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CONTENTS
PUBLISHER
Danny J. Salchert
OFFICE MANAGER
Anita Salchert
NATIONAL SALES MANAGER
Jerry DiChiara
jerryd@epsmag.net
CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Derek Gaylard
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
Dianne Pisarek, John Olobri, Ken Whiteside
CIRCULATION DIRECTOR
Pam Fulmer
6
FEATURES
PRESIDENT
Danny J. Salchert
Executive and Advertising Offices
6 Wireless Controls Provide Affordable 3591 Cahaba Beach Road
Birmingham, AL 35242
Building Alternatives toll free: 800.981.4541 phone: 205.981.4541
By Dianne Pisarek fax: 205.981.4544
www.epsmag.net • danny@epsmag.net
14 Grounding Electrodes Electrical Products & Solutions™ is published
twelve times a year on a monthly basis by ABD
By John Olobri
Communications, Inc., 3591 Cahaba Beach Road,
Birmingham, Alabama, 35242, USA. Electrical
20 Solar Energy Is Growing Up Products & Solutions™ is distributed free to qualified
subscribers. Non-qualified subscription rates are
By Ken Whiteside
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Postage paid at Birmingham, Alabama and addi-
tional mailing offices.
Electrical Products & Solutions™ is distributed to
qualified readers in the electrical contracting industry.
DEPARTMENTS Publisher is not liable for all content (including edito-
rial and illustrations provided by advertisers) of adver-
26 Industry News tisements published and does not accept responsibility
for any claims made against the publisher. It is the ad-
32 Product Focus vertiser’s or agency’s responsibility to obtain appro-
priate releases on any item or individuals pictured in an
40 Ad Index advertisement. Reproduction of this magazine in
whole or in part is prohibited without prior written per-
mission from the publisher.
It is common knowledge that cre- sumers learn more and more about how easily and affordably reduce energy use
ating a “green” building isn’t the work of energy-efficient buildings lower energy without having to sacrifice comfort and
just one person, but rather a process that costs, increase efficiencies and lessen the convenience, yet the DOE states that the
requires numerous professionals, each impact on the environment. typical U.S. family still spends almost
with their own expertise. Ensuring that a $1,900 a year on utility bills.
building is as energy efficient and envi- Simply Controlling Facilities managers are also being chal-
ronmentally friendly as possible remains a Comfort and Cost lenged to find affordable alternatives to
top priority for all involved in the devel- According to the U.S. Department of efficiently and effectively manage a wide
opment and building process - from the Energy (DOE), the residential building variety of “residential” environments in-
architect who drafts the initial plans, to sector accounts for about 21 percent of the cluding university residence halls, hotels
the electrician who brings the building to country’s total energy consumption, with and assisted living facilities. Adding to
life with power and light and, finally, the lighting listed as the third highest form of that challenge is the need to do so with-
occupants settling into their new home or energy use in U.S. households. In most out sacrificing the comfort of residents or
guests spending time in a hotel. Utilizing homes, electrical gadgets, appliances and guests.
energy-efficient building materials and electronics also use a significant amount Enter lighting and electrical control sys-
operating systems is becoming the new of electricity, even when they are in the tems that provide a new level of control
norm, especially as professionals and con- “off” position. There are many ways to over every single light Continued on page 8
This technology has also become ex- for new and innovative ways to help their or re-wire light switches. In the end, a light-
tremely appealing to architects looking for clients save energy and money, and elec- ing and electrical control system puts the
new and innovative ways to develop tricians are another group helping lead the control in the hands of the homeowner.
smart, energy-efficient residences and charge. Because there’s no wiring or wall Richard Jones and his family are proud
buildings. boxes for any light switch utilized in the homeowners who chose Verve products for
“When it comes to the home, I actually Verve system, unlike conventional hard- their home because they knew during their
think the most innovative approach is wired switches, the wireless system can homebuilding process that they wanted a
stepping away from the object itself and significantly reduce materials and time. truly “green” home as the final output.
thinking about the systems,” says San “From an electrician standpoint, the “One of the best features of the system
Francisco-based architect Sean Culman, best thing about Verve Living Systems is is that you can program any switch to con-
AIA, who often recommends Verve prod- definitely the installation,” notes New Or- trol any number of lights,” says Jones.
