Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1-1
1.1 About the UA5000 .................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Features and Benefits ............................................................................ 1-2
1.2.1 Integrated Service Access Platform ............................................... 1-2
1.2.2 High-Density Subscriber Line Access ............................................ 1-3
1.2.3 Powerful Service Processing Capabilities ...................................... 1-3
1.2.4 Operable Broadband Video Service .............................................. 1-3
1.2.5 Outstanding VoIP Features............................................................ 1-4
1.2.6 Comprehensive User Security Management ................................. 1-4
1.2.7 Smooth Migration to NGN .............................................................. 1-4
1.2.8 Flexible Networking Mode .............................................................. 1-5
1.2.9 Carrier-Class Reliability ................................................................. 1-5
1.2.10 Broad Range of Models ............................................................... 1-6
1.2.11 Powerful Management System .................................................... 1-6
Chapter 2 System Structure ........................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Logical Structure .................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Software Structure .................................................................................. 2-2
2.3 Cabinets ................................................................................................. 2-3
2.3.1 Cabinet Specifications ................................................................... 2-3
2.3.2 Power Supply System and Environment Monitor System .............. 2-4
2.4 Frames ................................................................................................... 2-7
2.4.1 Rear-access Frames ...................................................................... 2-7
2.4.2 Front-access Frames ..................................................................... 2-9
2.4.3 Frame Hardware Description ......................................................... 2-12
2.5 Cards ...................................................................................................... 2-15
Chapter 3 Service Implementation ................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Voice Service ......................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 PSTN Voice Service ...................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 NGN Voice Service ........................................................................ 3-2
3.2 Broadband Service ................................................................................. 3-2
3.3 Private Circuit Service ............................................................................ 3-3
3.4 Fax over IP ............................................................................................. 3-3
3.4.1 Principles of Fax over IP ................................................................ 3-3
3.4.2 Implementation of Fax Service ...................................................... 3-5
3.5 VoIP Technology .................................................................................... 3-7
3.5.1 Voice Codec ................................................................................... 3-7
3.5.2 Voice Speech Quality..................................................................... 3-9
3.5.3 Echo Cancellation .......................................................................... 3-12
3.5.4 Tone Playing .................................................................................. 3-13
3.5.5 Number Collection ......................................................................... 3-14
3.5.6 Message Waiting Indicator Service................................................ 3-14
3.6 Advanced Functions of VoIP Service ..................................................... 3-15
3.6.1 Equipment Authentication .............................................................. 3-15
3.6.2 Self-Switching ................................................................................ 3-16
3.6.3 Dual Homing .................................................................................. 3-17
3.6.4 Hairpin Connection ........................................................................ 3-18
3.7 VLAN ...................................................................................................... 3-19
3.7.1 Standard VLAN .............................................................................. 3-19
3.7.2 Smart VLAN ................................................................................... 3-20
3.7.3 MUX VLAN ..................................................................................... 3-21
3.7.4 Super VLAN ................................................................................... 3-21
3.7.5 QinQ VLAN .................................................................................... 3-21
3.7.6 VLAN Stacking ............................................................................... 3-22
3.8 Multicast ................................................................................................. 3-22
3.8.1 IGMP Proxy.................................................................................... 3-23
3.8.2 Managed Multicast ......................................................................... 3-23
3.8.3 Multicast Service Configuration ..................................................... 3-24
3.9 QoS Features ......................................................................................... 3-25
3.9.1 Flow Classification ......................................................................... 3-25
3.9.2 Traffic Monitoring ........................................................................... 3-26
3.9.3 Port Rate Limit ............................................................................... 3-26
3.9.4 Queue Scheduling ......................................................................... 3-26
3.9.5 Traffic Mirroring .............................................................................. 3-27
3.9.6 RTCP Check .................................................................................. 3-27
3.10 Other Services and Features ............................................................... 3-28
3.10.1 MoIP............................................................................................. 3-28
3.10.2 MAC Address Management ......................................................... 3-29
3.10.3 ARP and ARP Proxy .................................................................... 3-30
3.10.4 STP/RSTP ................................................................................... 3-31
3.10.5 Terminal Management ................................................................. 3-31
Chapter 4 Networking Applications ............................................................... 4-1
4.1 Broadband IP Upstream Networking ...................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 MSTP Networking .......................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 SDH+FE/GE Networking ............................................................... 4-3
4.2 Broadband ATM Upstream Networking .................................................. 4-6
4.2.1 SDH+STM-1 ATM Networking ....................................................... 4-6
4.2.2 STM-1 ATM Networking ................................................................. 4-8
4.2.3 VP Ring Networking ....................................................................... 4-9
Chapter 5 Network Management Systems .................................................... 5-1
5.1 CLI NMS ................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Maintenance mode ........................................................................ 5-1
5.1.2 Features ......................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 GUI NMS ................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2.1 Structure of the iManager N2000 ................................................... 5-1
5.2.2 Functions of the iManager N2000 .................................................. 5-1
5.3 NMS Networking Modes ......................................................................... 5-2
Chapter 6 Technical Specifications ............................................................... 6-1
6.1 Equipment Dimensions .......................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Performance Specifications .................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 System Performance Specifications .............................................. 6-1
6.2.2 Port Specifications ......................................................................... 6-3
6.2.3 Service Features and Specifications .............................................. 6-4
6.3 Port Standards ....................................................................................... 6-11
6.3.1 STM-1 Optical Port ........................................................................ 6-12
6.3.2 155 Mbit/s Electric Port .................................................................. 6-16
6.3.3 STM-4 Optical Port ........................................................................ 6-18
6.3.4 Gigabit Ethernet Optical Port ......................................................... 6-21
6.3.5 Fast Ethernet Optical Port .............................................................. 6-26
6.3.6 Fast Ethernet Electric Port ............................................................. 6-29
6.3.7 E1 Port ........................................................................................... 6-31
6.3.8 E3 Port ........................................................................................... 6-35
6.3.9 V.35 Port ........................................................................................ 6-36
6.3.10 Z Port ........................................................................................... 6-39
6.3.11 U port ........................................................................................... 6-46
6.3.12 ADSL Port .................................................................................... 6-50
6.3.13 ADSL2+ Port ................................................................................ 6-51
6.3.14 VDSL Port .................................................................................... 6-52
6.3.15 SHDSL Port ................................................................................. 6-56
6.4 Standards Compliance ........................................................................... 6-62
Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................... A-1
Index .................................................................................................................
HUAWEI
V100R009
BOM 31026498
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. provides customers with comprehensive technical support
and service. Please feel free to contact our local office or company headquarters.
Website: http://www.huawei.com
Email: support@huawei.com
Trademarks
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this manual are the property of
their respective holders.
Notice
The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. Every effort has
been made in the preparation of this manual to ensure accuracy of the contents,
but all statements, information, and recommendations in this manual do not
constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Release Notes
Related Manuals
Manual Content
UA5000 Universal Access Unit It gives an overall description about the
Technical Manual UA5000 system.
The operation manual consists of APM
Volume, IPM Volume, PVM Volume and PVU
Volume. They cover the service configurations
UA5000 Universal Access Unit
and maintenance operations of the UA5000
Operation Manual
when the main control card is APM, PVM, IPM
or PVU respectively. This volume is the IPM
Volume.
Organization
Chapter 1 System Overview discusses the network development trend and the
broadband and narrowband integrated solution provided by the UA5000. It also
profiles the solution, capacity, ports and other features of the UA5000.
Intended Audience
Table of Contents
i
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit Table of Contents
ii
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit Table of Contents
iii
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit List of Figures
List of Figures
iv
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit List of Figures
v
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Major specifications of cabinets for the UA5000 .................................................... 2-4
Table 2-2 Description of the power supply system................................................................. 2-4
Table 2-3 Description of control cards.................................................................................. 2-16
Table 2-4 Description of line cards ....................................................................................... 2-17
Table 2-5 Description of other cards .................................................................................... 2-18
Table 3-1 Speeds and packetization durations of various codec algorithms ......................... 3-8
Table 3-2 Voice codec algorithms and actual bandwidths ..................................................... 3-8
Table 3-3 MOS measurement standards ............................................................................... 3-9
Table 4-1 MSTP networking description................................................................................. 4-1
Table 4-2 SDH+FE/GE networking description ...................................................................... 4-3
Table 4-3 SDH+STM-1 ATM networking description.............................................................. 4-6
Table 4-4 STM-1 ATM networking description........................................................................ 4-8
Table 4-5 VP Ring networking description ............................................................................. 4-9
Table 6-1 Dimensions of the UA5000 cabinets and frames ................................................... 6-1
Table 6-2 System performance specifications........................................................................ 6-1
Table 6-3 Port specifications .................................................................................................. 6-3
Table 6-4 IP service features.................................................................................................. 6-4
Table 6-5 ATM service features .............................................................................................. 6-6
Table 6-6 AG service features ................................................................................................ 6-7
Table 6-7 Terminal and line test features ............................................................................... 6-9
Table 6-8 Port standards ...................................................................................................... 6-11
Table 6-9 General characteristics of the STM-1 optical port ................................................ 6-12
Table 6-10 Specifications for the single-mode STM-1 optical port....................................... 6-12
Table 6-11 Specifications for the multi-mode STM-1 optical port......................................... 6-13
Table 6-12 Specifications for the mean launched power of the optical port......................... 6-14
Table 6-13 Specifications for the extinction ratio.................................................................. 6-15
Table 6-14 Specifications for the receiver sensitivity............................................................ 6-15
Table 6-15 Specifications for the receiver overload power................................................... 6-15
Table 6-16 Specifications for the permitted frequency deviation of the optical input port .... 6-16
Table 6-17 Specifications for the AIS rate of the optical output port .................................... 6-16
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Table 6-18 Signal rate tolerance of the output port .............................................................. 6-16
Table 6-19 Permitted attenuation of the input port ............................................................... 6-17
Table 6-20 Permitted frequency deviation of the input port.................................................. 6-17
Table 6-21 Switching time .................................................................................................... 6-17
Table 6-22 Reflection attenuation of both input and output ports......................................... 6-17
Table 6-23 Output jitter of the output port............................................................................. 6-18
Table 6-24 Input jitter tolerance............................................................................................ 6-18
Table 6-25 Frequency of the jitter measurement filter.......................................................... 6-18
Table 6-26 General characteristics of the STM-4 optical port .............................................. 6-18
Table 6-27 Parameters for the STM-4 optical port ............................................................... 6-19
Table 6-28 Specifications for the mean launched power...................................................... 6-20
Table 6-29 Specifications for the extinction ratio.................................................................. 6-20
Table 6-30 Specifications for the receiver sensitivity............................................................ 6-20
Table 6-31 Specifications of the receiver overload power.................................................... 6-20
Table 6-32 Specifications for the permitted frequency deviation of the optical input port .... 6-21
Table 6-33 Specifications for the AIS rate of the optical output port .................................... 6-21
Table 6-34 General characteristics of the gigabit Ethernet optical port ............................... 6-21
Table 6-35 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s multi-mode optical transmitter ......................... 6-22
Table 6-36 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s multi-mode optical receiver.............................. 6-23
Table 6-37 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode optical transmitter........................ 6-24
Table 6-38 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode optical receiver............................ 6-24
Table 6-39 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode 40 km port transmitter ................. 6-25
Table 6-40 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode 40 km/70 km port transmitter ...... 6-26
Table 6-41 General characteristics of the fast Ethernet optical port .................................... 6-26
Table 6-42 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet multi-mode optical port (transmitting) . 6-27
Table 6-43 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet single-node optical port (transmitting). 6-27
Table 6-44 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet single-mode optical port (receiving).... 6-28
Table 6-45 General characteristics of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet electrical port...................... 6-29
Table 6-46 Specifications for the output port........................................................................ 6-32
Table 6-47 Reflection loss minimum of the input port .......................................................... 6-33
Table 6-48 Mapping jitter generation specifications ............................................................. 6-34
Table 6-49 Combined jitter generation specifications .......................................................... 6-35
Table 6-50 Parameter requirements..................................................................................... 6-35
Table 6-51 Specifications for the E3 port.............................................................................. 6-35
vii
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viii
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 1 System Overview
With the increasing demands on telecom services, the access network is required to
provide multiple large-capacity, high-speed and high-quality services, such as voice,
data, video and multi-media services.
