MD2110E Human body – Structure and Function III Version 1

Anatomy

Closed Question – 0.3 point, total: 9 points; True / False – 0.25 point, total: 3 points; Missing words
– 0.25 point, total: 3 points. Total score – 15 point

Closed Question – 0.3 point, total: 9 points;

1. The base of heart lies:

a) superior
b) inferior
c) anterior
d) posterior

2. blood vessels directly enters the right atrium:

a) great cardiac vein
b) small cardiac vein
c) middle cardiac vein
d) anterior cardiac vein

3. the right and left borders of heart are formed as:

a) right atrium and left ventricle
b) right atrium and left atrium
c) right ventricle and left ventricle
d)right atrium and right ventricle; left atrium and left ventricle
4. the right atrium lies____to the left atrium:
a) right
b) left
c) anterior
d) superior

5. brachiocephalic veins form:

a) superior vena cava
b) inferior vena cava
c) internal jugular and subclavian veins
d) azygous veins

6. Structures pass posterior to root of the right lung

a) Hemiazygos vein
b) Right vagus nerve
c) Right phrenic nerve
d) Left vagus nerve
e) Azygos vein
 7. The axillary vein:
a) Is lateral to the axillary artery
b) Is devoid of valves
c) Lies anterior to pectoralis minor
d) Is directly continuous with the brachiocephalic vein
e) None of the above

8. Artery usually palpable in the floor of the 'anatomical snuffbox':

a) Princeps pollicis
b) Radialis pollicis
c) Radialis indicis
d) Radial
e) Palmar branch of radial

9. Internal thoracic artery - everything is true, except:

a) arises from the first part of the subclavian artery
b) supplies the upper six intercostal spaces
c) supplies the thymus
d) gives off the superior epigastric artery
e) terminates in the 5th intercostal space

10. Regarding the superior mediastinum

a) Its anterior boundary is formed by the body of the sternum
b) The arch of the aorta lies within it
c) The prevertebral fascial layer is present within it
d) It is separated from the inferior mediastinum by a plane passing through the third costal cartilage

11. Veins draining into the right brachiocephalic vein include

a) vertebral
b) inferior vena cava
c) external jugular
d) internal thoracic

12. The right coronary artery - everything is true, except:

a) arises from the anterior aortic sinus
b) supplies blood to the sinu-atrial node
c) causes an infarction at the right side of the heart if occluded
d) gives off the circumflex branch

13. The brachiocephalic trunk divides into two arteries:

a) Right and left common carotid
b) Right common carotid and right subclavian
c) Left common carotid and left subclavian
d) Right and left subclavian
e) Right and left coronary
14. A branch of the hepatic artery:
a) Cystic
b) Left gastric
c) Splenic
d) Gastrohepatic
e) Oesophageal

15. The superior mesenteric vessels:

a) Are the vessels of the primitive foregut
b) Cross the third portion of duodenum
c) Artery arises from aorta at L3 level
d) Vein drains into the inferior vena cava
e) All of the above

16. The superficial inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from:

a) Anal canal
b) Vagina
c) Lower abdominal wall
d) Rectum
e) All of the above

17. The following dural venous sinus occupies the tentorium cerebelli:
a) Sphenoparietal
b) Inferior petrosal
c) Straight
d) Inferior sagittal
e) Occipital

18. Inferior cerebral veins terminate in the:

a) Transverse sinus
b) Cavernous sinus
c) Sigmoid sinus
d) Great cerebral vein
e) Inferior sagittal sinus

19. What type of imaging uses x-rays and computer technology to create a three-dimensional image
of soft-tissue structures? a) Plain film
b) Ultrasound
c) Computed tomography
d) Magnetic resonance imaging
e) Digital subtraction angiography

20. Which of the following is found in the triangular interval (not triangular space) of the shoulder?
a) Deep brachial profunda artery
b) Circumflex scapular artery
c) Radial nerve
d) A & C
 e) B & C

21. Breast cancer will most likely metastasize through what lymph nodes, that initially take about
7580% of breast lymph drainage?
a) Pectoral (anterior) nodes
b) Humeral (lateral) nodes
c) Subscapular (posterior) nodes
d) Apical nodes
e) Supraclavicular nodes
f) Parasternal nodes
g) Abdominal nodes