ucts in his projects. “Looking at the sys- leans electrician Chad Fabacher, who has “For example, we have a night time
tems holistically makes the biggest installed the system in a number of switch that we hit when we’re ready to go
difference in the comfort of those people homes. “When I was able to show other to bed that turns the whole house off so
living in them, and the Verve technology electricians just how easy and efficiently that we don’t waste energy, which is the
has the flexibility that makes it possible the system is installed and how much wire point of the green home we built.”
for me to alter light levels and create was actually saved, they immediately And perhaps the most intriguing ad-
scenes as we’re designing the lighting wanted to try it for themselves.” vantages of a system like this are the en-
plan already built in.” Installation costs and complexity are also ergy cost-saving benefits that come along
The Verve system provides residential reduced, along with copper wiring, wall with the installation in a home.
homebuilders with an affordable way to boxes, wire nuts and conduit associated “Harmony in the home, to us, means that
differentiate their services by offering po- with the switches. With no three-or four- everything works in sync with everything
tential homebuyers enhanced lifestyle and way wiring, the number of electrical con- else,” says Jones. “Being able to control
meaningful energy savings benefits. Ar- nections is reduced, lowering installation our environment and, at the same time, not
chitects and designers are always looking time and eliminating callbacks to add, move having to pay a fortune to do that.” ❏
PART 1 OF A 2 PART ARTICLE By John Olobri, Director of Sales and Marketing, AEMC® Instruments
Figure 9
Grounding Electrodes
Ground resistance testing instru- Ideally, to maintain a reference potential
ments have been around since the early for instrument safety, protect against static
1930s. In fact the first test instrument intro- electricity, and limit the system to frame
duced consisted of a null balance gal- voltage for operator safety, a ground resis-
vanometer, a decade resistance box and a tance should be zero ohms. In reality, as we
DC power source. Years later hand crank describe further in the text, this value cannot
technology provided the test voltage. Elec- be obtained.
tronic instruments began to emerge on the Last but not least, low ground resistance
market in the 1950s and 1960s. Eventually is essential to comply with NEC®, OSHA
digital displays, data storage and automatic and other electrical safety standards.
result calculations having have evolved into Figure 9 illustrates a grounding rod. The
the instruments on the market today greatly resistance of the electrode has the follow-
simplifying the test process. ing components:
Although the instruments have signifi- (A) The resistance of the metal and that of
cantly evolved to provide higher accuracy the connection to it. Effect of Grounding Electrode
quicker results and are easier-to-use, there (B) The contact resistance of the sur-
Size and Depth on Resistance
are still considerable amount of uncertainty rounding earth to the electrode.
and misapplication associated with ground (C) The resistance in the surrounding Size: Increasing the diameter of the rod
resistance testing. This two part article will earth to current flow or earth resistiv- does not significantly reduce its resistance.
attempt to clarify the proper use of several ity which is often the most significant Doubling the diameter reduces resistance
common procedures used for testing ground- factor. by less than 10%. (Figure 10)
ing electrode systems; the venerable fall-of- Figure 10
potential test method will be discussed as More specifically
well as the stakeless clamp-on test method. (A) Grounding electrodes are usually
Before we get into the test methods a made of a very conductive metal
word about grounding electrodes is worth (copper or copper clad) with adequate
mentioning. cross sections so that the overall
resistance is negligible.
Grounding Electrodes (B) The National Institute of Standards Depth: As a ground rod is driven deeper
The term “ground” is defined as a con- and Technology has demonstrated into the earth, its resistance is substantially
ducting connection by which a circuit or that the resistance between the elec- reduced. In general, doubling the rod
equipment is connected to the earth. The trode and the surrounding earth is length reduces the resistance by an addi-
connection is used to establish and main- negligible if the electrode is free of tional 40% (Figure 11). The NEC (2008,
tain as closely as possible the potential of paint, grease, or other coating, and 250.52 (A)(5)) requires Continued on page 16
the earth on the circuit or equipment con- if the earth is firmly packed. Figure 11
nected to it. A “ground” consists of a (C) The only component remaining is the
grounding conductor, a bonding connector, resistance of the surrounding earth.
its grounding electrode(s), and the soil in The electrode can be thought of as be-
contact with the electrode. ing surrounded by concentric shells of
“Grounds” have several protection ap- earth or soil, all of the same thickness.
plications. For natural phenomena such as The closer the shell to the electrode,
lightning, grounds are used to discharge the the smaller its surface; hence, the
system of current before personnel can be greater its resistance. The farther away
injured or system components damaged. the shells are from the electrode, the
For foreign potentials due to faults in elec- greater the surface of the shell; hence,
tric power systems with ground returns, the lower the resistance. Eventually,
grounds help ensure rapid operation of the adding shells at a distance from the
protection relays by providing low resis- grounding electrode will no longer no-
tance fault current paths. This provides for ticeably affect the overall earth resis-
the removal of the foreign potential as tance surrounding the electrode. The
quickly as possible. The ground should distance at which this effect occurs is
drain the foreign potential before personnel referred to as the effective resistance
are injured and the power or communica- area and is directly dependent on the
tions system is damaged. depth of the grounding electrode.