Among the multiple access network solutions, the focuses for selecting an optimal
solution include how to reduce the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operative
Expenditure (OPEX), how to capitalize the investment, and how to accelerate the
service provisioning.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 1 System Overview
(H.248/MGCP)
PSTN DDN ATM IP
SoftSwitch
E1 STM-1 FE/GE
E1(V5)
Convergence layer (H.248/MGCP)
STM-1 UA5000
SDH/MSTP/VP Ring
UA5000
Access layer
Terminals
V.24 POTS ADSL LAN
V.35 ISDN ADSL2+
E1
VoIP VDSL
SHDSL
The UA5000 functions as an access platform for multiple services. It uses the
multi-bus backplane and the high-density integrated access platform to access
multiple services, including:
z Voice service
z Private circuit service
z Broadband service
z Video service
The UA5000 provides various service ports, as follows:
z Narrowband real-time service ports: POTS, ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and
ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
z Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) private circuit service ports: E1, N x 64 K,
V.35/V.24, 64K VF, U, 2/4-wire and E&M
z xDSL ports: ADSL, ADSL2+, VDSL, ATM SHDSL and TDM SHDSL
z Ethernet ports: Gigabit Ethernet (GE) and Fast Ethernet (FE)
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z ATM ports: STM-1, VP Ring, E3 and Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) E1
The UA5000 allows high-density subscriber line access thanks to its high port-density
line cards, high-speed backplane and high card-density frames. The UA5000
provides up to 1984 POTS ports, 1984 ADSL ports or 992 POTS+ADSL ports in a
single cabinet.
The UA5000:
z Provides 32-port service line cards.
z Provides the all-line-card extended frame.
z Provides one-slot power supply card.
z Supports any-slot-any-card compatibility.
z Supports resource sharing among the master, slave and extended frames.
Supporting TDM, ATM and IP ports, the UA5000 features powerful service processing
capabilities:
z Provides 5 Gbit/s ATM switching, 12.8 Gbit/s Ethernet switch capacity, and
4k х 4k TDM switching.
z Contains the multi-bus high-speed backplane with the capacity of 100 Gbit/s.
z Provides high-speed upstream ports, such as GE, and STM-1.
z Supports subtending frames and extended frames.
z Supports 1024 multicast channels. The bandwidth of each channel can reach 4
Mbit/s, which can support the Triple Play deployment.
The UA5000 supports multicast protocols and controlled multicast for broadband
video services, as follows:
z Provides Gigabit Ethernet ports for video services and high-speed extended bus
to guarantee non-blocking forwarding of video streams.
z Provides fast switching between channels.
z Provides channel preview and viewership statistics functions.
z Supports the controlled channel access.
z Supports the seamless connection between the transaction language 1 (TL1)
interface and the video Service Management System (SMS)/Operating Support
System (OSS).
z Provides the guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to forward video streams.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 1 System Overview
When the control card is the PVM card, the UA5000 can provide the following Voice
over IP (VoIP) features:
z Supports voice codec protocols, including G.711(A-law/µ-law), G.723.1 and
G.729 (A/B).
z Supports the calling number sending in the frequency shift keying (FSK) mode.
z Supports the detection and generation of dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF)
signals.
z Supports the transmission/receiving gain control.
z Provides the echo cancellation (compliant with ITU-T G.165/G.168).
z Provides the lost-packet compensation technology.
z Provides the voice activity detection (VAD) and comfort noise generation (CNG).
z Provides various QoS measures, such as preferred queue for voice data, jitter
buffer, virtual local area network (VLAN) and type of service (ToS).
The UA5000 provides various methods to guarantee the security of subscriber data:
z Subscriber isolation through VLAN
z Host number restriction of each port
z Port searching by Media Access Control (MAC) address
z Binding of MAC address and a port
z Binding of IP address and a port
z MAC address filtering
z Controlled number of multicast groups to access a port
The UA5000 supports H.248/MGCP protocol when it uses the PVM card. In this case,
the UA5000 plays the role of an NGN access media gateway (AMG). With a
SoftSwitch such as Huawei U-SYS SoftX3000, the UA5000 can provide services such
as:
z VoIP
z Fax over IP (FoIP)
z Modem over IP (MoIP)
The PVM card can connect with an LE through standard V5 interfaces (both V5.1 and
V5.2 ports). By this, terminal equipment with V5 interfaces can access the NGN
simply by changing the software configuration instead of changing the terminal
equipment.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 1 System Overview
The UA5000 is adaptive to various access network scenarios. The UA5000 can be
applied in complex topologies and difficult engineering environments.
The UA5000 networking features include:
z Ring and star topologies, or a mixed topology of both
z MSTP or ATM VP Ring bearing networks
z Upstream ATM or IP ports
z Local subtending through the extended star bus, and remote subtending through
IMA E1, ATM E3, STM-1 ATM and SHDSL ports
The reliability of UA5000 system design, card design and software design are
carrier-class.
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In H.248 and Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), one UA5000 can register in
two SoftSwitches. If one SoftSwitch is faulty, the UA5000 will switch over to the other.
No undergoing call will be affected.
The UA5000 adopts the iManager N2000 Fixed Network Integrated Management
System of Huawei as its NMS.
The following describes the features of the iManager N2000.
z Uniform management mode: The iManager N2000 provides centralized and
all-round management for the UA5000. It can monitor the network, configure and
maintain the services easily.
z Rich interfaces: The iManager N2000 provides various southbound interfaces
such as Telnet, SYSLOG, Man Machine Language (MML) and Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) to connect with the managed devices. It also
provides standard SNMP V3 and TL1 northbound interfaces to connect with the
OSS. The iManager N2000 helps the carriers to build an integrated and
automatic OSS platform at the network layer.
z Security management: The iManager N2000 provides abundant user
management and authentication functions down to the frames and cards of the
managed devices.
z In-service upgrade and maintenance: The iManager N2000 supports the online
report of hardware and software versions, supports the in-service upgrade and
loading of card software and host software, as well as the in-service loading and
management of patches.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 2 System Structure
This section describes the logical structure, hardware structure, cabinet, frame, card
and customer premises equipment (CPE) of the UA5000.
POTS
ISDN
TDM control and E1
E1 switching module
TDM SHDSL
V.24
NNI module
UNI module
V.35
Packet voice
N x 64 k processing FE/GE
module
ADSL
STM-1
ADSL2+
VP Ring
VDSL ATM E3
Packet control and IMA E1
ATM SHDSL switching module FE/GE
Ethernet
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 2 System Structure
z The packet voice processing module converts TDM data flow into ATM cells; or
converts voice stream to IP packets through voice coding/decoding and sends
them to the NGN.
z The NNI module provides various network ports including ATM STM-1, ATM E3,
V5, TDM E1, IMA E1, VP Ring, FE and GE ports.
z The UNI module provides various service ports including POTS, ISDN BRI
(2B+D), ISDN (30B+D), V.24 sub-rate, V.24/V.35 64 kbit/s, V.35/FE1 N x 64
kbit/s, E1, ADSL, ADSL2+, VDSL, SHDSL (TDM/ATM), 10Base-T, 2/4-wire VF
and E&M trunk ports.
Host software
I. Card software
Card software runs on a line card, interface card, monitor card and some power
supply cards. The software drives the card and implements service management,
data management, alarm management and fault diagnosis for the card.
Host software runs on the control card. The software consists of four layers as shown
in Figure 2-3, some of which are further subdivided into modules.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 2 System Structure
Voice control
module
System support layer
ATM control
module
2.3 Cabinets
This section describes cabinet specifications, as well as power supply system and
EMU.
Table 2-1 lists the cabinets that can house the UA5000 frame.
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Max. ports*
Frame POTS &
Model Type POTS ADSL
configuration ADSL
only only
combo
Outdoor,
ONU-F01D100 front-access, One HABL 160 96 48
mini capacity
Outdoor,
ONU-F01D200 One HABD 384 384 192
front-access
Outdoor, One HABD +
ONU-F01D500 960 960 480
front-access one HABF
One HABD +
Outdoor,
ONU-F01D1000 one HABE + 1408 1408 704
front-access
one HABF
One HABA 960 960 480
Indoor,
ONU-F02A One HABA+
rear-access 1984 1984 992
one HABB
One HABD+
960 960 480
One HABF
Indoor,
ONU-F02AF One HABD+
front-access
one HABE+ 1984 1984 992
two HABFs
*Note: For all cabinet models except ONU-F01D100, if you are configuring a test card in a
cabinet, the maximum number of ports shall be reduced by that of a line card.