22. Most of the fingers are supplied by what artery?

a) Radial artery of the superficial palmar arch
b) Ulnar artery of the superficial palmar arch
c) Radial artery of the deep palmar arch
d) Ulnar artery of the deep palmar arch

23. Which geniculate artery supplies most of the cruciate ligaments?

a) Medial superior geniculate artery
b) Lateral superior geniculate artery
c) Median geniculate artery
d) Medial inferior geniculate artery
e) Lateral inferior geniculate artery

24.The superficial vein that is found on the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus is the:
a) Small saphenous
b) Popliteal
c) Great saphenous
d) Anterior tibial
e) Posterior tibial

25.The anterior mediastinum contains all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Fat
b) Lymph nodes
c) Thymus gland
d) Mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery
e) Pectinate muscle

26. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiac skeleton?

a) Electrical insulation
b) Provides electrical pathway for cardiac conduction system
c) Attachment for myocardium
d) Prevention of bulging as blood is pumped
e) Attachment of valve leaflets
27. What structure is located mainly in the superior mediastinum and partially in the anterior
mediastinum? a) Trachea
b) Aortic Arch
c) Thymus
d) Vertebral Column
e) Thoracic Duct

28. What is the name of the artery that becomes the femoral artery after it courses inferior to the inguinal
ligament?
a) External iliac artery
b) Cremaster artery
c) Inferior epigastric artery
d) Deep circumflex iliac artery
e) Superior epigastric artery

29.All of the following arteries are paired EXCEPT:

a) Suprarenal
b) Suprarectal
c) Renal
d) Gonadal
e) Inferior phrenic

30. What terminal arterial branch comes of posteriorly at the bifrication of the aorta?
a) External iliac
b) Internal iliac
c) Common iliac
d) Median sacral
e) Middle aortic

True / False – 0.25 point, total: 3 points;

31. The axillary artery Begins at the upper border of the clavicle
a) true
b) false

32. At the lung root One pulmonary vein emerges from each lung
a) true
b) false

33. The brachiocephalic veins Possess valves which prevent reverse blood flow during changes
of intrathoracic pressure
a) true
b) false
 34. In the walls of the heart The left coronary artery divides into anterior interventricular
and circumflex branches
a) true
b) false

35. The right lung bronchus to the apical segment of the lower lobe is the first posterior
branch of the bronchial tree
a) true
b) false

36. The superior vena cava Lies behind the ascending aorta
a) true
b) false

37. The pericardium of the heart Is composed of outer serous and Inner fibrous layers
a) true
b) false

38. The left atrium of the heart Receives one pulmonary vein on each side
a) true
b) false

39. The straight sinus Occupies the line of attachment of falx cerebri to vault of skull
a) true
b) false

40. The external jugular vein Is formed by the junction of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins
a) true
b) false

41. The middle meningeal artery Is a branch of the internal carotid

a) true
b) false

42. The spleen Is a highly vascular organ

a) true
b) false

Missing words – 0.25-point, total: 3 points

43. superior intercostal artery is a branch of the -----costocervical trunk branch of subclavian artery.

44. ---pericardium-------- is a double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart

45. The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ___mediastinum ___
46. Blood is carried towards the heart in __veins_______ and away from the heart by
_____arteries_______

47. musculophrenic artery is a branch of –internal thoracic artery-----------

48. ---brachiocephalic --------------- veins receive vertebral, inferior thyroid and internal thoracic veins

49. The apex of the heart receives blood from the anterior interventricular branch of ----left coronary
artery-----------

50. The pericardiophrenic artery arises from the ----internal thoracic artery--------------

51. deep circumflex iliac artery is a branch of the –external iliac artery----------------

52. Short gastric arteries (about six branches) are branches from the ---splenic artery-----------

53. ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries, which are branches of the –superior mesenteric
artery--------

54. The ---superior and inferior mesenteric --------- artery supplies the descending colon

Physiology

Closed Question – 0.3-point, total: 9 points; True / False – 0.25-point, total: 3 points; Missing words
– 0.25 point, total: 3 points. Total score – 15 point

Closed Question – 0.3-point, total: 9 points;

55. Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration of a. Na+
b. K+
c. Ca2+
d. Cl-

56. Propagation of the action potential through the heart is fastest in the:
a. SA node
b. atrial muscle
c. AV node
d. Purkinje fibers
e. ventricular muscle

57. The SA node is the normal pacemaker because of its

a. rate of impulse generation
b. location in the atrium
c. neural control
d. muscular structure
58. The fibers of the A-V bundle & its branches
a. conduct impulses very slowly
b. are highly contractile
c. are modified muscle fibers
d. are nerve fibers.

