2019 International Electronics Symposium (IES)
Hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking Using
Artificial Neural Network-Incremental Conduction
With Short Circuit Current of Solar Panel
Muhammad Nizar Habibi Novie Ayub Windarko
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
habibi@pasca.student.pens.ac.id ayub@pens.ac.id
Abstract— Significant increase in energy and reduction in
carbon emissions are the biggest challenges in world energy
demand. One of the best solutions is to use renewable energy.
Solar energy is the energy that has advantages in terms of
availability, eco-friendly, and cost-effectiveness. But the solar
panel has a low energy conversion efficiency, so often the solar
energy obtained by the solar panel cannot be utilized as a whole.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique that
can improve the efficiency of energy conversion from the solar
panel. In this paper, the type of MPPT used is MPPT hybrid,
which is a combination of Artificial Neural Network based
MPPT and Incremental Conductance algorithm. The value of
short circuit current from the solar panel is used as an ANN
reference to reach of maximum power from the solar panel.
Incremental conductance is used to keep the maximum power
value of the solar panel and improve the tracking results from
MPPT ANN. The result of the proposed Hybrid MPPT method
can improve the tracking speed of the Incremental Conductance
algorithm and can reach the maximum power of the solar panel.
Keywords—Maximum Power Point Tracking, Artificial
Neural Network, Incremental Conductance, Short Circuit Current
of Solar Panel.
I. INTRODUCTION
World energy demand has increased significantly. The
biggest challenge is the world energy demand must be
fulfilled, and at the same time reducing the carbon emission.
The two things are mutually sustainable with each other.
Therefore, more effort and innovation is needed to overcome
this. Renewable energy is an energy source that can contribute
almost half of the global needs, rapid energy development, and
become the largest energy source by 2040 [1]. Nowadays,
there are a lot of developments from the renewable energy
sector include water, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and
biofuels. The advantages offered by solar energy when
compared to the others are availability, environmental
friendliness, and cost-effectiveness [2]. However, the solar
panel has a low energy conversion efficiency and required an
additional technique as Maximum Power Point Tracking [3].
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) has advantages
in terms of simple implementation, easy in assembly, doesn't
require large components, and is relatively more inexpensive.
Because the solar panel is heavily dependent on solar
irradiation, the MPPT must have the ability to quickly adapt
to changes in solar irradiation and must be able to reach the
actual maximum power of the solar panel. Many MPPT
methods that have been proposed, and consisting of
conventional methods and computational-based methods.
Perturb and Observe algorithm [4-5], and Incremental
978-1-7281-4449-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Anang Tjahjono
Electrical Engineering Department
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Surabaya, Indonesia
anang.tj@pens.ac.id
Conductance algorithm [6-7] are conventional MPPT
methods. The two conventional methods have the same
principle working, tracking maximum power from the solar
panel by comparing the power produced present with the
previous power produced. It's a reason that conventional
methods have a slow tracking speed because there is a power
comparison process to find the maximum power from the
solar panel. When solar irradiation suddenly changes,
conventional algorithms will be hard to find the maximum
power point of the solar panel. The example of the MPPT
method with the computational-based algorithm are Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) [8], and Artificial Neural
Network [9-10]. The advantages of Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) have fast computational tracking speed and a learning
process so that the algorithm can quickly find maximum
power from the solar panel. However, under certain
conditions, the ANN algorithm has a wrong learning process