The power supply system used by the UA5000 includes PS4840/10, PS4845/15 or
DC distribution unit. Refer to Table 2-2 for details.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 2 System Structure
The UA5000 has powerful environmental monitoring functions to monitor the following
items:
z Environmental parameters inside/outside of the cabinet
z Power supply
z Fan
z Battery
The environmental monitoring units include:
z Environmental monitoring card
z Environmental monitoring box
z Power monitor unit
z Built-in monitor card in the power distribution unit
1) Environmental Monitoring card
The environmental monitoring card includes the H303ESC and H304ESC. The
following takes the H304ESC card as the example to introduce the functions and
features. Note that although the H303ESC and H304ESC cards have the same basic
features, the H304ESC card has a battery management function, but no humidity
monitoring function.
The H304ESC communicates with the control card through serial ports. The
H304ESC can monitor 8 analog parameters and 22 digital parameters, and monitor
multiple types of intelligent power supply through serial ports. Detailed functions of the
H304ESC are as follows:
z Analog parameter monitor: The H304ESC has built-in temperature and
humidity sensors, which monitor the temperature and humidity in the cabinet. It
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also provides 6 analog signal interfaces to connect external analog sensors. For
each monitor signal, you can set the alarm upper/lower limits and the sensor
properties.
z Digital parameter monitor: The H304ESC monitors the power distribution unit
and access control. It also provides 20 digital sensor interfaces to connect
various external digital sensors. The external sensor uses a 12V or 24V power
supply. You can define the sensor signal name and set the alarm level
dynamically.
z Fan monitor: The H304ESC provides the power supply interfaces for the
cabinet’s fan frame and controls the fan switch with respect to the temperature.
Moreover, it can monitor the running status of each fan through the fan monitor
card.
z Intelligent control output interface: The H304ESC provides two control
interfaces. Through these two interfaces, the H304ESC can receive the
commands from the NMS and control the connection with external intelligent
equipment.
z Intelligent power supply monitor: The H304ESC can monitor and manage
multiple types of intelligent power supplies through its serial port.
z Battery management function: The H304ESC can monitor and manage the
powering on, powering off and the equalized charging of batteries.
2) Environmental monitoring box
The environmental monitoring box consists of H304ESC, H601ESBB and H601ESFB.
The box has following functions:
z Monitors various environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity,
smoke, water, door status and main distribution frame (MDF).
z Provides multiple types of extended monitor interfaces.
z Monitor the power system when connected to the monitor unit of the GEPS4845
power module.
3) Power monitor unit
The power monitor unit includes PSM-8 and PSM-B5. The unit has following
functions:
z Monitors the power supply in real time.
z Automatically manage the battery based on the configuration.
z Obtains the running parameter values of the power supply system.
z Configures and controls the power supply system.
4) Built-in monitor card in the power distribution unit
The built-in monitor card can monitor the following parameters:
z Lightning protection components
z Input voltage
z Output voltage
z Shunt protection switch
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2.4 Frames
The UA5000 frames can be rear accessible or front accessible.
The rear-access frames fall into two types: HABA (master frame) and HABB (slave
frame).
The HABA frame is the master frame of the rear-access UA5000, which stands at a
height of 16 U. The HABA frame can subtend slave frames and aggregate services
from the subordinate frames.
The HABA frame provides 36 slots, of which 30 slots are reserved for line cards and 6
for other types of cards. The line card slots can be installed with either narrowband or
broadband line cards.
The AIUB card and the TSSB card can be installed in the slots shown in Figure 2-4
only.
The two narrowband control cards and the two broadband control cards in the frame
support backup in the event of primary controller failures.
A HABA frame can use a minimum of one PWX card and a maximum of two. The two
PWX cards in the frame share the power supply load, and if one PWX should fail, the
other has the capacity to dynamically provide the necessary power.
Figure 2-4 shows the layout of the HABA frame.
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Chapter 2 System Structure
Fan
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
P P A A T
V V I I S
x x x x U U S
P P x x x x x x x x x
P P / / B B B
W W S S S S S S S S S
M M R R / / /
X X L L L L L L L L L
B B S S x x x
U U S S S
x x L L L
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
PWX: Secondary power supply card xPMB: Broadband control card (APMB/IPMB)
PVx: Narrowband control card (PVU8/PVU4/PVM)
RSUx: Remote subscriber unit (RSU8/RSU4) xSL: Service card (ASL/DSL/ADMB/VDLB/…)
AIUB: ATM interface card TSSB: Test card
Figure 2-4 HABA frame layout
The HABB frame is the slave frame of the rear-access UA5000, which stands at a
height of 16 U. The HABB frame works under the control of the HABA frame. The
HABA frame extends the bus to the HABB frame through cables.
The HABB frame provides 36 slots, of which 32 slots are reserved for line cards, and
4 for other types of cards. The line card slots can be installed with either narrowband
or broadband line cards.
The two broadband control cards in the frame support backup in the event of primary
controller failures. The HABB frame does not have narrowband control cards. The
narrowband line cards in the frame are controlled by the narrowband control card in
the master frame.
A HABB frame can use a minimum of one PWX card and a maximum of two. The two
PWX cards in the frame share the power supply load, and if one PWX should fail, the
other has the capacity to dynamically provide the necessary power.
Figure 2-5 shows the layout of the HABB frame.
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Fan
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A A
P P x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
P P
W W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
S S
X X L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
B B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
The front-access frames fall into four types: HABD (master frame), HABE (slave
frame), HABF (extended frame) and HABL.
The HABE and HABF frames are controlled by the HABD frame.
The HABD frame is the master frame of the front-access UA5000, which stands at a
height of 10 U. A HABD frame can be subtended with multiple slave frames, and the
HABD frame can aggregate the services from the subordinate frames.
The HABD provides 18 slots, of which 12 slots are reserved for line cards and 6 for
other types of cards. The line card slots can be installed with either narrowband or
broadband line cards. The AIUB and the TSSB cards can be installed only in the slots
shown in Figure 2-6.
The two narrowband control cards and the two broadband control cards in the frame
support backup in the event of primary controller failures.
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A HABD frame can use a minimum of one PWX card and a maximum of two. The two
PWX cards in the frame share the power supply load, and if one PWX should fail, the
other has the capacity to dynamically provide the necessary power.
Figure 2-6 shows the layout of the HABD frame.
Fan
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
P P A A T
V V I I S
x x x x U U S
P P x x x x x x x x x
P P / / B B B
W W S S S S S S S S S
M M R R / / /
X X L L L L L L L L L
B B S S x x x
U U S S S
x x L L L
PWX: Secondary power supply card xPMB: Broadband control card (APMB/IPMB)
PVx: Narrowband control card (PVU8/PVU4/PVM)
RSUx: Remote subscriber unit (RSU8/RSU4) xSL: Service card (ASL/DSL/ADMB/VDLB/…)
AIUB: ATM interface card TSSB: Test card
Figure 2-6 HABD frame layout
The HABE frame is the slave frame of the front-access UA5000, which stands at a
height of 10 U. The HABE frame works under the control of the HABD frame. The
HABD frame extends its bus to the HABE frame through cables. The HABE frame can
be subtended with the HABF frame.
The HABE frame provides 18 slots, of which 14 slots are reserved for line cards and 4
for other types of cards. The line card slots can be installed with either narrowband or
broadband line cards.
The two broadband control cards in the frame support backup in the event of primary
controller failures. The HABE frame does not have narrowband control cards. The
narrowband line cards in the frame are controlled by the narrowband control card in
the master frame.
A HABE frame can use a minimum of one PWX card and a maximum of two. The two
PWX cards in the frame share the power supply load, and if one PWX should fail, the
other has the capacity to dynamically provide the necessary power.
Figure 2-7 shows the layout of the HABE frame.
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Fan
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A A
P P x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
P P
W W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
S S
X X L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
B B
The HABF frame is the extended frame of the front-access UA5000, which stands at a
height of 10 U.
The HABF frame works under the control of the HABD or HABE frame. The HABD or
HABE frame provides the power supply to the HABF frame.
The HABF frame provides 18 slots. All these slots are for line cards. The slots can be
installed with either narrowband or broadband line cards.
Figure 2-8 shows the layout of the HABF frame.
FAN
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
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The HABL frame is the mini master frame, which stands at a height of 10 U. The frame
fits the ONU-F01D100 cabinet.
The HABL frame provides 12 slots, of which 5 slots are reserved for line cards and 7
for other types of cards. Note that you can install three 32-port line cards or three
narrowband & broadband combo line cards in the frame, or you can install five other
types of line cards. You can insert the TSSB card in slot 11 only.
The two narrowband control cards and the two broadband control cards in the frame
support backup in the event of primary controller failures.
A HABL frame can use a minimum of one PWX card and a maximum of two. The two
PWX cards in the frame share the power supply load, and if one PWX should fail, the
other has the capacity to dynamically provide the necessary power.
Figure 2-9 shows the layout of the HABL frame.
Fan
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
P P
V V
x x x x
P P x x x x x T
P P / /
W W S S S S S S
M M R R
X X L L L L L S
B B S S B
U U
x x
I. Master frame
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Master
frame
x A
P
P I
V
M U
x
B B
TDM bus
High speed bus
Expansion bus
Test bus
T x E D C
A D
S D A E S
S S
S S U H M
L L
B L A A C
UNI
The master frame is the control core of the UA5000. It switches, converges and
transmits services upstream for master, slave and extended frames.
The master frame can be subtended with slave frames and extended frames to
realize the inter-frame resource sharing. It can also be connected with subscriber
lines.
Note:
The HABL has a smaller scale than the HABA/HABD frame. The HABL cannot be
subtended with slave or extended frames.
The narrowband line cards send services to the narrowband control card (PVU8,
PVU4 and PVM) through the TDM bus. After the protocol processing and time slot
crossing, the PVU8/PVU4/PVM forwards these services upstream through the NNI.
The narrowband control card manages narrowband line cards, test card (TSS) and
standby narrowband control card.
The broadband line cards send services to the broadband control card (APMB/IPMB),
and the APMB/IMPB forwards these services upstream through the NNI. The
APMB/IPMB manages the broadband line cards and interface cards.
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When the UA5000 acts as a component of the NGN, the PVM converts the TDM
signals of all narrowband service data into IP packets. The IPMB then forwards these
packets upstream to the IP network along with broadband services.
The TSSB card tests the line cards, and reports the test results to the control cards.
Slave
frame
A
P
S
B
TDM bus
High speed bus
Expansion bus
Test bus
T x E D C
A D
S D A E S
S S
S S U H M
L L
B L A A C
UNI
The slave frame mainly works as the subscriber access unit. It can also extend its bus
to the extended frame to realize the inter-frame resource sharing.
Services from the narrowband line cards are converged by the TDM bus, and
forwarded upstream to the master frame through the conversion card or backplane.