59. Ventricular pressure is higher than the atrial pressure in all phases of the cardiac cycle except in
a. isovolumic contraction phase
b. atrial systole phase.
c. rapid ejection phase.
d. Slow ejection phase

60. All are involved in ventricular filling except

a. atrial systole phase.
b. maximum ejection phase.
c. maximum filling phase.
d. Slower filling phase.

61. Systolic pressure in right ventricle is

a. 35 mmHg
b. 25 mmHg.
c. 15 mmHg.
d. 45 mmHg.

62. Which of the following factors can alter viscosity?

a. dehydration
b. polycythemia
c. anemia
d. all of the above

63. Which of the following causes vasodilation?

a. An increase in magnesium ion concentration
b. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration
c. Angiotensin II
Endothelin
e. a and b
f. a, b and c

64. Which of the following is the best to show the preload?

a. Blood volume
b. CVP (central venous pressure)
c. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume
d. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure

65. Which of the following would decrease mean arterial blood pressure?
a. constriction of arterioles
b. dilation of the arterioles
c. increased blood volume
d. increased peripheral resistance

66. The percentage of the total cardiac output distributed to any single organ is most dependent on a. The
contractile state of the heart
b. The mean blood pressure
c. The diastolic pressure
d. The ratio of an organ’s vascular resistance to TPR
e. The cardiac output

67. Peripheral resistance

a. increases as blood vessel diameter increases
b. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
c. increases as blood viscosity increases
d. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

68. Endothelin
a. Is released from damaged endothelium
b. Is a powerful vasoconstrictor
c. Is a weak vasoconstrictor
d. a and b are correct

69. Which of the following is NOT true about baroreceptors?

a. They are stimulated when stretched
b. They initiate circulatory reflex
c. Effect of their activation is vasodilation of veins and arterioles
d. Effect of their activation is increased heart rate
 70. Which of the following is NOT true?
a. Angiotensin II acts directly on the kidneys to cause salt and water retention
b. Angiotensin II causes the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone
c. Angiotensin II decreases blood flow through the kidneys
d. Renin-angiotensin vasoconstrictor system is faster to act for blood pressure control than the
nervous reflexes.

71. Coronary dilation can be caused by

a. Adenosine
b. K+ ions
c. H+ ions
d. Nitric oxide
e. All of the above

72. Which of the following is true?

a. Half the cardiac output passes through the lungs
b. The lungs inactivate all circulating vasoactive materials
c. The vital capacity is equal to the total lung capacity
At the functional residual volume, the elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic forces
tending to expand the chest

73. Which of the following is true?

a. The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical activity
b. The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the lower
medulla
c. Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves to the lungs are cut.
d. The intercostal muscles are the principal muscles of respiration

74. Surfactant deficiency is NOT likely to produce

a. Collapse of alveoli
b. Increased surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli
c. Increased compliance of the lungs
d. Pulmonary edema
e. Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns

75. The pulse pressure is a measure of

a. The number of heart beats per minute
b. The sum of diastolic and systolic pressures
c. The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
d. The difference between the arterial and venous pressures

76. The distribution of blood among the various organs of the body is regulated by regulating the
resistance of the
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Precapillary sphincters
 d. Postcapillary venules
e. Veins

77. Which of the following is NOT true regarding Reynolds number (Re)
a. it describes the character of blood flow
b. it is inversely proportional to blood viscosity
c. when R<2000, the flow is turbulent
d. when R<2000, the flow is laminar

78. Favorable conditions for turbulent flow are:

a. large radius of a blood vessel
b. high velocity of blood
c. low viscosity of blood
d. all of the above

79. The greatest percentage of blood volume is found in the

a. Heart
b. Aorta
c. Distributing arteries and arterioles
d. Capillaries
e. Venules and veins

80. Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II?

