DAYALBAGH

EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTE
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)

CIVIL ENGINEERING

CO-CURRICULAR
ACTIVITIES
(CODE :- CAC481)

SUBMITTED BY:-
PIYUSH AGARWAL
1705283
B.Tech 2nd Year CIVIL
FRONT ELEVATION:-
What are Drainage Systems?

Drainage systems are in place to remove the excess water in

development. This could be floodwater, rainwater, and different
kinds of runoff. Drainage systems are also in place to remove
wastewater effectively, and this is referred to as a sewer system.
Not having a proper drainage system in place will result in
flooding of low-lying areas, thereby causing property damage and
health risks. An effective drainage system is the one that
removes all excess water without causing inconveniences in terms
of design. For example, in an area which has a lot of buildings
like residences and shops, there cannot be open drains that flow
through the areas.
Drainage systems can be separate for storm water and sewers but
sometimes both these inputs drain into the same underground
drainage system. The advantage of having separate drainage
systems is that storm water runoff is not so dangerous that it has
to be treated. This can be drained directly into water bodies.
Water containing sewage and industrial wastes, on the other hand,
can be extremely toxic. Therefore, they have to undergo at least a
primary treatment before they can be let into water bodies.
Closed and Open Drainage Systems
Closed drain forms a complex network underground. The
primary refuse from individual areas is collected and transported
to the main network which finally goes to a treatment plant. An
open-drain is mostly used to collect wastewater that is not
sewage. Use of open drains to dispose of sanitary waste is
extremely unhygienic and unsafe. Use of open drains to a certain
degree can be acceptable. However, any place with a collection of
water breeds various disease-carrying pathogens.
Use of open drains is not a good option to carry wastewater even
if the solids have been removed by the use of septic or interceptor
tanks because people can easily come into contact with it.
Moreover, since they are open any excess water can result in
flooding. The only advantages of using open drains are in its
convenience of construction and maintenance as it is easily
accessible. This is why you can still see the use of open drains in
rural areas. However, in densely populated urban areas, such a
system will fail in its effectiveness.

The Sources and Solutions: Wastewater

 Wastewater Treatment Plants:-

Most homes and businesses send their wastewater to a

treatment plant where many pollutants are removed from the
water. Wastewater treatment facilities in the United States
process approximately 34 billion gallons of wastewater
every day. Wastewater contains nitrogen and phosphorus
from human waste, food and certain soaps and detergents.
 Once the water is cleaned to standards set and monitored by
state and federal officials, it is typically released into a local
water body, where it can become a source of nitrogen and
phosphorus pollution.
Some wastewater treatment plants are able to remove more
nitrogen and phosphorus from their discharges than others
depending on their equipment and how they treat
wastewater. Enhanced treatment systems enable some
wastewater plants to produce discharges that contain less
nitrogen than plants using conventional treatment methods.
Upgrading wastewater treatment systems is often expensive
for municipalities and rate payers, but upgrades can pay for
themselves or end up saving a plant money. Various
strategies to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads from
wastewater treatments plants are being pursued across the
country.

 Septic Systems:-

Approximately 20 percent of homes in the United States use

septic systems that locally treat their wastewater. When a
septic system is improperly managed, elevated nitrogen and
phosphorus levels can be released into local water bodies or
ground water. An estimated 10 to 20 percent of septic
systems fail at some point in their operational lifetimes.
Common causes of septic system failure include aging
infrastructure, inappropriate design, overloading with too
much wastewater in too short a period of time and poor
maintenance.
Homeowners are responsible for maintaining their septic
systems in most cases. To protect and maintain their system,
homeowners should:
 Have their system inspected regularly and pump their
tank as necessary.
 Use water efficiently.
 Not dispose of household hazardous waste in sinks or
toilets.
 Avoid driving vehicles or placing heavy objects on
their drain field.

Advantages of drainage system

 Prevents Water Accumulation:-
Drainage systems can prevent water accumulation that
can lead to flooding by directing the water away from
your home. Water that over-accumulates in your yard
may kill plants. Drainage systems also prevent the
accumulation of stagnant water, which can encourage
mosquitoes to breed.

Reduces Soil Erosion:-

Over time, stagnant water accumulated can make soil
muddy, which in turn can cause soil to erode. Drainage
systems maintain balanced moisture in your garden to
reduce soil erosion.

Removes Toxic Materials and Disease

Organisms:-
Continuous, heavy rains may cause the water to rise,
which can lead to flash floods, especially when you
live near a big body of water. Often these flash floods
 bring contaminated water into your soil. Drainage
systems can remove these toxic materials by draining
them away from your yard.

Disadvantages of Drainage system

 Expensive:-
Installing a drainage system is a costly investment.
You'll end up paying a high price, especially if you
hire a professional to install your drainage system.
You may also need a permit to install drainage
systems, especially if your particular project requires
multiple channels and deep excavations.

Maintenance:-
Regular maintenance of your drainage system will
ensure that it functions properly at all times, says the
University of Illinois. You have to ensure that the
outlet ditches of your subsurface systems are free from
blockages caused by sediment build up. You'll need to
check that debris does not seal the inlet covers.
Can Contaminate Bodies of Water:-
A research conducted by the University of Illinois has
shown drainage systems can also contribute to
contamination problems, especially when not properly
maintained. According to the study, subsurface
drainage systems can carry nitrate through the drain
pipes, channelling it directly into the bodies of water
such as streams, rivers and lakes.

Ways to Reduce waste water in house.

 Install low-flow fixtures:-
 Save water and money by installing low-flow toilets, shower
heads and faucets. For a household of four people, this
means over 100,000 litres of water saved per year.

 Turn off the tap while washing your face,

brushing your teeth and shaving:-
Don’t think that keeping the tap on while doing these things
takes up that much water? Plug the drain sometime and see
just how much is collected in the sink. Multiply that over
365 days, likely a few times a day. That’s a lot of water.