Services from the broadband line cards are converged by the intra-frame high speed
bus. After being processed by the APSB card, the services are forwarded upstream to
the master frame through conversion cards or backplane cables.
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Extended
frame
TDM bus
High speed bus
Expansion bus
Test bus
T x E D C
A D
S D A E S
S S
S S U H M
L L
B L A A C
UNI
2.5 Cards
The cards used in the UA5000 include control cards, line cards and other cards.
Table 2-3, Table 2-4 and Table 2-5 describe these cards.
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2/4-wire E&M trunk The ATI card provides six 2/4-wire E&M trunk
ATI
card ports.
TDM SHDSL line The SDL card provides four TDM SHDSL
SDL
card ports.
ATM SHDSL line The SDLB card provides 16 ATM SHDSL
SDLB
card ports. It supports line test and port backup.
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The UA5000 supports integrated access of voice service, broadband network access,
private circuit service and multicast service.
The UA5000 supports standard V5.1 and V5.2 protocols. It provides E1 ports to
interconnect with LEs to access the PSTN service. It also provides various subscriber
ports, as follows.
I. POTS ports
The UA5000 can access analog subscribers and PBX users, as well as
supplementary services such as Central Exchange (CENTREX) and Caller
Identification Display (CID). The subscriber signal can be DTMF signal or line status
signal.
The UA5000 provides ISDN BRI (2B+D) port and ISDN PRI (30B+D) port. It supports
various N-ISDN services, including:
z Video conferencing
z Videotext
z G4 facsimile
z E-mail
z Data retrieval
z LAN interconnection
z Internet access
The UA5000 also supports the mixed configuration of ISDN subscribers and analog
telephone subscribers, as well as 25 types of ISDN supplementary services. These
ISDN supplementary services include:
z Direct dial-in (DDI)
z Multi-subscriber number (MSN)
z Calling line identification presentation (CLIP)
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The UA5000 provides DDI subscriber ports to support the subscriber line extension
service. This service enables the external analog subscriber ports of other exchanges
to be transparently extended inside the access network.
As an AMG in the NGN, the UA5000, along with the SoftSwitch, provides the following
NGN voice services:
z VoIP call by POTS subscribers
z VoIP call by ISDN BRI subscribers
z FoIP service in the transparent transmission mode and T.38 mode
z MoIP service in the transparent transmission mode and VBD mode (V.150)
z IP SPC and internal SPC
z DDI function
z Self-switching function
z Supplementary services specified in international standards
z Feature services and intelligence network services
z 12KC/16KC metering and polarity reversal charging
z Transmitting both voice signals and data packets over one type-5 cable
The UA5000 offers services through its subscriber ports, transforms TDM voice
signals into IP packets with the standard voice codec technology and sends the
packets to the IP network through its network ports. The SoftSwitch controls the calls,
and communicates with the UA5000 using the H.248/MGCP protocol.
The UA5000 provides subscribers with all types of broadband network access
services. It accesses various broadband services and makes the layer 2 service
processing.
Major broadband offerings of the UA5000 are as follows:
z Standard ADSL G.Lite/G.dmt and ADSL 2+ ports
z Standard SHDSL ports
z Standard Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)-based VDSL ports
z Ethernet ports for broadband services of residential communities and
commercial buildings
When connected with the IP network upstream, the UA5000 provides various
methods to guarantee the security of subscriber data:
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I. Store-and-forward mode
Real-time mode is mainly used when both the sending party and the receiving party
are G3 fax machines. In the real-time mode, all the call processes between the
sending and the receiving parties, including the establishment, hand shaking, training,
transmission and disconnection, are implemented in real time, like sending a fax on
the PSTN.
In the real-time fax application, the gateway must be able to:
z Distinguish the voice service and the fax service.
z Switch from the voice service to the fax service.
z Regenerate the fax signaling and send it to the destination fax machine if the
original fax signaling fails to reach the destination on time due to network delay.
z Take error correction measures at the IP network side to prevent fax quality
degradation due to network packet loss.
z Modulate and demodulate the fax signals. Because signals received and sent by
G3 fax machines are all modulated analog signals, analog fax signals from the
PSTN shall be demodulated into digital signals, and the digital signals from the
IP network shall be modulated into analog signals. The fax signals are not
compressed at the gateway.
The FoIP service provided by the UA5000 is the real-time fax.
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The UA5000 supports two fax modes: transparent transmission mode and T.38 mode.
Figure 3-1 shows the transparent transmission mode.
SoftX3000
PSTN
IP backbone TMG8010
network
Data
Data Data
Encapsulation of
Encapsulation of T.30 fax packet Encapsulation of
T.30 fax packet G.711 T.30 fax packet
TDM TDM
UDP/IP
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For the transparent transmission mode, the UA5000 bears the voice signal through
G.711 coding mode. Two gateways only need to support G.711. One gateway codes
for G.711 and the other gateway decodes for G.711. The original T.30 packet is not
processed but transmitted transparently. The T.30 packet is processed on the fax
machines.
Figure 3-2 shows the T.38 fax mode.
T.38 fax is also called fax relay. In this mode, a gateway (UA5000/IAD):
1) Terminates the fax packet of T.30.
2) Extracts the fax data.
3) Encapsulates the fax data into T.38 packets.
4) Sends the packets to the peer gateway.
The gateway that receives T.38 packets will extract the fax data from the T.38 packet,
encapsulate the fax data into T.30 fax packets and send the packets to the fax
machine.
T.38 fax makes use of redundancy messages to protest against packet loss that may
occur in an IP network. The method used is to assemble n prior messages after the
primary message. Thus, if n messages should lose, the receiving gateway can still
recover the lost messages from the one that contains these n prior messages. The
maximum value of n is 4.
However, T.38 fax has the concern of fax machine compatibility because the fax is in
relay mode. Fax over G.711 is recommended when the network condition is good.
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I. Introduction
The traditional voice is transmitted in TDM mode and occupies resources exclusively.
A typical application is that PCM bit streams are transported by using the 64 kbit/s
bandwidth. The voice based on packet switching uses far less bandwidth, so more
information can be transmitted in a given bandwidth.
Voice codec is an important function of the UA5000. Voice service streams are
encoded and decoded to achieve interconnection between different terminal
equipments.
The voice codec technology in the packet voice application is standardized in the G
series recommendations by the ITU-T. The frequently used technologies include:
z Waveform coding (including PCM and ADPCM)
z Parametric coding
z Linear predictive coding (LPC)
z Code excited linear prediction (CELP)
z Multi-pulse maximum likelihood quantization (MP-MLQ)
The UA5000 supports multiple codec algorithms, such as G.711 (5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms
and 30 ms), G.729, and G.723.1. The UA5000 can provide different voice codec
modes according to the actual requirement of intercommunication between the
network and terminal equipment. Table 3-1 lists the common speed and packetization
duration of various codec algorithms.
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The actual bandwidth used by coding and decoding modes under VoIP is calculated
below in detail. Take the Ethernet as an example.
Bandwidth = Length of packet × number of packets per second
= Length of packet × (1/packetization duration)
= (Ethernet header + IP header + UDP header + RTP header + payload) ×
(1/packetization duration)
= (208 bits + 160 bits + 64 bits + 96 bits + payload) × (1/packetization duration)
= (528 bits + (packetization duration × number of bits per second) × (1/packetization
duration)
= (528/packetization duration) + number of bits per second
Table 3-2 lists the relationship between voice coding/decoding mode and bandwidth.
Voice
Packetization
codec Speed Actual bandwidth
duration
algorithms
64 kbit/s 5 ms 169.6 kbit/s
64 kbit/s 10 ms 116.8 kbit/s
G.711
64 kbit/s 20 ms 90.4 kbit/s
64 kbit/s 30 ms 81.6 kbit/s
8 kbit/s 10 ms 60.8 kbit/s
G.729
8 kbit/s 20 ms 34.4 kbit/s
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Voice
Packetization
codec Speed Actual bandwidth
duration
algorithms
5.3 kbit/s 30 ms 22.9 kbit/s
G.723.1
6.3 kbit/s 30 ms 23.9 kbit/s
The Voice Speech Quality (VSQ) is evaluated by the clarity and fidelity of the voice.
Clarity reflects to what degree the words and sentences are understood; and fidelity
means to what degree the speaker can be recognized. The VSQ can be measured by
two means: subjective and objective measurement.
z Subjective measurement
This measurement meets P.830 Series Recommendation, where the method of mean
option score (MOS) is applied. The VSQ falls into five levels: excellent, good, fair,
poor and bad.
Table 3-3 lists the measurement standards based on the MOS.
z Objective measurement
At present the frequently used objective measurement indexes are perceptual speech
quality measure (PSQM), perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), and PESQ
listening quality (PESQ_LQ). The meters used include VQT and ABCUS. Featured
with repeatability and non-subjective factors, this method has been widely used by
telecommunication carriers and vendors.
For more details about the objective measurement, refer to corresponding standards.
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For the network providing voice services, the VSQ accounts the most critical factor for
service quality provided. Due to circuit switching characteristics, PSTN networks over
TDM are able to achieve excellent VSQ. However, in packet networks VSQ may be
degraded due to the following factors:
z Delay and jitter
z Codec type
z Packet loss ratio
z Echo
z Speech level
1) Delay and jitter
Delay refers to the time taken by the network equipment to forward services. Time
overhead occurs to each phase of voice packets transfer in IP/ATM networks, such as
sending, transmission and receiving. Some overhead is resulted from the system
itself, and other overhead depends on the network environment.
The delay of a point-to-point transmission is caused by transcoding, encapsulation,
de-encapsulation and network transmission. The delay variance, referred to as jitter,
is caused by networks. More nodes (such as routers and switches) exist in the
point-to-point transmission path, more violent jitter will occur. The upper limit for delay
is 150ms, over which normal conversation cannot be ensured.
The time overhead used in the voice signal processing includes four parts:
z Algorithm delay
z Computing delay
z Assembly delay
z Transmission delay
They are permanent overhead of the system and their sum is referred to as
unidirectional system delay.
Algorithm delay is decided by the chosen algorithm. For example, if G.729 is used,
there shall be 15 ms delay.
Computing delay is the time taken by a codec for transcoding, which is determined by
hardware operating speed. In most cases, it shall be less than the frame length to
ensure that the processing of the current frame has been completed when the next
frame reaches. Under the conditions that DSP performance is greatly improved,
computing delay is far less than frame length.
Assembly delay, namely multiplexing delay, is the time taken to assembly all bits of a
data block before a codec codes or decodes signals.