so the algorithm cannot find the maximum power point of the
solar panel.
In this paper, the proposed algorithm is a hybrid algorithm
which is a combination of a computational-based algorithm
and a conventional algorithm. It's an Artificial Neural
Network algorithm with an Incremental Conductance
algorithm (ANN-IC algorithm). Both algorithms complement
the deficiency of each other, so as to maximize the advantages
of the two algorithms. Artificial Neural Network algorithm
can improve the tracking speed from Incremental
Conductance algorithm, and Incremental Conductance
algorithm can correct data learning errors from Artificial
Neural Network algorithm. Incremental Conductance
algorithm can also keep the maximum power value of the solar
panel. The type of learning used in the Artificial Neural
Network algorithm is offline learning, meaning that the
learning process is done separately from the algorithm
implemented in MPPT. The architecture used in the Artificial
Neural Network algorithm isn't complicated, one input, one
hidden layer, and one output. The data type used by the input
layer of the Artificial Neural Network Algorithm is the short
circuit current of the solar panel. Hadeed A. S., et al. [11],
proposed a hybrid MPPT algorithm based on short circuit
current from a solar panel with the Perturb and Observe
algorithm. Next, Hadeed A. S., et al. [12], proposed a
comprehensive scope of the previous research for a Micro-
Inverter Photovoltaic Flyback and used the hybrid MPPT
method of short-circuit current with the Perturb and Observe
algorithm. So the proposed algorithm, short circuit current can
be used as a reference for the Artificial Neural Network
algorithm to determine the maximum power of the solar panel.
Although with a simple architecture and using offline learning
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on the Artificial Neural Network algorithm, the proposed Watt when the temperature obtained is 25 ° C. The two
Hybrid MPPT is fast to adapt of the changing solar irradiation, characteristics of the P-V curve have presented the values
and the algorithm can find the maximum power from a solar listed in Table 1 which are Standard Test Condition of solar
panel. The characteristics algorithm can be shown by the panels. The solar panel will be able to produce 100 Watt of the
simulation on fixed irradiation values and fluctuating power if the irradiation value from the sun is 100 W/m2 with
irradiation values. a temperature of 25 ° C.
II. MODELING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PV Table 1. The Specification of Solar Panel
PANEL
POLYCRYSTALLINE
A. PV Panel Modelling
The equivalent circuit of the solar panel consists of a Maximum Power Pmax 100 W
current source, a diode that is parallel to the current source that
presents the cell junction, and two resistors, namely the Maximum Power Voltage Vmp 17.6 V
parallel resistor (Rsh) and the series resistor (Rs) as shown in
Maximum Power Current Imp 5.69 A
Figure 1. Both resistors present the value of internal resistance
in a cell. The basic equation that assumes the solar panel with Open Circuit Voltage Voc 22.6 V
one current source is as follows [13-14]:
(𝑉𝑉+𝐼𝐼.𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 ) Short Circuit Current Isc 6.09 A
𝑞𝑞. 𝑉𝑉 + 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 . 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟 . �𝑒𝑒 𝜂𝜂.𝑘𝑘.𝑇𝑇 − 1� − (1)
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ Standard Test Condition : Temp = 25 °C ; AM = 1.5 ;
2
Irradiance = 1000 W/m
Where V is the output voltage of the solar panel for one
solar panel, Iph is the output current that is produced by the
diode due to irradiation, Ir is the saturation current, q is the
electrical charge constant (1.6 × 10-9 C), η is the factor of the
quality of the pn junction, k is Boltzmann's Constant (1.38 ×
10-23 J / K), and T is the Temperature in Kelvin. The
photocurrent value of Iph which represents the value of solar
radiation as a follow :
𝐺𝐺
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = �𝐼𝐼 + 𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖 (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 )� (2)
1000 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Where Isc is the value of short circuit current on solar