Figure 13 Figure 14
a minimum of 8 ft. (2.4m) in contact with
the soil. NEC (2008, 250.52 (A)(5)(b))
states that rod electrodes of stainless steel
and copper or zinc coated steel shall be at
least 15.87mm (5/8 in) diameter, unless
listed and not less than 12.70mm (1/2 in)
in diameter. Figure 15
Ground Resistance
Testing Principle
Fall-of-Potential – 3-Point
Measurement
The potential difference between rods X
and Y is measured by a voltmeter, and the
current flow between rods X and Z is mea- current electrode Z far enough from the
sured by an ammeter. (Note: X, Y and Z grounding electrode under test so that the
may be referred to as X, P and C or H, S or sure directly by generating its own current auxiliary potential electrode Y will be out-
E in a 3-Point tester or C1, P2 and C2 in a and displaying the resistance of the side of the effective resistance areas of both
4-Point tester.) (Figure 13) grounding electrode. the grounding electrode and the auxiliary
This method requires the service neu- current electrode. The best way to find out
tral and any other grounding system be Position of the Auxiliary if the auxiliary potential rod Y is outside
disconnected. It is not necessary to carry Electrodes on Measurements the effective resistance areas is to move it
out all the measurements when using a The goal in precisely measuring the re- between X and Z and to take a reading at
ground tester. The ground tester will mea- sistance to ground is to place the auxiliary each location (See Figure 15) If the auxil-
iary potential rod Y is in an effective resis-
Figure 12 tance area (or in both if they overlap, as in
Figure 14), by displacing it, the readings
taken will vary noticeably in value. Under
these conditions, no exact value for the re-
sistance to ground may be determined.
On the other hand, if the auxiliary po-
tential rod Y is located outside of the ef-
fective resistance areas (Figure 15), as Y is
moved back and forth the reading varia-
tion is minimal. The readings taken should
be relatively close to each other, and are
the best values for the resistance to ground
of the ground X. The readings should be
plotted to ensure that they lie in a
“plateau” region as shown in Figure 15.
The region is often referred to as the “62%
area.” (See 62% method below for expla-
nation) Readings every 5-10% of the dis-
tance from x to z are suggested. The
average of the closest three readings (user
defined) would be considered the resis-
tance between earth and the test point.
Measuring Resistance of
Grounding Electrodes 62%
Method
The 62% method has been adopted af-
ter graphical consideration and after ac-
tual test. It is the most accurate method
but is limited by the fact that the ground
tested is a single unit. This method applies
only when all three electrodes are in a
straight line and the Continued on page 18
Figure 16
from X to Z, and that the readings on either
side of the initial Y setting are most likely to
be within the established tolerance band.
This tolerance band is defined by the user
and expressed as a percent of the initial
reading: ±2%, ±5%, ±10%, etc.
Auxiliary Electrode Spacing
No definite distance between X and Z
can be given, since this distance is relative
to the diameter of the electrode tested, its
length, the homogeneity of the soil tested,
and particularly, the effective resistance ar-
eas. However, an approximate distance may
be determined from the following chart
which is given for a homogeneous soil and
an electrode of 1” in diameter. (For a diam-
eter of 1/2”, reduce the distance by 10%;
for a diameter of 2” increase the distance
by 10%; for a diameter of 3/8”, reduce the
distance by 8%.) ❏
Figure 19
APPROXIMATE DISTANCE TO AUXILIARY ELECTRODES
USING THE 62% METHOD
Depth Driven Distance to Y Distance to Z
8 ft 45 ft 72 ft
ground is a single electrode, pipe, or plate, tain a reading within a reasonable band of 8 ft 50 ft 80 ft
etc., as in Figure 16. tolerance. The sensitive areas overlap and 10 ft 55 ft 88 ft
Consider Figure 17, which shows the ef- act constantly to increase resistance as Y is 12 ft 60 ft 96 ft
fective resistance areas (concentric shells) moved away from X.-Point Measurement) 18 ft 71 ft 115 ft
of the grounding electrode X and of the Now consider Figure 18, where the X 20 ft 74 ft 120 ft
auxiliary current electrode Z. The resistance and Z electrodes are sufficiently spaced so
30 ft 86 ft 140 ft
areas overlap. If readings were taken by that the areas of effective resistance do not
moving the auxiliary potential electrode Y overlap. If we plot the resistance measured Part 2 of this article will be featured in
towards either X or Z, the reading differen- we find that the measurements level off the December 2010 issue of Electrical
tials would be great and one could not ob- when Y is placed at 62% of the distance Products & Solutions.