Transmission delay, in the precise sense, refers to the time overhead used by both
upstream/downstream links and backbone transmission. As the delay of backbone
transmission is chiefly decided by network environment, the permanent system
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If the point-to-point delay exceeds 40ms, the echo will occur. In this case, use the
echo canceller to eliminate the echo.
Under the control of the MGC, the UA5000 can add EC resources to a conversation to
cancel the echo.
The UA5000 supports two echo cancellers: electrical echo canceller (EC) and acoustic
echo canceller (AEC).
I. EC
In the duplex transmission mode, the information in two directions can be transmitted
on one frequency band. In this case, a twisted pair is used in a digital user loop to
transmit two signals in two directions. At both ends of the duplex connection, a hybrid
circuit is used to separate data transmissions in two directions. The accurate circuit
impedance must be known to avoid the reflection of the near end signal and the far
end signal at the hybrid. The circuit impedance is decided by the circuit parameters,
which cannot be accurately known. As a result, an attenuated and distorted signal
leaks through the receiving end of the receiver to form an electrical echo.
Figure 3-3 shows the forming of electrical echo.
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Send
Echo
4-Wire
Facility
Receive
II. AEC
When the hand-free function of a telephone is enabled, the voice signal of the peer
end leaks to the sound pickup, and then sent to the handset of the speaker at the peer
end. In this way, the acoustic echo is formed.
Figure 3-4 shows the forming process of the acoustic echo.
Acoustic
Echo
Send
Mobile Cell
Switch Site
Center
Receive
Under the control of the MGC, the UA5000 invokes its internal tone playing resources
to play tones in a call process. It invokes its internal service bearing resources and
transcoding resources to set up, hold and release channels for service calls. The
UA5000, together with the MGC, provides various switching services in the NGN.
The UA5000 can play the basic tones, including:
z Busy tone
z Mute tone
z Ring-back tone
z Dialing tone
z Second dialing tone
z Special dialing tone
z Howler tone
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When a subscriber hooks off and dials the called number, the call control equipment
starts to analyze the number. In the NGN, the MGC controls the call process. Number
collection and reporting are conducted by the gateway under the control of MGC.
As an access gateway, the UA5000 can collect and send the dialed numbers to the
MGC or other gateways.
The UA5000 can receive and generate DTMF tones.
The UA5000 supports two number collection modes: pulse number collection and
DTMF number collection.
When subscriber terminals work in the pulse mode, to complete call connection and
intelligent services, the UA5000 can monitor the pulse number.
The UA5000 extracts the dialed digits, and then reports them to the MGC. The ASL
card detects the pulse number. When the first pulse digit is detected, the ASL card
reports it to the DSP on the PVM card. Rest digits are processed in the same way.
Similar to the pulse number collection, the ASL card of the UA5000 can monitor the
DTMF number to complete call connection and intelligent services when subscriber
terminals work in the DTMF mode.
The UA5000 extracts dialed DTMF digits, and then matches them against the number
collection scheme delivered by the MGC. After that, the UA5000 reports the matching
results to the MGC.
The UA5000 supports the message waiting indicator (MWI) service under the control
of the MGC. The MWI service provides visual signals to indicate that there are
messages in the voice mailbox.
There are two means to activate the MWI:
z Voltage ascending mode
z Frequency shift keying (FSK) mode
Under the control of the MGC, the UA5000 sends a message to the MWI analog line
card (VMS) of the specified subscriber to activate the service. The VMS lights up the
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message indicator on the telephone set by increasing the voltage over the subscriber
line. This mode is used for telephone sets supporting the voltage ascending.
Under the control of the MGC, the UA5000 sends a set of special data in FSK mode to
the telephone set through the specified timeslot of the subscriber voice circuit. After
receiving the data, the telephone set lights up the message indicator.
UA5000 MGC
(1) ServiceChange
(2) Reply
(3) Modify
(4) Reply
(5) Modify
(6) Reply
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3.6.2 Self-Switching
When the communication between the UA5000 and the SoftSwitch is interrupted,
internal subscribers of the UA5000 can call each other through self-switching. The
dialing is the same as that in normal situations.
The self-switching has the following functions.
z During self-switching, the UA5000 does not generate any bill or billing
information.
z After the SoftSwitch is recovered, the UA5000 can immediately register on it.
The call is retained. The call is then controlled by the SoftSwitch.
z The self-switching provisioning can be controlled by system parameters.
In the self-switching status, internal subscribers of the UA5000 can call subscribers of
the PSTN through the CDI card.
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One UA5000 can register in two SoftSwitches under the H.248/MGCP protocol. When
one SoftSwitch is faulty, the UA5000 will switch over to the other UA5000, and the
undergoing calls will not be affected.
Registration succeeded
Registration failed
(4) RSIP (Method=disconnected)
(5) ACK
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(3) Reply
Registration succeeded
Registrration failed (4) ServiceChange (Method=
Disconnected, Reason=909)
(5) Reply
In the hairpin connection, when subscribers of a UA5000 call each other, the voice
does not go through the DSP voice channel. The voice is switched through the
internal switching network of the UA5000.
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Because the voice does not go through the DSP chip, it improves the quality of the
voice and saves the DSP voice channels. The SoftSwitch will process the signaling
and control information of the call, which ensures that the service control and billing is
controlled by the SoftSwitch.
3.7 VLAN
VLAN technology classifies devices on different LANs by logical instead of physical
connections. VLAN technology makes it possible to divide a physical LAN into
different broadcast domains (known as VLANs) logically.
In terms of features, there are three types of VLAN, namely standard VLAN, MUX
VLAN, Smart VLAN and Super VLAN. The UA5000 supports up to 4k VLANs and
manages all kinds of VLAN uniformly.
This section introduces the four types of VLAN respectively, as well as two VLAN
features, QinQ VLAN and VLAN Stacking.
In the description of VLAN features, the following interfaces may be involved:
z Standard interface: refers to the physical port of the main control card, such as
the FE/GE port of the IPMB card.
z Trunk port: refers to the aggregated port.
The aggregation refers to combine multiple standard interfaces logically to share
the outgoing and incoming payload between the involved ports.
z Service virtual interface: refers to a service connection of the physical port at the
user side.
For example, for an ADSL/SHDSL port, two PVCs correspond to two service
virtual interfaces. For a VDSL or an Ethernet port, two VLAN connections
correspond to two service virtual interfaces.
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Smart VLAN is used to divide subscriber group. One subscriber group has one Smart
VLAN. Smart VLAN also isolates subscribers in one VLAN.
In the UA5000, the Layer 2 isolation is achieved through the bundling of a Smart
VLAN and multiple service virtual interfaces.
In real application, after you allocate multiple access ports and an upstream port to a
Smart VLAN, the system will create internal mapping between them. In this case, the
subscribers cannot communicate in Layer 2. Further, multiple service virtual
interfaces can be authenticated by a Smart VLAN at the BRAS device in the upper
layer. In this way, the VLAN resources and IP segment are saved.
Smart VLAN has the following features:
z Two types of ports: upstream port and downstream port.
z The upstream port is a standard interface, such as a physical port or a Trunk
port.
z The access port can be one or more service virtual interfaces. But service virtual
interfaces under one physical port shall be allocated to different Smart VLANs.
z Downstream ports of a Smart VLAN are isolated from each other on the physical
layer, but the downstream port can communicate with the upstream port at Layer
2.
z Broadcast packets are prohibited between downstream ports to ensure the user
privacy and network security.
z Smart VLAN is used for connection-oriented services.
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Super VLAN is for the Layer 3 interface. It is used to save IP addresses and
implement the interconnection between VLAN at layer 3.
Super VLAN has no upstream interface, and may include multiple Sub VLANs. The
Sub VLAN may be any combination of Smart VLAN, MUX VLAN and Startdard VLAN.
One Super VLAN corresponds to one route interface at Layer 3. All Sub VLANs in one
Super VLAN use this route interface, which can save the IP address.
In one physical network, Super VLAN uses the VLAN to isolate the broadcast domain.
IP addresses of the hosts are set into one network segment and share one default
gateway.
QinQ VLAN enables transmission of VLANs and services of a private network to the
peer end transparently.
The following introduces the implementation of QinQ VLAN.
z After receiving a packet with the private VLAN tag, it will assign a public VLAN ID
to the packet and send it to the upstream network.
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VLAN stacking is adopted to realize VLAN extension and private line wholesale
service.
VLAN extension refers to increase the total number of VLAN IDs by adopting two
layers of VLAN tags.
When multiple ISPs exist in a L2 metropolitan network, in user access, the user is
identified by its external VLAN ID in the VLAN stacking. The external VLAN ID tells to
which ISP the user belongs. Private line wholesale service is realized in this way.
The implementation of VLAN stacking is as follows:
z The UA5000 assigns an internal tag (Customer VLAN) to ports where VLAN
stacking is enabled. After that, the system adds an external tag (Service Provider
VLAN) to these ports.
z The packets from these ports are forwarded in the network based on their
external VLAN IDs.
z After having received the packets, the BRAS will extract the external VLAN tag
and identifies the user by the internal VLAN tag.
3.8 Multicast
Multicast refers to a process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many
destinations. The key of multicast technology is to carry out packet duplication as near
as the receiver.
Multicast helps to:
z Reduce load on the server, so that the server need not handle request for per
user.
z Save network bandwidth, which lowers the requirement on the network device.
z Adapt to various user quantities, so that increase of users will not impose
pressure on the network.
The following example illustrates the implementation of multicast. Assume a source
host sends a datagram.
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The destination in the datagram is the multicast address. All hosts in the multicast
group (namely hosts with the destination multicast address) can receive a copy of the
datagram. But other hosts in the network cannot receive the packet. A multicast group
is identified by D-class IP address (224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255).
The UA5000 supports IGMP Proxy and managed multicast.
The UA5000 supports the IGMP proxy function. With the IGMP proxy function, the
multicast router, rather than the UA5000, performs the routing.
From the perspective of a multicast user, the UA5000 is a multicast router
implementing the router’s functions defined in the IGMP. The UA5000 receives the
requests from its downlink users for joining or leaving a multicast group. It also
queries at regular time interval whether a downstream port has multicast group users.
By doing so, the UA5000 obtains multicast group membership information on the
downstream ports.
On the other hand, from the perspective of a multicast router, the UA5000 is a
multicast host which sends IGMP requests to the multicast router for joining or leaving
a designated multicast group. The multicast router does not feel the existence of real
user hosts.
The UA5000 controls the multicast group demanded by the user. Then it forwards the
multicast traffic from the upstream port to the downstream port based on its group
membership information.
