to back Stem and leaf plots
These are very useful when comparing two sets of results.
Example
Draw a back to back stem-and-leaf plot for the scores below. The scores are for two students who
sat for the same series of tests.
Sam's marks
85 69 72 86 93 75 98 78 84 82 91 86
Joe's marks
65 78 54 84 68 72 58 67 77 54 67 74
Sam's marks Stem Joe's marks
5 4 8 4
9 6 5 8 7 7
2 5 8 7 8 2 7 4
5 6 4 2 6 8 4
3 8 1 9
This stem-and-leaf plot is back to back but is still unordered. It is necessary to place the leaves in
the correct order. The leaves are read from smallest to largest starting at the stem and reading out,
which means Sam's marks go from low to high from right to left while Joe's marks go from low to
high from left to right.
The ordered stem-and-leaf plot is as shown below.
Sam's marks Stem Joe's marks

5 4 4 8
9 6 5 7 7 8
8 5 2 7 2 4 7 8
6 6 5 4 2 8 4
8 3 1 9
Can you see that Sam’s marks are negatively skewed whereas Joe’s marks are positively skewed?
Can you also see that the range of Sam’s marks is 98 – 69 = 29 and that the range of Joe’s marks is
84 – 54 = 30?
14
Activity – Back to back Stem and leaf plots
Try these.
It now becomes easy to answer questions about the two sets of marks.
Use the ordered stem-and-leaf plots for Sam’s and Joe’s marks to answer the following questions.
1. a) Which student scored the highest mark and what was that score?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
b) Which student scored the lowest mark and what was that score?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) Count the scores and write the two middle scores for each student. Who has the higher
middle score?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
d) Find the mean for both students (correct to 1 decimal place).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
e) Which student performed better overall in the tests? Why?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Now correct your answers from the suggested answers given on the next page.
15
Suggested Answers:
1. a) Sam and he scored 98.
b) Joe and he scored 54.
c) The two middle scores for Sam are 84 and 85.
The two middle scores for Joe are 67 and 68.
Sam has the higher middle scores.
d) Sam’s mean = 83.3.
Joe’s mean = 68.2.
e) Sam is the better student overall. The range of his marks is smaller than the range of
Joe’s marks. His mean is higher than Joe’s mean. His middle scores are higher than
Joe’s middle scores. Sam also scored the highest mark. Further, as Sam’s marks are
negatively skewed the bulk of his marks are in the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s.
Note: If the scores to be placed in a stem-and-leaf plot are large, such as 324 and 436, then the stem
can be made up of more than one digit:
Stem Leaf
32 4
43 6
16
Exercise 4.2 – Back to back Stem and leaf plots
1. The daily sales figures, in dollars over an 11 day period for two take-away food stores,
situated next to each other, are listed below. Draw an ordered back to back stem-and-leaf plot
of the data.
McDavids:
342 280 295 314 327 345 299 307 318 326 317
Burger Prince:
306 348 359 367 298 356 345 355 366 354 342
McDavids Leaf Stem Burger Prince Leaf

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Use your stem-and-leaf plot to answer these questions:
a) i) Which store had the greater sales for one day?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ii) How much was it?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) i) Which store sold the least in one day?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
17
ii) How much was it?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
c) Find the mean, median and the range for both sets of scores. (Give the value for the
mean to the nearest dollar i.e. the nearest whole number)
i) McDavids ii) Burger Prince
Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Median = ________________ Median = ________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Range = _________________ Range = _________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
d) The data display for Burger Prince is skewed. Is it negatively or positively skewed?
______________________________________________________________________
e) Which store was the most successful and why? (Hint: Use the mean, median and range
as well as the shape of the data display to help you.)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
18
Exercise 4.3 – Further comparison of data displays
1. Here are parallel dot plots showing the maximum daytime temperature (to the nearest degree)
for 20 days in April for 2 towns.
Bennaville
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Bennworth
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
a) What is the shape of each of the data displays? [Hint: Choose from this list –
symmetrical or unimodal, bimodal, positively skewed or negatively skewed]
i. Binnaville ________________________________________________________
ii. Bennworth ________________________________________________________
19
b) Find the mean, median and range for the temperatures in both towns.
Binnaville Bennworth
Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Median = ________________ Median = ________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Range = _________________ Range = _________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
c) What word do we use in maths to describe the score of 26° for Bennworth?
______________________________________________________________________
d) Chloe likes the warmer weather. Chloe needs to decide which of the 2 towns she should
visit for a holiday in April. Use the information found in parts (a) and (b) to decide
which of the 2 towns you would recommend to Chloe for her holiday. Also state why
you would recommend that town.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
20
Review Quiz
This quiz is to be marked by your teacher.
1. a)
0 1 2 3 4 5
b)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No of coins
c) A Stem and leaf plot is provided below
Stem Leaf
1 0 2 3 4 6 6 8
2 5 7 8 9 9
3 0 2 7 7
4 0 3 3 5
5 1 2 2 3 5
6 0 1 1 8 8 9 9
The shape of this stem-and-leaf plot is _____________________________

2. Draw a back to back stem-and-leaf plot for the times below. They are the times taken by Jade
and Jen to swim 100 m.
Jade's times: 92 89 95 86 93 78 99 84
Jen's times: 86 88 74 78 93 94 83 69
21
Jade’s times Leaf Stem Jen’s times Leaf
6
7
8
9
Remember: For a swimming or running race the “best time” is the lowest time.
Use your stem-and-leaf plot to answer these questions:
a) Who swam the best time and what was it?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
b) Find the mean and median for each swimmer.
i) Jade’s times ii) Jen’s times
Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Median = ________________ Median = ________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Range = _________________ Range = _________________