Figure 17 Figure 18
FEATURE • Ontility
on the ground, and rising utility expenses. grant. Between this grant and a rebate
Their investigation of funding options led from Austin Energy, the local electric util-
them to a U.S. Treasury Dept. program ity, Dog Boys was out of pocket about
called the 1603 Program – Payments for $10,000 for an $82,000 PV system. That
Specified Energy Property in Lieu of Tax system is offsetting 35-60% of their elec-
Credits. The title pretty much says it all; tricity expense, depending on the seasonal
the dog-folks gave up the 30% Federal in- use of air-conditioning (did I mention that
come tax credit available to anyone buy- this is an up-scale kennel?). These savings
ing a solar energy system in favor of a are in turn enabling Dog Boys to grow –
Industry NEWS
Industry NEWS
Running Aces Harness Park in Columbus, Minnesota Relamps with CAO Group’s
Patented Dynasty® S14 LED Lamps for Aesthetically Pleasing Results
The CAO Group, Inc.’s (CAO) Dy- and maintenance in coming years.” CAO’s LED lighting division features
nasty® S14 LED lamp has a bright, sparkling The Dynasty® S14 LED lamp was a fine several patented LED lamps in various
impact on the new Running Aces Harness choice in offering energy savings as well as sizes. To learn more about CAO and its
Park highway sign in Columbus, Minnesota. the ability to flash and chase. Along with LED Lighting Division, please visit
The newly built sign was completed in July those features, it was chosen for its 4 year http://www.caogroup.com.
2010 and is visible from HWY 35, just north of warranty and for being the most aesthetically
Minneapolis. This is another design success pleasing LED S14 lamp on the market. This About CAO Group
for patented Dynasty S14 lamp in addition to brilliant display is 38’ w x 16’ h and has
many other notable installations. nearly 2,000 Dynasty S14 LED lamps. CAO, under the direction of Densen Cao,
“The Dynasty® S14 LED lamp is perfectly Brightway Supply Company, the local dis- PhD, offers design, integration, and manu-
suited for this high profile outdoor flashing tributor for CAO LED products, recommended facturing of Solid State Lighting, Veterinary,
marquee sign. The Dynasty S14 LED lamp the Dynasty® S14 to the SignArt Company. Dental, and Forensic products. CAO is head-
will save Running Aces more than 80 per- “We were trying to come up with a product quartered in West Jordan, Utah, where the
cent of the energy and last 8 to 10 times that would mimic traditional chase-lights, but company operates an EN 13485 certified and
longer when compared to incandescent have the minimal energy use and longevity of FDA registered R&D/manufacturing facility.
lamps. The retrofit was as easy as untwist- LEDs. The CAO product was the only one we CAO is an innovative leader in LED technol-
ing the old and twisting in the new Dy- could find that offered a suitable warranty and ogy. CAO owns more than 60 issued U.S. and
nasty,” said Kerry Moore, LEED AP, General had any type of reliable track record,” said international patents and more than 80 pend-
Manager of Solid State Lighting Division of Kevin Snyder of SignArt. “CAO came through ing patents. CAO provides high quality, com-
CAO. Moore continues, “The new Running with the quantities we needed and in the time- petitively priced products.
Aces sign will save a lot of money in energy frame the customer required,” said Snyder. Dynasty® is a registered trademark of CAO.