The uplink and the downstream ports may not belong to the same VLAN. That is,
inter-VLAN multicast forward is supported. However, an upstream port cannot forward
the multicast data received from its downstream ports, or forward multicast data to
other upstream ports.
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With multicast authentication, the UA5000 will authenticate a user who intends to join
a multicast group, and decide whether to allow the user to join the multicast group
based on the authentication result.
With multicast accounting, the UA5000 will start accounting on the multicast user who
has passed the authentication. The accounting can be implemented based on the
multicast group, traffic volume of a multicast group, duration for staying in a multicast
group.
The UA5000 periodically sends queries to the multicast members so as to decide
whether to continue accounting on a user:
z When the UA5000 receives a membership report from a user, it continues the
accounting on the user.
z When the UA5000 receives no response from a user, it disconnects the user
from the multicast group and meanwhile stops accounting on the user.
z When the UA5000 receives a leave message from a user, it also disconnects the
user from the multicast group and meanwhile stops accounting on the user.
Based on the IGMP Proxy and managed multicast, the configuration of UA5000
multicast service is as follows:
1) To order a video program, an IGMP user sends IGMP request messages to the
UA5000 to apply to join the multicast group that offers the video program.
2) After receiving the request messages, the UA5000 authenticates the user.
If the user has the right to watch or preview the program, the UA5000 adds it to
the corresponding multicast group. Otherwise, the UA5000 rejects the request
from the user.
3) The UA5000 sends all online IGMP users general quest messages periodically.
If the UA5000 hasn’t received response messages from an IGMP user for a
period of time, it regards the user has leaved the multicast group, and delete it
from the group.
4) When an IGMP user leaves a multicast group, it sends UA5000 leave messages
to the UA5000.
If the user is configured with quick-leave attribute, the UA5000 will delete it from
the multicast group immediately. If the user is not configured with that attribute,
the UA5000 will send specific query messages to the multicast group. If the
IGMP does not receive responses from the user for a period of time, it will delete
the user from the multicast group.
5) Along with handling IGMP messages as listed above, the UA5000 also receives
general query messages from the IGMP routers at upper layer, and responds to
them accordingly to report current multicast state.
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The tag field of the 802.1Q frame includes the following components:
z Tag protocol identity (TPID): 16 bits. For the Ethernet, the TPID is fixed to be
0x8100.
z Priority: 3 bits, indicating the frame priority (0–7).
z Canonical Format Indicator (CFI): 1 bit, used for the frame format when the bus
Ethernet switches data with FDDI and token ring.
z VLAN ID: 12 bits, indicating the VLAN uniquely.
Priority and VLAN ID can be configured by users. The system can set the VLAN for
media streams and non-media streams. In addition, the system can set the priority for
voice, control and maintenance packet.
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When the UA5000 works as the AG, it will differentiate voice service from data service.
The voice service will be labeled with the VLAN tag of higher priority.
The multiple-field flow classification classifies the packets based on the information of
data link layer, network layer and transmission layer. The information includes MAC
address, IP protocol type, source address, destination address, port number of the
application program, and so on.
The traffic monitoring will monitor the traffic flow which matches the flow classification
rules at the ingress port of the packet, so that the flow is suitable for the bandwidth
resource allocated for it.
Traffic monitoring is used to limit traffic flow within a valid range. The packet whose
rate exceeds the agreed value will be discarded or re-tagged.
You can control the bandwidth of a flow at the egress port by limiting it within the
agreed range.
After a rate limit is specified at the egress port, packets beyond the threshold will be
discarded.
Queue scheduling offers a solution to the network resource contention when multiple
packets are forwarded at the same time. The UA5000 supports strict priority queuing
algorithm and WRR algorithm.
The algorithms are summarized as follows.
z Priority queuing (PQ) algorithm
Figure 3-9 shows the PQ algorithm.
Queuing
high
low
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PQ aims to give strict priority to important traffic. The important traffic is given absolute
preferential treatment over low-priority queues. In PQ, each packet is placed in one of
four queues: high, medium, normal or low, which are indicated by 3, 2, 1 and 0
respectively.
In PQ, traffic with a higher priority gets preferential treatment over that of a lower
priority. Therefore, mission-critical traffic is served earlier than the less-critical traffic.
Disadvantage of PQ is that the lower priority traffic may be underserved during
network congestion.
z WRR algorithm
By WRR algorithm, traffic on a port is divided into four or eight outbound queues.
Each queue takes its turn in queue scheduling, so that all queues can be served for
some time. Each queue is assigned with a weighted value among w3, w2, w1 and w0.
Take a 100 M port for instance. Assign the weighted value of its WRR algorithm to 50,
30, 10, and 10 (corresponding to w3, w2, w1 and w0 in turn). This aims to guarantee
the minimum bandwidth of 10 M to the lowest PQ. In this way, packets in the lower PQ
can be served.
Another advantage of WRR algorithm is that it guarantees efficient usage of
bandwidth resource. Time allocated to each WRR queue is not fixed. Therefore, when
no traffic is available in one queue, bandwidth resource will be switched to the next
queue immediately.
Traffic mirroring function monitors the specific traffic flow. It copies packets on the
monitored port for testing and troubleshooting.
The RTCP is used to monitor QoS and control the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
conversation, transmit the quality parameter transferred by the real-time signal, and
provide QoS monitor mechanism.
The RTCP defines packet types such as sender report (SR), receiver report (RR),
source description (SDES), BYE and APP. SR and RR are used to send feedback
information on data receiving quality. The feedback information is used to monitor the
QoS, diagnose network problems, and adjust the sending mode. The feedback
information is divided into three categories: accumulated information, instant
information and time information. The difference of accumulated information between
two receiving reports can be used to monitor the long-term performance. The instant
information can be used to measure the short-term performance. The time
information can be used to calculate the ratio index.
Through the RTCP, the PVM card provides the following functions.
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Both the passive test and the active test can test the QoS of the bearing network.
z The passive test does not intrude actual services of the network, only monitors
the services. It obtains the monitor data by analyzing traffic flows.
z The active test shall intrude into the network. In the active test, the test traffic flow
shall come into the network and shall be analyzed to obtain the test data.
The passive test procedure is as follows.
1) The NMS sends the statistics test tasks to two MGs.
2) Number of sent packets, number of received packets, maximum time delay,
maximum jitter and average packet discarding ratio between the two MGs during
the statistics period are sent to the NMS.
3) After receiving the above information, the NMS shall draw related curves.
The active test procedure is as follows.
1) The NMS sends the test command.
2) The SoftSwitch initiates the call and connects to the MG.
3) The MG sends the test voice samples to the SoftSwitch through the connected
channel.
4) After the MG receives the tested traffic flow, it shall extract parameters from the
RTP flow, such as time delay, packet discarding ratio and jitter. The MG shall
report these parameters.
5) The SoftSwitch summarizes the data and reports it to the NMS.
6) The NMS draws the flow/network quality curves.
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SoftX3000
Modem traffic
IP backbone PSTN
network
MoIP
UA5000
Modem traffic
modem
PC
For the transparent transmission mode, the Modem signal is transmitted transparently
in the IP network through voice channels using G.711 coding. The gateway does not
process the signal. The requirement on the IP bearer network is high.
Compared with the transparent transmission mode, the redundant mode uses the
redundant message mechanism to eliminate the packet loss and jitter of the network.
This mode can ensure the normal running of services when the quality of the IP
bearer network is not high.
The UA5000 maintains an address list in its main control card and line cards
respectively for packet forwarding. It contains the UA5000 port numbers, and the
MAC addresses of other devices connected to the UA5000.
In real configuration of the MAC address table, the added or modified entry can be
static or dynamic.
For packets with destination addresses included in the address list, the UA5000 will
use hardware to forward them. For packets with destination addresses excluded from
the address list, the UA5000 will broadcast the L2 packets and route the L3 packets.
The UA5000 is capable of learning new addresses. If the source address of a
received packet does not exist in the address list, the UA5000 can add the source
address and the port ID of the received packet to the address list as a new entry. The
Administrator can configure the address list as required. The added or modified item
can be either a static one or a dynamic one.
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The UA5000 also provides address aging function. The UA5000 will delete the
associated address items of the equipment which has not sent any packet for a
certain period of time. The address aging function only applies to dynamic address
entries. The addresses are shared by all VLANs.
I. ARP
PC1 PC2
As illustrated in Figure 3-11, PC1 and PC2 both belong to VLAN1. They are isolated
from each other at L2. When PC1 needs to communicate with PC2, it will send an
ARP request after having found that PC2 is located in the same subnet as PC1.
When the UA5000 receives the ARP request, it firstly searches the destination IP
address carried by the ARP request in the ARP table. If the UA5000 finds the
corresponding entry, it will respond PC1 with VLAN1’s MAC address, thereby
completing the proxy function.
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If the UA5000 cannot find the corresponding entry, it will replace the source MAC
address contained in the request with VLAN1 MAC address, and broadcast the
request in VLAN1. Meanwhile, the UA5000 will also add the information it learnt from
the ARP request to the dynamic ARP table.
After that, when the UA5000 receives ARP response from PC2, whose destination
MAC address is VLAN1 MAC address, its ARP module will search the MAC address
in the ARP table. If the UA5000 finds in the table the MAC address entry
corresponding to VLAN1, it will then respond PC1 with this MAC address.
3.10.4 STP/RSTP
The terminal management system consists of three parts: NMS, UA5000 and terminal
system.
z The NMS associates the subscriber port with actual network components.
z The UA5000 converts SNMP packets and transmits them transparently between
the NMS and the terminal.
z The terminal system controls the access to the SNMP agent and the terminal
MIB.
Through the UA5000, the NMS can access the terminal MIB indirectly. In this way, the
NMS can manage and maintain the terminals, moreover, coordinates the
configuration management at terminals with that at the central office.
SNMP V1 packets are transmitted between the host system (also know as proxy). The
procedure is as follows:
z Upon receiving a request from the NMS, the host system converts the packet
and then forwards it to the card.
z After receiving a response from the board, the host system converts the packet
and sends it back to the NMS.
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z Similarly, after receiving a Trap packet from the card, the host system converts
the Trap packet and sends it to the NMS.
Terminal management means at the office end you can configure and manage the
terminal, and collect and maintain information about them. In this way, end users no
longer need to maintain their terminals.
In coordination with the NMS, the UA5000 and the terminal, the terminal management
system can:
z Configure PVC and protocol for the terminal.
z Monitor the terminal status in real time.
z Test the terminal to locate a fault quickly.
z Manage and maintains all terminals in a centralized way in the NMS center of the
central office.
