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 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

1. Central air conditioning system& its Advantage and


Disadvantage.
2. Decentralized Air conditioning System& Its
Advantage and Disadvantage.
 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM:
1. All Air system.
2. All water system.
3. Air-water system.
Air conditioning refers to any form of cooling ,heating
,ventilation or disinfection that modifies condition of air.
The main motive of air conditioning is to provide an
energy efficient , cost effective, healthy and comfortable
indoor environment with acceptable indoor air quality
 A central air conditioning system serves one or more
thermal zones, and has its major component located
outside the zone, or zones being served in some
convenient central location in the building or near it.
 District system serving more than one building revert
to central system at the single building level.

 Central air conditioning systems


Components:
 Central air conditioning systems basically consist of
three major parts:
(i).AHU (Air Handling Unit), air distribution
system (air duct) and terminals.
(ii).Water System:
a. Chilled water system
b. Hot water system
c. Condenser water system
(iii). Central plant-refrigeration (chiller)plant, boiler
plant.
 Allow major equipment components to be isolated in a
mechanical room (i.e. allows maintenance to occur
with limited disruption to building functions, reduce
noises and aesthetic impact on building occupants).
 Offer opportunities on economies of scale.
 Larger capacity refrigeration equipment is usually
more efficient than smaller capacity equipment; larger
system can utilizes cooling tower tat improve system
efficiencies in many climates
 Central systems are amenable to centralized energy
management control schemes i.e. reduced building
energy conception.
 A central system may be appropriate for other than
climate control perspective; active smoke is best
accomplished by a central all air-system.
 DISADVANTAGES:
 As system size and sophistication increase,
maintenance may become more difficult and may be
available from fewer providers if specialists are
needed.
 As a non-distribution system failure of any equipment
component may affect the entire building.
 Large centralized systems tend to be less intuitive
making system analysis and understanding more
difficult.
 A decentralized system serves a single thermal zone
and has its major components located within the zone
itself, on the boundary between the zone and the
exterior environment, or directly adjacent to the zone.
 It may be divided into:
 Individual System using self-contained, factory-made
air conditioner to serve one or two rooms.
 II). Unitary System, which are similar in nature to
individual system consisting of fans, coils, filters,
ductwork and outlets (e.g. in small restaurants, small
shops and small cold storage rooms).
 The term packaged air-conditioner. The air-
conditioning and refrigeration institute ARI defines a
unitary air-conditioner as one or more factory-made
assemblies that normally include an
evaporator/cooling coil and a compressor and
compressor and condenser combination.
1. Serving only a single zone, decentralized system will
have only one point of control typically a thermostat
for active system.
2. Each decentralized system generally does its own
thing, without regard to the performance or
operation of other decentralized systems.
3. Decentralized systems tend to be distributed systems
providing greater collective reliability than do
centralized systems.
1. Decentralized system units cannot be easily
connected together to permit centralized energy
movement operation.
2. Decentralized system can usually be controlled with
respect to on-off functions through electric circuit
control, but more sophisticated central control (such
as night-setback or economizer operation) is not
possible.
1. All-air system
2. All-water system
3. Air-water system
4. Unitary refrigerant based system
 All- air system:
1. All-air system when energy is transferred only by
means of heated or cooled air.
2. All-air systems provide sensible and latent cooling
capacity solely through cold supply air delivered to
the conditioned space.
 Such systems are well suited to air-side economizer
use, and large-volume outdoor air requirements.
 They are the best choice for close control of zone
temperature and humidity.
 They are generally a good choice of applications
where indoor air quality is a key concern.
 They are amenable to use in smoke control systems.
There is simple seasonal changeover.
 Such systems generally permit simultaneous heating
and cooling in different zones.
 All-air systems use significant amounts of energy to
move air (approximately 40%) of all-air systems energy
use is fan energy.
 Ductwork space requirements may add to building
height.
 Air balancing may be difficult.
 All-water system when energy is transferred only by
means of hot or chilled water.
 In an all-water system , space cooling and /or heating
is provided by chilled and/or hot water circulated from
a central refrigeration/ boiler plant to terminal units
located in, or immediately adjacent to, the various
conditioned spaces.
 Heat transfer to/from the room air occurs via forced or
natural convection. Except for radiant systems, radiant
heat transfer is usually nominal due to the size and
arrangement of the heat transfer surfaces.
 All-water systems can be employed for both heating
and cooling.
 Heating water is supplied either through the same
piping network used for chilled water in summer or
through an independent piping system.
1. Less building spaces is required for distribution
elements.
2. They are well suited for retrofit applications due to
their distribution efficiency.
3. Little (often no) space is needed for a central fan
rooms.
4. Because low-temperature water can be used for
heating, they are well suited for solar heating and
heat recovery applications.
1. Maintenance demands can be high and maintenance
must be performed on terminals within occupied
spaces.
2. Condensate drain pans and a drain system are
required; in addition, they must be cleaned
periodically.
3. Relative humidity in spaces may be high in summer,
particularly if modulating chilled-water valves are
used to control room temperature.
4. Ventilation is not centrally provided or controlled and
is often accomplished by opening windows or via
outdoor inlet at each terminal unit; thus, providing for
acceptable indoor air quality can be a serious concern.
 Air-and-water systems condition spaces by
distributing both conditioned air and water to
terminal units installed in the spaces.
 The air and water are cooled and/or heated in a central
mechanical equipment room.
 The air supplied is termed primary air to distinguish it
from re circulate(or secondary) room air.
 Air-and-water systems that have been used in
buildings of various types are below. Not all of these
systems see equal use in today’s design environment
 They are presented, however, to provide a sense of the
possibilities and constrains inherent in the use of an
air-and-water system.
 Because of the greater specifies heat and the much greater
density of water compared to it, the cross-sectional area of
piping is much smaller than that of ductwork to provide
the same cooling (or heating) capacity.
 Because a large part of the space heating/cooling load is
handled by the water of this type of system, the overall duct
distribution requirements in an air-and-water system ----
which saves building space.
 If the system is designed so that the primary air supply is
equal to the ventilation requirement or to balance exhaust
requirements, a return air system can be eliminated.
 The air handling system is smaller than that of an air
system, yet positive ventilation is ensured .
 Numerous zone can be individually controlled and their
cooling or heating demands satisfied independently and
simultaneously.
 When appropriate to do so(as during unoccupied hours),
space heating can be provided by operating only the water
side system __ without operating the central air system.
 When all primary air is taken from outdoors, cross-
contamination between rooms can be reasonably
controlled.
 Design for intermediate season operation is critical.
Changeover operation (between seasons) can be
difficult and requires a knowledgeable staff.
 Controls are more complicated than for all-air systems,
and humidity cannot be tightly controlled.
 Induction and fan-coil terminal units require frequent
in-space maintenance.

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