Industry NEWS
Product FOCUS
AEMC® Introduces the NEW 150MHz PC Oscilloscopes with FFT, Harmonics, Wifi,
Web Server, Ethernet and More Models MTX 1052-PC, MTX 1054-PC and MTX 162
The 150MHz MTX 1052-PC, MTX 1054-PC and 20MHz MTX 162 oscilloscopes are compact, lightweight inter-connectable
and stackable instruments that can be connected directly to a PC via USB, Ethernet or WiFi communication. Web server soft-
ware is also included for remote operation. These oscilloscopes use all the PC advantages, allowing high screen resolution
and large storage capacity for more precise data analysis. The functions are directly accessible from the menus and the "Win-
dows" toolbar. Users control the oscilloscope from the PC with the instrument’s control
panel, which contains all the standard commands for oscilloscopes. The soft-
ware allows multi-window displaying for simultaneously viewing traces, FFT
analysis, measurements, etc. In this way, users can choose multiple combi-
nations to have all the useful information available at a glance. The
MTX 1052 & MTX 1054 are both equipped with SPO (Smart Persis-
tence Oscilloscope) analysis which combines the advantages of
analog and digital displays. SPO is used to manage display and data
acquisition simultaneously, making it possible to increase the
acquisition rate up to tens of thousands per second. SPO
also detects brief events, instabilities and untimely anom-
alies. Options include differential probe unit (MTX 1032) to
600Vrms in common mode and a Spectrum Analyzer unit
(MTX 1050) to 1GHz.
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Product FOCUS
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Product FOCUS
Installing Threaded Rod is Easier with the Innovative CADDY® ROD LOck Mounting System
CADDY® ROD LOCK is an innovative threaded rod mounting system from ERICO that provides a quick and economical so-
lution for installing electrical and mechanical systems supported by threaded rod. The system includes the CADDY ROD LOCK
beam clamp and channel nut.
Beam Clamp
• Works with slightly damaged threads and minor burrs on the threaded rod
• Reduces installation time up to 60%
• Load capacity up to 500 lbs (3/8” rod) or 2200 N (M10 rod) - depending on
flange thickness
• UL® 203 & UL 2239 Approved, FM® Approved
Channel Nut
• Works with slightly damaged threads and minor burrs on the threaded rod
• Reduces installation time up to 34%
• Load capacity up to 750 lbs (3/8”) or 3750 N
(M8, M10)
• Electro-galvanized ductile iron
Condux Announces New Line of HDD, Plowing, and Boring Tool Products
Condux International recently announced a distribution agreement with equipment manufacturer Triple D Enterprises,
Inc., South Hampton, New Jersey. Under the agreement, the line of Triple D HDD, compaction boring and cable plowing tools
and equipment will be marketed and sold under the Condux brand.
Condux Marketing Manager Eric Cope said, “With this agreement, Condux becomes a supplier of Triple D products and will
provide its marketing and sales expertise to the product
line. Products will be warehoused and shipped from
the Condux facility. This is a great opportunity for both
companies to gain increased exposure, and reach a
much wider audience, nationally and internationally.”
Triple D is a leader in the manufacturing of high quality un-
derground construction equipment. The Triple D product line in-
cludes reamers, paddle bits and sonde housings for HDD
applications, as well as compaction boring tools and plowing sys-
tems.
Condux International has been manufacturing cable installation
tools and equipment for over 30 years. Working directly with the
electrical contracting, electrical utility, telecom and CATV indus-
tries, Condux offers the highest quality tools, engineered to reduce in-
stallation time and increase safety.
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Product FOCUS
ICC USB coupler is an aesthetically pleasing solution when installed in an ICC faceplate or
surface mount box as a permanent USB receptacle. The reversible feature of type A-to-B USB
coupler allows either type A or type B connector to be facing
out.
With the increased usage of computer devices and peripherals
in multimedia environments such as conference and class rooms,
the demand for complimentary outlet connectivity has grown.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) has become a de facto standard connection for peripheral devices.
Devices now include telephones, digital cameras, modems, keyboards, mice, joysticks, external
storage drives, scanners and printers. USB connectivity most likely will not go away anytime
soon.
ICC is one of the few low voltage manufacturers to introduce a USB modular coupler to pro-
vide connectivity compatible with an assortment of outlets and blank panels. ICC is a leading
manufacturer of structured cabling solutions in commercial and
residential markets in voice, data, and audio, video and fiber
optic connectivity products.
Advertiser INDEX
This advertisers index is compiled as a courtesy to our readers. While every effort is made to provide a complete and accurate listing of companies, page numbers and
reader service numbers, the publisher is not responsible for errors.