panels, G is the value of solar irradiation (W/ m2), Tr is the
value of cell temperature, ki is the temperature coefficient of
short circuit current.
Fig. 2 The Characteristic P-V Curve of Solar Panel in The Different of
Solar Irradiation

Fig. 1 The Equivalent Circuit of Solar Panel

B. PV Panel Characteristics
The specification of the solar panel used in this research is
shown in Table 1. The solar panel used to have a capacity of
100 Watt with a maximum voltage is 17.8 Volt in the current
value of 5.62 A. The solar panel is very dependent on the value
of solar irradiation. The characteristic P-V curve of the solar
panel in the different of solar irradiation is shown in Figure 2.
The solar panel will reach maximum power when the
irradiation value is 1000 W/m2. Figure 3 is a characteristic P-
V curve for the different temperature values obtained by solar
panels. The solar panel can issue a maximum power of 100
Fig. 3 The Characteristic P-V Curve of Solar Panel in The Different of
Temperature
C. Buck-Boost Converter
The power DC-DC converter is used to find the maximum
power value of the solar panel. With changes in solar
irradiation value, the duty cycle value of Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) in the power converter will be changed to
obtain maximum power from the solar panel. Table 2 is a
parameter from the power converter for Buck-Boost

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Converter type. Figure 4 is a diagram block of MPPT ANN-
IC with parallel connection
Table 2. The Specification of Power Converter
Parameter Value
Inductor 220 µH
Capacitor 560 µF
Resistor 38.5 Ω
Frequency Switching 40 kHz
Fig. 4 Block Diagram in This Research
III. THE PROPOSED ALGORTIHM
A. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Algorithm
Fig. 5 The Architecture of ANN Based MPPT
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an algorithm that is
often used to solve complex problems. ANN is a mathematical
model that has a work sequence like the biological working of
a neural network, and it is modeled by a mathematical
structure [15]. ANN is a processing system that is
interconnected and exchange information, such as a system of
neurons in the brain. Each process has constant values called
weight and bias and then has activations in each neuron. ANN
has several advantages: (i) off-line training, (ii) rapid
response, (iii) nonlinear mapping, (iv) less computational
effort, (v) robust operation, and (vi) can solve the complicated
problems. Figure 5 is the design of the ANN architecture used
in this research. The ANN architecture design used is a simple
architectural design that only consists of one input, one output,
65
and one hidden layer. The architecture consists of 5 neurons,
activation logsis in the hidden layer, and activation tansig at
the output of ANN. The ANN learning process and the process
of selecting the number of neurons did in MATLAB software.
ANN input is the value of the short circuit current of the solar
panel, and the output of ANN is the value of the duty cycle.
Figure 6 is the result of testing the Regression Test Neural
Network Training that performed on MATLAB software. The
purpose of the test is to determine the exact number of neurons
in the architecture of the Artificial Neural Network. The
number of neurons is chosen based on a value close to one.
The result is 0.99969 in 5 neurons.
Neural Network Training Regresion Test
10 0,73525
9 0,99833
8 0,96497
7 0,99742
Neuron
6 0,99432
5 0,99969
4 0,99945
3 0,99454
2 0,99777
1 0,97107
0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1 1,05
Regresion Value
Fig. 6 The Result of Neural Network Regression Test
B. Incremental Conductance (IC) Algorithm
Fig. 7 The Basic Consept of MPPT IC
Incremental Conductance (IC) method is the method that
reaches the maximum power point (MPPT) of solar panel
based on incremental and instantaneous conductance in solar
panel. The basic concept of the MPPT Incremental
Conductance is shown in Figure 7. The slope of the solar
panel power curve will be 0 (zero) when it has reached
maximum power (MPP). It can positive when on the left side
of MPP, and negative when on the right side of MPP [16]:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
> 0, 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (4)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 the value of solar irradiation. Based on Table 1, Isc is 6.09 A
< 0, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (5) can represent for irradiation of 1000 W/m2.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
D. Hybrid MPPT Algorithm
When:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑(𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝐼𝐼

= = 𝐼𝐼 + 𝑉𝑉 ≈ 𝐼𝐼 + 𝑉𝑉 (6)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑉𝑉

So Equation (3) (4) (5) can be written as:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼
= − , 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (7)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼
> − , 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (8)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼
< − , 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (9)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉

MPP can be searched by comparing the instantaneous

conductance (I/V) with incremental conductance (ΔI/ΔV)
such as the flowchart shown in Figure 8. Vref is the reference
voltage on the solar panel. When MPP, Vref is the same as
VMPP. When MPP has been reached, it will be maintained at
the MPP except for changes in radiation, temperature, and
load. In that section, the algorithm raises and decreases Vref
to find a new MPP [6].