a. It is a vasoconstrictor
b. Constricts small arterioles
c. Decreases total peripheral resistance
d. Plays role in regulation of arterial pressure

81. Lymph capillaries differ from systemic blood capillaries in that they
a. Are less permeable
b. Are not lined by endothelium
c. lack valves
d. Are absent in the CNS
e. Collapse when interstitial pressure increases

82. Pulse pressure

a. is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
b. increases when stroke volume increases
c. increases as vascular compliance decreases
d. all of the above

83. After an episode of exercise training, the trained individual will have a
a. Decreased density of mitochondria in the trained muscles
b. Increased resting heart rate
c. Decreased maximum oxygen consumption
d. Increased stroke volume
 e. Decreased extraction of oxygen by exercising muscles

84. In a normal healthy individual with a total lung capacity of 6 liters:

a. The tidal volume at rest is about 1 liter
b. The functional residual capacity would be about 2 liters
c. The expiratory reserve volume at rest would be about 2 liters

True / False – 0.25 point, total: 3 points;

85. Abnormally decreased cardiac output can result from acute venous dilation
a. True b. False
86. The left side of the interventricular septum is depolarized before the right side
a. True b. False
87. Longer P-Q interval on ECG suggests damage to the AV node
a. True b. False
88. According to Poiseuille's equation blood flow rate is directly proportional to the vessel
radius to the forth power
a. True b. False
89. In laminar flow pressure does not drop along the blood vessel.
a. True b. false
90. Pulmonary surfactant maintains a constant low surface tension in the alveoli.
a. True b. false
91. The physiological dead space is always greater than the anatomical dead space
a. True b. False
92. The central chemoreceptors sense the oxygen tension of the arterial blood
a. True b. False
93. The alveoli are the only site of gas exchange.
a. True b. false
94. The residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful
expiration.
a. True b. False.
95. In man, the peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch a.
True B. False
96. Cardiac muscle contractility is reduced by acetylcholine
a. True b. false
Missing words – 0.25 point, total: 3 points

97. Listening to the sounds of the body, usually with the aid of a stethoscope, is called
___auscultation_____

98. A vasodilator area is located bilaterally in the anterolateral portions of the lower half
of the __medulla_____.

99. Active hyperemia occurs when tissue __metabolic_____ rate increases.

100. Cardiac output per square meter of body surface area is called cardiac _index_____.

101. In most tissues, blood flow increases mainly in proportion to each tissue’s
__metabolic rate____.

102. _____veins____ are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

103. The __functional residual capacity____ equals the expiratory reserve volume plus the
residual volume.

104. Resistance to blood flow is inversely proportional to the vessel ___diameter____.

105. Poiseuille’s law describes blood __flow rate_________.

106. Factors that affect the pulse pressure are: the __stroke volume__ and the arterial
__compliance______.

107. Resting potential recorded in a ventricular muscle fiber is ___-90 millivolt ____.

108. Laminar blood flow has ___high____ velocity profile.

Cytology, Histology and Embryology

Closed Question – 0.3 point, total: 6 points; True / False – 0.25 point, total: 2 points;
Missing words – 0.25 point, total: 2 points. Total score – 10 point

Closed Question – 0.3 point, total: 6 points

109. Which of the following statements about sebaceous glands is false?

A. A hair follicle and its associated sebaceous glands make up a pilosebaceous unit;
B. sebaceous glands are mostly derived from hair root stem cells; C. Secretion
from Sebaceous glands is highly influenced by androgens;

D. Sebaceous glands are coiled glands.

110. Golgi-derived lamellar (Odland) bodies, found in granular layer of skin, release substances that:
A. Have antibacterial activity;
B. Have antifungal activity;
C. Help thermoregulation;
D. Prevent water loss.

111. The congenital blistering disease, dermolytic epidermolysis bullosa, is caused by loss of
cohesion between which of the following layers of the patient’s skin?
A. Basement membrane and papillary dermis
B. Epidermis and basement membrane
C. Papillary dermis and reticular dermis
D. Reticular dermis and hypodermis

112. which of the following statements about endothelium is wrong?

A. Has antihtrombogenic effect;
B. Produces NO;
C. Contains Weibel-Palade bodies;
D. Is not found in heart.
113. which of the following substances has vasodilatory effect?
A. Angiotensin;
B. Endothelin;
C. NO;
D. Von Willebrand factor.