 Ditch the plastic bags:-

One of the simplest ways to decrease the amount of waste
you produce is to use reusable bags while shopping. Instead
of relying on your supermarket’s plastic bags, bring your
own cloth ones to pack up your items and tote them home.
Keeping a bunch of extra bags in the trunk of your car or
right by the door is an easy way to make sure you don’t
forget them at home.

 Make a meal plan:-

In addition to material waste, food waste is a huge problem
in American households. However, it’s entirely preventable
if the consumer follows one simple rule: only buy groceries
that you know will eat. It sounds like a no-brainer, but you’d
be surprised at how much food is regularly thrown into the
garbage in America.

 Don’t use more dishes than you need:-

More dishes means more washing. Not only does that mean
extra time and effort, it also means extra wasted water. Your
dinner tastes just as good served in the pot it was made in as
it does in your fancy serving bowl.
  Put a weighted bottle in your toilet tank:-
Ultimately, a newer more efficient toilet is best. But that’s
not a realistic option for everyone. If your toilet is an old,
water-sucking one (from around 1990 or earlier), place a
weighted bottle in the tank to decrease the amount of water
used with each flush.

 Stop using disposable plates:-

Even if washing the dishes is the bane of your existence, the
waste created by paper plates and plastic utensils isn’t worth
it. Stop resorting to paper and plastic and get those hands
dirty.

 Start composting:-
Every day, a large amount of what you throw into the trash
could be composted and returned to the earth. If you have a
bin and some extra space, you can easily start a compost that
could feed back into your garden. Your excess food won’t
go to waste, your garden will be full of nutrients and you
can feel better about your impact on the planet. Win, win,
win.

 Start relying on reusable containers:-

Once you start buying only what you need, take it to the
next level by storing food properly, which will extend its
life and keep things fresh for as long as possible.

WAYS TO PREVENT WASTE WATER

FROM RIVERS, LAKES, etc.
 Use reusable water bottles, not disposable:-
 Excessive waste from our society is a problem. It is best to
have one water bottle that you refill rather than using
disposable bottles that end up in the trash, on the street, and
in a landfill, or possibly floating down a river, in a lake, or
in the ocean.

 Don’t wash your car in the driveway, wash it

on the lawn:-
A variety of pollutants and detergents are rinsed from your
vehicle during washing. By parking your car on the lawn the
plants in your lawn can limit the amount of these pollutants that
enter into the street drain and then to streams and lakes. Plants
will uptake the chemicals and reduce the pollutants that make it to
the streams.

 Dispose of hazardous chemicals properly.

Don’t dump down the drain, indoors or out:-
Hazardous chemicals include cleaners, paints, and many other
often used chemicals. The idea that the chemical will be diluted
and won’t be a problem is false. Drains are not for disposing of
liquid garbage. These items are probably the most important to
store, use, and dispose of properly. Visit the Allegan County
Website for more information on disposing of household
chemicals in Allegan County.

 Recycle used motor oil. Deliver used motor

oil to a recycling location:-
This one seems like a no brainer. If you have used motor oil it can
be recycled and needs to be taken to a proper location. Dumping
oil down a drain is never a solution. Some auto shops and filling
stations will recycle used motor oil for you.

 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle:-

This three tiered system is the best way to reduce waste. First
Reduce. Reduce the amount of items you consume especially
things that can be replaced with something reusable, such as a
washcloth instead of paper towel. Second, always reuse items
rather than use disposable. Anything you do can help, you don’t
have to make every change at once. Lastly, recycle. If it is
something you have to dispose of, recycle what you can. All of
this will reduce the amount you pollute and should also leave a
few more dollars in your pocket as well.

 Reduce auto emissions:-

The best way to reduce emissions of your vehicle is to make sure
it is working properly and not leaking any chemicals like oil or
anti-freeze. The test is to see if there are spots left on the
pavement after your car has been setting there overnight.

 Use insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers, as

well as other lawn and garden chemicals,
sparingly:-
These chemicals should only be used when needed. There is no
reason to spray a lawn or garden if there is no known issue that
you are taking care of specifically. Use a soil test and use
fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides only if there is a presence
of the issue. In a small garden, hoeing can often be done more
quickly than herbicide application.
  Start a compost pile:-
A compost pile can decompose leaves, grass clippings, and food
waste into a great fertilizer for your home garden. It is also just a
way to reduce the amount of waste material from the lawn, leaves,
and garden. A compost pile doesn’t have to be a big hassle and
doesn’t have to smell badly. The truth is a compost pile, that is
turned regularly, is a necessary part of a home yard or garden.

 Soil test before you fertilize:-

If you are spending money on fertilizer without testing your soil,
you may just be dumping fertilizer in the river and polluting. You
may be surprised that you don’t have to fertilize your garden
every year. Soil tests are easy to do, collect the sample and send it
in to MSUE. Here is a link so you can get your soil test this
spring.

 Don’t sweep dirt and fertilizer from

sidewalks into drains:-
Dirt and fertilizer left on sidewalks should be swept into the lawn
rather than washed down the storm drain. Always remember the
storm drain leads to streams. Not only chemicals but excess
sediment (dirt or soil) is also a pollutant in streams. Save the
effort and sweep it back into the lawn.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
These are the following links in which the above
data is taken:-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage#Drainag
e_in_the_construction_industry

 https://allegancd.org/10-ways-to-prevent-
personally-polluting-the-great-lakes/

 https://followgreenliving.com/10-ways-stop-
wasting-water/

 https://byjus.com/chemistry/drainage-systems/

 https://www.familyhandyman.com/landscaping/
install-an-in-ground-drainage-system/
 THANK
YOU