Fig. 9 The Flowchart of Hybrid MPPT ANN-IC

Hybrid based MPPT algorithm uses a combination of

Fig. 8 The Flowchart of MPPT Incremental Conductance Algorithm
C. Short Circuit Current of Solar Panel
Short circuit current on a solar panel can also be used to
detect maximum power from the solar panel. The
implementation of MPPT with short circuit current from the
solar panel has a simple algorithm and a high convergent
speed [11]. When the algorithm detects short circuit current,
the power cannot be transmitted to the system [12]. The solar
panel is isolated and measures the short circuit current of the
solar panel. Short circuit current of solar panel can represent
performance from the ANN algorithm with the IC algorithm.
Figure 9 is the work order of the hybrid ANN-IC based MPPT
algorithm. Figure 9 shows the MPPT ANN works with 3
stages combination.
1) Stage 1: Measure Isc of solar panel and track the MPP
with MPPT ANN. At this stage, ANN takes the value of short
circuit current from the solar panel and will be used as the
input parameter of the ANN architecture. The work of stage
1 depends on two conditions, at the first running of the
system, and an error value exceeds 20%. Error values are
processed in stage 2, and instructions due to errors that occur
are processed at stage 1.
2) Stage 2: Measure the value of voltage and current on
the solar panel then calculate the power value of the solar
panel (Ppv). Performed maximum power comparison on a
solar panel, to obtain an error value. If the error value is above
20%, the MPPT ANN will work to detect the new value of
short-circuit current from the solar panel and calculate the
value of the new duty cycle. If the error value is below 20%,
then MPPT Incremental Conductance still works to maintain
the maximum power value from the solar panel (Pmpp).

66
 Fig.10 The Simulation Results of MPPT Algorithms (a) with 1000 W/m2 (b) with 500 W/m2

3) Stage 3: The last stage in the hybrid MPPT system is
the performance of MPPT Incremental Conductance (IC).
The MPPT IC is used to improve the tracking results of the
MPPT ANN if the resulting value hasn't reached Pmpp. The
other function of the MPPT IC also to maintain Pmpp because
the resulting error value is still below 20%.
IV. SIMULATION RESULT
The simulation of Hybrid Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) using Artificial Neural Network-
Incremental Conductance (ANN-IC) with short circuit current
of solar panel use PSIM software. The specifications of the
solar panel are based on Table 1. MPPT ANN, MPPT
Incremental Conductance, and Hybrid MPPT ANN-IC were
the types of MPPT that tested on the system using several
variations value of solar irradiation. There were two stages of
testing. The first, the MPPT algorithms were tested at a fixed
irradiation value. Second, the MPPT algorithms were tested
with several variations of solar irradiation.
Table 3. The Simulation Results of MPPT Algorithms with 1000 W/m2 and with 500 W/m2
A. Constan Solar Irradiation
The first test, MPPT was tested with constant irradiation
values. Irradiation values are regulated by with two types,
1000 W/m2, and 500 W/m2. Figure 10 is a test result of MPPT
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), MPPT Incremental
Conductance (IC), and MPPT Hybrid Artificial Neural
Network-Incremental Conductance (ANN-IC) with constant
irradiation values. Figure 10.a is an MPPT test using 1000
W/m2 solar irradiation, Figure 10b. MPPT test using 500
W/m2 solar irradiation.
The blue line is the MPP of solar panel, and the red line is
the number of MPPT from the algorithm. At irradiation of
1000 W/m2, the value of the power produced by MPPT ANN
is 94.603 W of 95.321 W and takes 0.083 s. MPPT IC can
track the MPP of the solar panel, which is 95.321 W, but the
MPPT IC required the time of 0.479 s. Hybrid MPPT ANN-
IC can be tracking the MPP of the solar panel like MPPT IC
at 95.321 W and only takes 0.057 s.