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The UA5000 features flexible networking. It can be applied in the environment with
multiple network topologies, less resources and sophisticated engineering. Carriers
can select the most suitable networking mode based on transmission resources,
ATM/IP network resources, service types, QoS and security.
This section describes the typical networking solutions of the UA5000.
The following lists the equipment icons used in the networking diagrams below.
In the MSTP networking, all services of the UA5000 are sent upstream through the
MSTP equipment.
I. Networking description
Item Description
Upper layer network PSTN, DDN and IP
Access network
Backbone network: ring, ring with chain, and tangent rings
topology
Access network
MSTP equipment, UA5000 and MD5500 (optional)
equipment
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Item Description
Broadband services and narrowband services are
accessed and transmitted together.
Services are sent to PSTN, DDN or IP network through the
Service stream MSTP.
The VoIP service is sent to the IPMB card through FE
ports of the PVM card, and then to the MSTP equipment
through FE/GE ports of the IPMB.
The MSTP networking falls into two modes: single-level networking and two-level
networking.
z In the single-level networking, narrowband services and broadband services are
not converged in the access network. The MSTP equipment only transmits
transparently the narrowband services.
z In the two-level networking, the central office converges the narrowband
services, and then sends them to PSTN or DDN.
When there are many remote nodes and subscribers, select the MD5500 in the
central office to converge services. When there are a few remote nodes and
subscribers, select the UA5000 to converge services.
Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2 show the MSTP networking. The MD5500 in Figure 4-2 can
be replaced with the UA5000.
PSTN DDN IP
E1
E1( V5) FE/GE
FE/GE FE/GE
MSTP
E1 E1
MSTP
E1 FE/GE E1 FE/GE E1 FE/GE
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PSTN DDN IP
E1( V5) E1
FE/GE
FE/GE FE/GE
MSTP
E1 E1
MSTP
E1 FE/GE E1 FE/GE
I. Networking description
Item Description
Upper layer network PSTN, DDN and IP
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Item Description
Backbone network: ring+star, ring with chain, and
Access network topology
tangent rings
Access network
SDH equipment, UA5000 and MD5500 (optional)
equipment
Broadband services and narrowband services are
accessed together while transmitted separately.
Narrowband services are transmitted to the central
office through the SDH network, and then upstream to
PSTN and DDN. Broadband services are transmitted to
Service stream
the upper-layer network through FE ports of the IPMB
card.
The VoIP service is sent from the PVM card to the IPMB
card through internal FE ports, and then to the MSTP
equipment through FE/GE ports of the IPMB.
The SDH+FE/GE networking falls into two modes: single-level networking and
two-level networking.
z In the single-level networking, neither narrowband services nor broadband
services are converged in the access network.
z In the two-level networking, the central office converges the narrowband
services and then sends them to PSTN or DDN.
When there are many remote nodes and subscribers, select the MD5500 in the
central office to converge services. When there are a few remote nodes and
subscribers, select the UA5000 to converge services.
Figure 4-3 and Figure 4-4 show the SDH+FE/GE networking. The MD5500 in
Figure 4-4 can be replaced with the UA5000.
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PSTN DDN IP
E1
E1( V5) FE/GE FE/GE
FE/GE
SDH
E1 E1
SDH
E1
PSTN DDN IP
E1( V5) E1
FE/GE FE/GE
FE/GE
FE/GE
SDH
E1 E1
SDH
E1 E1
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I. Networking description
Item Description
Upper layer network PSTN, DDN and ATM
Backbone network: ring+star, ring with chain, and
Access network topology
tangent rings
The SSDH+STM-1 ATM networking falls into two modes: single-level networking and
two-level networking.
z In the single-level networking, neither narrowband services nor broadband
services are converged in the access network.
z In the two-level networking, the central office converges the narrowband
services and then sends them to PSTN, DDN or ATM network.
Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6 show the SDH+STM-1 ATM networking.
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E1
E1( V5) STM-1 STM-1
STM-1
SDH
E1 E1
SDH
E1 E1 E1
E1
E1(V5) STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
E1 SDH
E1
E1
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In the STM-1 ATM networking, services are transmitted upstream to the MD5500
through STM-1 ATM links.
I. Networking description
Item Description
Upper layer network PSTN, DDN and ATM
Access network
Backbone network: star and link
topology
Access network
UA5000 and MD5500
equipment
Broadband services and narrowband services are
accessed and transmitted together.
Narrowband services are emulated to ATM cells by the
Circuit Emulation Service (CES). After that, they are
Service stream
transmitted together with broadband services upstream
to the MD5500 through the STM-1 ATM links.
Services are sent to PSTN, DDN or ATM network through
the MD5500.
The STM-1 ATM networking is of two levels. Services are converged at the MD5500.
E1
E1(V5) STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
STM-1
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In the VP Ring networking, services are transmitted upstream through the VP Ring
formed by imbedded optical ports in the UA5000.
I. Networking description
Item Description
Upper layer network PSTN, DDN and ATM
Access network Backbone network: ring, ring with chain, and tangent
topology rings
Access network
UA5000 and MD5500 (optional)
equipment
Broadband services and narrowband services are
accessed and transmitted together.
Narrowband services are emulated to ATM cells by the
CES. After that, they are transmitted together with
Service stream
broadband services upstream to the central office
through the VP Ring.
Finally, services are transmitted to PSTN, DDN or ATM
network through the MD5500 or UA5000.
The VP Ring networking is of two levels. Services are converged in the access
network.
z When there are many remote nodes and subscribers, select the MD5500 in the
central office to converge services. One MD5500 supports up to three VP Rings.
z When there are a few remote nodes and subscribers, select the UA5000 to
converge services. One UA5000 supports only one VP Ring.
Figure 4-8 shows the VP Ring networking. The MD5500 can be replaced with the
UA5000.
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E1(V5) E1 STM-1/STM-4
STM-1 STM-1
VP Ring
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The UA5000 supports the command line interface (CLI) NMS and the graphical user
interface (GUI) NMS to provide powerful and flexible network management functions.
The CLI NMS is based on terminal programs of the operating system such as Telnet
and HyperTerminal. It does not require extra NMS software.
z To maintain the UA5000 through a serial port connection, you can use the
Windows HyperTerminal program.
z To maintain the UA5000 through Telnet session, you can use the Telnet client
software.
5.1.2 Features
The iManager N2000 consists of NMS server and NMS client. They can communicate
through the LAN or WAN.
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The iManager N2000 provides a visual topological view to facilitate the device
management.
The iManager N2000 supports real time alarm, alarm filtering, alarm locating and
alarm relationship analysis.
The iManager N2000 monitors the equipment performance data in real time. This
enables you to keep track of the current running status and performance status of the
network.
The iManager N2000 manages the network based on user authorities and domains. It
can divide user’s authorities based on operations and applications, and can manage
the device based on geographical areas or actual services.
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Out-band NMS means that the NMS is connected with the managed device through
non-service channels. Compared with the in-band NMS, the out-band NMS can
provide more reliable management channel. Therefore, it can locate the network
equipment failure in time, and monitor the managed device in real time when a fault
occurs. The out-band NMS requires additional networking device to provide the
maintenance channel that is separated from the service channel.
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Equipment Specification
Item Index
Narrowband
PVU8/PVU4: 4k x 4k
TDM switching capacity
PVM: 8k x 8k
Max. V5 interfaces 16
Max. trunk ports 112 E1 ports
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Item Index
HDLC 48
Call processing capacity 40k BHCA
VoIP
DSP channel number 384
Max. number of subscribers 960
Call processing capacity 15 CAPS
Broadband (using the APMB card)
ATM switch capacity 5 Gbit/s
Max. VP Ring number 1
Max. number of PVCs in one
8000
frame
Max. number of PVPs in one
4000
frame
Max. number of STM-1 ports 2
VLAN number 4k
Recognizing the 802.1p, and supporting 8
802.1p priority
priorities and 4 PQ queues scheduling.
Trunk 5 trunk groups
MAC address number 16k
Multicast group number 1k
Typical forward delay 40 µs
Clock
Clock stratum Stratum 3
Backplane
Backplane bus capacity 100 Gbit/s
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8
TDM E1
4
IMA E1 8
ATM E3 2
STM-1 ATM 2
Network port
VP Ring 2
1
FE electrical port
2
FE optical port 2
GE optical port 2
Service port POTS 32, 16
ISDN BRI 8
ISDN PRI 16
2B1Q 8
E1 2
CES E1 16
V.35 2
V.24 3
N × 64 k 2
2-wire audio port 16
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PVC to VLAN NA
Subscriber
protocol PPPoA to PPPoE NA
conversion
IPOA to IPoE NA
Supporting the stream categorization
based on the following parameters:
z Port, source and sink MAC addresses
Traffic categorization
z Source/sink IP address
z Source/sink port number
z TCP/UDP protocol type
802.1p NA
802.3x stream control NA
QoS z Configuring the CAR based on the
subscriber PVC
z Configuring both the upstream and
CAR the downstream CAR
z The graininess is 64 kbps. The
minimum is 64 k and the maximum is
128 M.
z Four queue priorities
Queue scheduling z Supporting the PQ scheduling
z Supporting the WRR scheduling
Subscriber layer 2
Security Layer 2 PVC/VLAN isolation
isolation
Supporting the binding of “IP + MAC +
Subscriber PVC”. Each subscriber PVC
IP address binding
can be bound with up to eight “IP +
MAC”.
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ATM
adaptation AAL1/AAL5 NA
layer
OAM F4/F5 NA
TM4.0, supporting CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR
ATM-QOS Service type
and UBR.
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801.1Q NA
802.1p NA
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G.729: 8 kbit/s
Coding ratio
G.723: 5.3 kbit/s, 6.3 kbit/s
Other SNTP NA
protocols RTCP NA
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Port Standards
V5.1 ITU-T G.964
ISDN 30B+D ITU-T G.962, ITU-T I.431, ITU-T Q.921, ITU-T Q.931
2B1Q ITU-T G.961
Co-directional 64
ITU-T G.703
kbit/s
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Port Standards
SHDSL ITU-T G.991.2
RS-232 ITU-T V.24, ITU-T V.28
I. General characteristics
Attribute Description
Rate 155 Mbit/s
Format STM-1, ATM Over SDH
Intermediate SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
Category
OC3 SDH STM-1 (S1.1) compatible
Mode Single-mode/multi-mode
Single-mode: 30 km, 60 km
Transmission distance
Multi-mode: 2 km
Table 6-10 shows the specifications for the single-mode STM-1 optical port.
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Maximum discrete
reflectance between S and dB NA
R
Table 6-11 shows the specifications for the multi-mode STM-1 optical port.