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
22
3. Here are the number of goals scored by two football teams, City and United, in their
competitions. The results are shown in parallel frequency histograms.
City United
Frequency (f)
Frequency (f)
No of goals No of goals
(Score) (Score)
a) What is the shape for each of the data displays? [Hint: Choose from this list of possible
shapes of data displays – symmetrical or unimodal, bimodal, positively skewed,
negatively skewed]
City: _________________________________________________________________
United: _______________________________________________________________
b) Find the mean, median and range for both sets of scores.
City United
Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

__________________ __________________
Median = ________________ Median = ________________

__________________ __________________
Range = _________________ Range = _________________

__________________ __________________
c) Which team has the better attacking record and why? [Hint: Use the information that
you have found in parts (a) and (b)]
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
23
Answers to Exercises
Exercise 4.1
1 a) Positively Skewed
b) Bimodal
c) Negatively Skewed
d) Symmetrical
2 a) i) Yes, consumption habits would be similar.

ii) Yes, most coffee would be consumed in the morning and less
throughout the day thereafter.
b) Most likely, there would have been more coins of lower

denominations years ago.
c) Yes, the shape would be more negatively skewed due to more
unemployment.
d) The symmetrical shape means most students marks were in the
middle so it is not likely the teacher would have to reteach the
topic.
Exercise 4.2
1 McDavids Burger
Stem
Leaf Prince Leaf
0 28
95 29 8
7 30 6
874 31
76 32
33
25 34 258
35 4569
36 67
a) i) Burger Prince
24
ii) 367
b) i) McDavids
ii) 280
c) i) MacDavids
Mean = 3470/11 = 315.5
Median = 317
Range = 345-280 = 65
ii) Burger Prince

Mean = 3796/11 = 345.1
Median = 354
Range = 367-298 = 69
d) Negatively Skewed
e) Regardless of the shape, Burger Prince had the highest mean and
median, hence it was the most successful
Exercise 4.3
1 a) i) Bimodal
ii) Positively Skewed
b) Binnaville Bennworth
Mean = 420/20 = 21 Mean = 384/20 = 19.3
Median = 21 Median = 19
Range = 25-17 = 8 Range = 26-17 = 9
c) Outlier
d) Bennaville has more warmer days overall. It had warmer
temperatures over a range of days.
25

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| NSW Department of Education

Updated – 12 March 2020

Single Variable Data Analysis -

Distance Education Mathematics Network

NOTICE ON MATERIAL REPRODUCED OR COMMUNICATED UNDER STATUTORY TEXT AND

Writers: Mathematics Teachers, Sydney Distance Education High School

You have the opportunity to learn to:

 use appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols in mathematical

 select and use appropriate strategies to solve problems MA5.1-2WM

 provide reasoning to support conclusions that are appropriate to the

 use statistical displays to compare sets of data, and evaluate

Knowledge, skills and understanding

Statistics and Probability

Students can pay to register with MathsOnline.

Contact your teacher for details.

Course: Years 9 and 10

It is advisable to listen to these lessons before you work on

Activity – Preliminary Quiz

mean: (Correct to 1 decimal place)_______________________________________________

mode = 35, 42 and 51

1. Frequency histograms and polygons

The Shape of Data Displays

1. Symmetrical (or Normal or Unimodal) Data

Note: We have sketched

2. Positively Skewed Data

3. Negatively Skewed Data

Example of negatively skewed data:

2 peaks reflecting the 2 modes

Example of bimodal data:

Stem and leaf plots

Negatively skewed Bimodal

You may draw in the curve if you wish.

The shape of this dot plot is ____________________________

The shape of this dot plot is ____________________________

The shape of this stem-and-leaf plot is _____________________________

What shape is this frequency histogram? ____________________________

These are very useful when comparing two sets of results.

Sam's marks Stem Joe's marks

The ordered stem-and-leaf plot is as shown below.

Sam's marks Stem Joe's marks

d) Find the mean for both students (correct to 1 decimal place).

e) Which student performed better overall in the tests? Why?

1. a) Sam and he scored 98.

b) Joe and he scored 54.

c) The two middle scores for Sam are 84 and 85.

The two middle scores for Joe are 67 and 68.

Sam has the higher middle scores.

d) Sam’s mean = 83.3.

Joe’s mean = 68.2.

McDavids Leaf Stem Burger Prince Leaf

Use your stem-and-leaf plot to answer these questions:

a) i) Which store had the greater sales for one day?

ii) How much was it?

b) i) Which store sold the least in one day?

i) McDavids ii) Burger Prince

Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

Median = ________________ Median = ________________

Range = _________________ Range = _________________

ii. Bennworth ________________________________________________________

Mean = __________________ Mean = __________________

Median = ________________ Median = ________________

Range = _________________ Range = _________________

This quiz is to be marked by your teacher.

Mean = Mean =

Median = Median =

Range = _ Range = _

Mean = Mean =

Median = Median =

Range = _ Range = _

Mean = Mean =

Median = Median =

Range = _ Range = _

Mean = Mean =

Median = Median =

Range = _ Range = _