Maximum
Iradiation MPPT Power Tracking
Power Voltage (V) Current (A)
Values Methods Tracking (W) Speed (s)
(Watt)
ANN 95.321 94.603 16.291 5.807 0.083
2
1000 W/m IC 95.321 95.321 16.891 5.643 0.479
ANN-IC 95.321 95.321 16.889 5.644 0.057
ANN 49.465 44.812 19.001 2.358 0.065
500 W/m2 IC 49.465 49.465 17.378 2.846 0.434
ANN-IC 49.465 49.465 17.378 2.846 0.068

67
 Fig. 11 The Simulation Results of MPPT Algorithms (a) with Two Variations Solar Irradiation
(b) with Three Variations Solar Irradiation

Complete test data are shown in Table 3, and also included Figure 12 is a graph of the comparison of energy produced
MPPT test data on solar irradiation of 500 W/m2. Complete by each of these algorithms. The energy produced was the
test data are shown in Table 3, and also included MPPT test amount of energy at irradiation of 100 W/m2 to irradiation of
data on solar irradiation of 500 W/m2. 1000 W/m2 for 2 seconds. Table 4 is the total energy
B. The Variation of Solar Irradiation produced by each algorithm for 2 seconds and show that the
proposed algorithm has the highest number of energy values
The next test was testing with several variations of solar
with a value of 743.7 Ws.
irradiation. The changes in solar irradiation occur at certain
times, and values are relatively different from previous solar
irradiation values. Figure 11(a) shows two changes in solar
irradiation values from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2. Figure 11(b)
shows three changes in the solar irradiation value. Start at 500
W/m2 then changed to 400 W/m2 and then changed to 800
W/m2. The blue line is the MPP of solar panel, and the red line
is the number of MPPT from the algorithm. At irradiation of
1000 W/m2, the value of the power produced by MPPT ANN
is 94.603 W of 95.321 W and takes 0.083 s. MPPT IC can
track the MPP of the solar panel, which is 95.321 W, but the
MPPT IC required the time of 0.479 s. Hybrid MPPT ANN-
IC can be tracking the MPP of the solar panel like MPPT IC
at 95.321 W and only takes 0.057 s. If the irradiation value
changes before 0.4 s, the MPPT IC couldn't reach maximum
power point (MPP) at the previous irradiation, and
immediately detected the new MPP at the solar irradiation.
Hybrid MPPT Artificial Neural Network-Incremental
Conductance (ANN-IC) has a tracking speed that was almost
the same as MPPT ANN. If the change of maximum power
from the solar panel has a difference of more than 20%, the
MPPT ANN detected the short circuit current value again
from the solar panel.
C. Comparison of Energy Produced by Solar Panel
The last test was testing for a comparison of the energy
produced by each algorithm. The algorithms were Artificial
Neural Network algorithm, Incremental Conductance Fig. 12 The Graph of Energy Produced by Algorihms
algorithm, and the proposed algorithm is a Hybrid Artificial
Neural Network-Incremental Conductance algorithm.

68
 Table 4. The Total Energy Produced by Algorithms
MPPT Methods Energy (Ws)
IC 739.18
ANN 724.11
ANN-IC 743.70
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-
Incremental Conductance (ANN-IC) algorithm is presented
to track the maximum power point (MPP) of solar panel. The
algorithm improves MPPT Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
that can't reach MPP on low solar irradiation, and the
algorithm improves tracking speed from MPPT Incremental
Conductance (IC). The simulation results show several
working characteristics of MPPT for several variations in the
value of solar irradiation. The simulation results show that the
proposed MPPT algorithm could improve the deficiency of
MPPT ANN and MPPT IC. The proposed MPPT was fast to
reach MPP, could find the MPP from the solar panel, and
could adapt to variations in solar irradiation. The proposed
algorithm can reach MPP with a time of 0.057 s at 1000 W/m2
solar irradiation, can increase 9.4% from the tracking result
of MPPT ANN at irradiation 500 W/m2 and can produce
energy of 743.70 Ws for 2 seconds.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is supported by the Ministry of Research,
Technology and Higher Education grant to Energy and
Transportation Center at Politeknik Elektronika Negeri
Surabaya.
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