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NaOH
η –C11H23CH2OSO3Na+
For this the non polar end is the long chain and the polar end
is the OSO3Na+.
Treatment of alcohols with ethylene oxide –
CH2 CH2
CH3(CH2)10(OCH2CH – CH2)OH
An ethoxylate
SOFT WATER −
Water, which readily produces lather with soap solution, is
known as soft water. E.g.
1. Distiled water
2. Rain water
HARD WATER −
Water which does not readily produces lather with soap
solution is known as hard water. E.g.
1. Sea Water
2. Tap Water
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight 0.5 of each of the different samples of soap
provided to you
2. Dissolve each of these weighted sample in 50ml of
distilled water separately, in different conical flask.
Label the solution obtained as 1, 2, 3.
3. Take 20ml (test tubes equal to the number of soap
sample to be tested) and add 10ml distilled water to each
of them then add 1ml of different soap solution
separately in different test tube and correspondingly
mark the test tube as 1,2,3,4 etc
4. Cork test tube no. 1 and shake it vigorously for 1 min.
Place the test tube in test tube stand and start the stop
watch immediately note time in which foam just
disappears.
5. Similarly, note the time for disappearance of foam in
other test tube and record the observations.
OBSERVATIONS
• Weight of the soap sample taken | 0.5 gms
• Volume of distilled water taken for preparing solution of
each sample | 50 ml.
CONCLUSION :
The soap, for which time taken I for disappearance of
foam is maximum, has maximum foaming capacity and is best
quality soap among the soap tested.
EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM : Study the effect of addition of sodium carbonate
(Washing soda) on the foaming capacity of soap.
Theory :
Calcium and Magnesium ions present in tap water
interfere in foaming capacity of a soap. These ions combine
with soap and form insoluble salts which get precipitated.
Procedure −
1. Weight 0.5 of given sample of soap and dissolve it in
50 ml of distilled water taken in a conical flask.
2. Take three test tube label them as 1, 2 and 3 to the first
tube add 10 ml of distilled water, to the second add 10
ml of tap water and to the third add 5 ml of tap water
and 5 ml of M/10 Na2CO3 solution.
3. To each of the three test tube add 1 ml of soap
solution.
4. Cork test tube no. 1 tightly and shake vigorously for 1
min. Place the test tube in the test tube stand and with
the help of stop watch note the time in which foam just
disappears.
5. Similarly note the time for the disappearance of foam
in the remaining two test tube and record the
observation.
CONCLUSION :
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum for distilled
water. The foaming capacity of tap water increases on
addition of sodium carbonate.