114. atherosclerosis is initiated by:

A. VLDL;
B. LDL;
C. IDL;
D. All of these.

115. primary heart field is formed in:

A. Splanchnic layer of lateral mesoderm;
B. Parietal layer of lateral mesoderm;
C. Intermediate mesoderm;
D. Paraxial mesoderm.

116. hypotrophy of right ventricle and hypertrophy of right atrium is characteristic for:
Holt-oram syndrome;
Premature closure of foramen ovale;
Ebstein anomaly;
VSD.

117. During a newborn examination, a pediatrician is unable to detect a pulse in the groin or legs of
an infant and notes the lower extremities are cold to the touch. The pulse and blood pressure of
the upper limbs are significantly elevated from normal. Which of the following anomalies is
supposed to be the reason of this condition?
A. Coarctation of the aorta
B. Tetralogy of Fallot
C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
D. Transposition of the great vessels

118. which of the following cells can regenerate the alveolar epithelium during healing?
A. Enterochromaffin cells
B. Small granular cells
C. Type I alveolar cells
D. Type II alveolar cells

119. The respiratory portion of the respiratory system begins at which of the following locations in
the lungs?
A. Alveolar ducts
B. Alveolar sacs
C. Alveoli
D. Respiratory bronchioles
E. Terminal bronchioles

120. which of the following cells found in respiratory tract works as sensory receptor?
A. goblet cells;
B. brush cells;
C. Kulchitsky cells;
D. ciliated columnar cells.

121. increase of K level in serum induces the secretion of which of the following hormones?
 ADH;
Aldosterone;
Adrenaline; Cortisol.

122. which of the following is synthesized by liver?

A. IgG;
B. complement system proteins;
C. T regulatory cells;
D. opsonins.

123. on the surface of all nucleated cells MHC I molecules present :

A. bacterial antigens;
B. viral antigens;
C. self proteins;
D. allergens.

124. which of the following markers is not found on the surface of T regulatory cells?
A. CD4
B. CD8
C. CD25
D. TCR

125. which of the following cells don’t recirculate back to lymph nodes?
A. thymus dendritic cells;
B. T regulatory cells;

C. T γδ cells;
D. T helper cells.

126. which of the following substances, released from hypothalamus, inhibits the release of Prolactin?
 Epinephrine;
Glycine;
GABA;
Dopamine.

127. A newborn is discovered to have ambiguous genitalia . Virilization of female genitalia in this
neonate was most likely caused by increased production of androgens by fetal cells located in which
ofthe following endocrine organs?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Ovaries
C. Pituitary gland
D. Thyroid gland

128.Which of the following hormones is not released by thyroid gland?

A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone;
B. Tri-iodothyronine
C. thyroxine;
D. Calcitonin.

True / False – 0.25 point, total: 2 points;

129. Apocrine sweat glands are found on palmar and plantar

surfaces;

A. True B. False

130. Glomus type I cells, surrounding paraganglia, are derived

from bone marrow;

A. True B. False

131. diGeorge syndrome is caused by abnormal neural crest

development;

A. True B. False

132. CNS capillaries are sinudoidal;

 A. True B. False
133. Type I alveolar cells secrete mucus.
A. True B. False
134. Fc region of antibodies contains antigen-binding site;
A. True B. False
135. IgA can cross the placental barrier;
A. True B. False
136. Aldosterone secretion is strongly influenced by ACTH; A.
True B. False

Missing words – 0.25 point, total: 2 points

137. Depending on the thickness of ---epithelial --------, two distinct of skin are recognized: Thick skin
and thin skin;
138. The first and most important step in melanin synthesis is catalyzed by enzyme called
-----tyrosinase------------
139. Excessive excursion of the valve leaflets is resisted by the -------chordae tendinae--------------------;
140. ----umbilical-------------veins originate from chorionic villi and carry oxygenated blood to embryo;
141. The mucus, produced by glands and -----goblet-------------- cells, coats the luminal surface over
most of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract.
142. interferons are paracrine factors that signal cells to resist ---virus----- infection;
143.----T-Helper------------ cells are characterized by CD4 surface markers;
144. The cell bodies of neurons synthesizing Oxytocin and ADH are located in
-----hypothalamus---------.