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Maximum discrete
reflectance between S and dB NA
R
Minimum sensitivity dBm –30
Maximum reflectance of
dB NA
receiver, measured at R
The mean launched optical power means the average power of a pseudo-random
data sequence coupled into the fiber by the transmitter measured at reference point S.
Table 6-12 shows the specifications for the mean launched power of the optical port.
Table 6-12 Specifications for the mean launched power of the optical port
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
Single-mode –15 to –8 –11.0
STM-1
Multi-mode NA –19
Extinction ratio is the ratio of average optical power of the reflected optical signal
against that of unreflected optical signal under the worst reflection and full modulation.
Table 6-13 shows the specifications for the extinction ratio of the optical port.
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Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dB)
(dB )
Single-mode > 8.2 10.5
STM-1
Multi-mode NA 35
V. Receiver sensitivity
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
Single-mode < –28 –37
STM-1
Multi-mode NA –30
Receiver overload power is the maximum acceptable value of the average optical
power received at reference point R to achieve the BER of 1×10-10. Table 6-15 shows
the specifications for the receiver overload power of the optical port.
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
Single-mode > –8 –5
STM-1
Multi-mode NA –14
Permitted frequency deviation of the optical input port means that the long-time
frequency stability of the internal oscillator of the regenerator running in the free-run
mode shall be equal to or greater than ±20 × 10-6. The purpose is to ensure that the
downstream SDH equipment can still work normally when receiving such signals.
Table 6-16 shows the specifications for the permitted frequency deviation of the
optical input port.
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Table 6-16 Specifications for the permitted frequency deviation of the optical input
port
Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) rate of the optical output port refers to the AIS rate
outputted from the output port to the downstream in the case of failures such as loss
of signals of SDH optical input port. Table 6-17 shows the specifications for the AIS
rate of the optical output port.
Table 6-17 Specifications for the AIS rate of the optical output port
The signal rate tolerance of the output port means the deviation between the output
signal rate and the nominal bit rate measured when the AIS is outputted.
Table 6-18 shows the requirements of signal rate tolerance of the 155 Mbit/s output
electric port.
The cable used to connect the equipment (complying with the rule of f ) has a
certain signal loss. It is required that signals after the loss shall be received by the
input port of the equipment correctly. Table 6-19 shows the permitted attenuation
requirements of the input 155 Mbit/s electric port.
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The input permitted frequency deviation means the maximum of the permitted
deviation of the input signal bit rate of the digital input port. Table 6-20 shows the
requirements of permitted frequency deviation of the input 155 Mbit/s electric port.
STM-1 electric port has the protection function. The switching time indicates the
service interruption time when switching occurs. Table 6-21 shows the requirements
of protection switching time of the port.
The reflection attenuation of the input and output ports defines the nominal
impedance of the port and the reflection attenuation. Table 6-22 shows the
requirements of reflection attenuation of both input and output ports.
The output jitter of port means the inherent jitter of the output port if the synchronous
port has no input jitter with the test time over 60 seconds.
Table 6-23 shows the requirements of output jitter of the 155 Mbit/s electric port.
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The input jitter of port means the input jitter that the SDH line terminal and regenerator
can tolerate at least and that will not cause the decrease of the performance.
Table 6-24 and Table 6-25 show the requirements of input jitter tolerance of the 155
Mbit/s electric port.
Jitter tolerance
STM port
level Jitter Jitter Jitter Jitter frequency
frequency f1 frequency f2 frequency f3 f4
STM-1 ≥1.5 ≥1.5 ≥0.15 ≥0.15
I. General characteristics
Attribute Description
Rate 622 Mbit/s
Format STM-4, ATM Over SDH
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Table 6-27 lists the parameters for the STM-4 optical port.
The mean launched optical power indicates the mean power of a pseudo-random
data sequence coupled into the fiber by the transmitter measured at reference point S.
Table 6-28 shows the specifications for the mean launched power of the optical port.
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Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
STM-4 S-4.1 –15 to –8 –13.5
Extinction ratio is the ratio of average optical power of the reflected optical signal
against that of unreflected optical signal under the worst reflection and full modulation.
Table 6-29 shows the specifications for the extinction ratio of the optical port.
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dB)
(dB )
STM-4 S-4.1 > 8.2 8.5
V. Receiver sensitivity
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
STM-4 S-4.1 <–28 –30
Receiver overload power is the maximum acceptable value of the average optical
power received at reference point R to achieve the BER of 1×10-10. Table 6-31 shows
the specifications of receiver overload power of the optical port.
Standard
STM level of Optical port Equipment typical
requirement
optical port type value (dBm)
(dBm)
STM-4 S-4.1 >–8 >–4
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The permitted frequency deviation means the long-time frequency stability of the
internal oscillator of the regenerator running in the free-run mode must not be less
than ±20 × 10-6. The purpose is to ensure that the downstream SDH equipment can
still work normally when receiving such signals. Table 6-32 shows the specifications
for the permitted frequency deviation of the optical input port.
Table 6-32 Specifications for the permitted frequency deviation of the optical input
port
AIS rate of the optical output port refers to the AIS rate outputted from the output port
to the downstream in case of such failures as loss of signal at SDH equipment input
port. Table 6-33 shows the specifications of AIS rate of the optical output port.
Table 6-33 Specifications for the AIS rate of the optical output port
I. General characteristics
Attribute Description
Rate 1000 Mbit/s
Format 1000Base-FX, 1000Base-SX and 1000Base-LX
Mode Single-mode/multi-mode
Single-mode: 10 km, 40 km and 70 km
Transmission distance
Multi-mode: 500 m
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Attribute Description
Connector SC
Connector type LC
Compliant standard IEEE 802.3z
Optical port standard GPCS port
Table 6-35 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s multi-mode optical transmitter
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Table 6-36 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s multi-mode optical receiver
Note 1: The maximum output optical power is in compliance with the IEEE 802.3z
specifications and meets the first type laser human eye safety considerations.
Note 2: Extinction ratio is the ratio of average output optical power of output code “0”
to that of output code “1” of the transmitter.
Note 3: 20%–80% value without filtering.
Note 4: Laser pulse effect feature can be provided by the eye pattern. The output
wave shape meets the requirements of the part 38.6.5 of the IEEE 802.3 z about eye
pattern mask.
Note 5: CPR is measured according to the standards in the part 38.6.10 of the IEEE
802.3 z and the EIA/TIA-526-14A.
Note 6: P is the turning point defined in the part 38.2.1 of the IEEE 802.3 z.
Note 7: Receiver sensitivity is sampled in the center of the eye pattern and measured
on the condition of worst extinction ratio deterioration.
Note 8: Receiver 3dB bandwidth is measured using the indexes listed in the part
38.6.11 of the IEEE 802.3 z.
Note 9: Return loss is defined as the minimum loss of the received optical power in
reflecting in the optical fiber.
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Table 6-37 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode optical transmitter
Output optical
power
–11.5 –3 dBm
62.5/125mm POUT NA Note 1
MMF –11.5 –3 (Average)
50mm MMF
Extinction
Phi/Plo 9 NA NA dB Note 2
ratio
Central
λC 1285 1310 1343 nm NA
wavelength
Spectral width
∆λRMS NA NA 2.8 nm NA
RMS
Optical pulse
Notes 3
rise/fall tr/tf NA NA 0.26 ns
and 4
duration
RIN12 NA NA NA –120 dB/Hz NA
Total jitter of
transmitter at NA NA NA 227 ps Note 5
TP2
Table 6-38 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode optical receiver
Typic
Min. Max.
Parameter Icon al Unit Note
value value
value
TP4 point
strain gauge
type receiver NA 201 NA NA ps Note 5
eye pattern
openness
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Typic
Min. Max.
Parameter Icon al Unit Note
value value
value
Central
operating λC 1270 NA 1355 nm NA
wavelength
End frequency
on receiver NA NA NA 1500 MHz Note 7
3dB bandwidth
Note 1: The maximum output optical power complies with the IEEE 802.3z
specifications and meets the first type laser human eye safety considerations.
Note 2: Extinction ratio is the ratio of average output optical power of output code “0”
to that of output code “1” of transmitter.
Note 3: 20%-80% value without filtering.
Note 4: Laser pulse effect feature can be provided by the eye pattern. The output
wave shape meets the requirements of part 38.6.5 of the IEEE 802.3 z about eye
pattern mask.
Note 5: TP is the turning point defined in part 38.2.1 of the IEEE 802.3 z.
Note 6: Receiver sensitivity is sampled in the center of the eye pattern and measured
on the condition of worst extinction ratio deterioration.
Note 7: Receiver 3dB bandwidth is measured according to the indexes listed in part
38.6.11 of the IEEE 802.3 z.
Note 8: Return loss is defined as the minimum loss of the received optical power in
reflecting in the optical fiber.
Table 6-39 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode 40 km port transmitter
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Table 6-40 Parameters for the 1000 Mbit/s single-mode 40 km/70 km port transmitter
Central
λC 1100 NA 1600 nm
wavelength
End frequency
on receiver 3dB NA NA NA 1500 MHz
bandwidth
Return loss NA 12 NA NA dB
I. General characteristics
Attribute Description
Rate 100 Mbit/s
Format 100Base-FX
Mode Single-mode/multi-mode
Single-mode: 15 km
Transmission distance
Multi-mode: 2 km
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Table 6-42 lists the parameters of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet multi-mode optical port.
Table 6-42 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet multi-mode optical port
(transmitting)
Table 6-43 and Table 6-44 list the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet single-mode optical port
parameters.
Table 6-43 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet single-node optical port
(transmitting)
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Table 6-44 Parameters for the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet single-mode optical port
(receiving)
Sensitivity of
PIN dBm
receiver at the edge NA NA –31
Min(W) (Average)
of eye view
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Signal monitor
Vol-Vcc –1.84 NA –1.62 V
output voltage (low)
Signal monitor
VoH-Vcc –1.04 NA –0.88 V
output voltage (high)
Signal monitor
PA-PD 0.5 NA 4 dB
alarm – delayed
Signal monitor
alarm start time AS_Max 0 NA 100 µs
(from 0 to 1)
Signal monitor
ANS_Ma
alarm close time 0 NA 350 µs
x
(from 1 to 0)
Power noise
PSNR NA NA 50 mV
suppression
I. General characteristics
Table 6-45 lists the general characteristics of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet electrical port.
Table 6-45 General characteristics of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet electrical port
Attribute Description
Rate 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s compatible
Format 100Base-FX
Mode UTP/STP
Transmission distance 100 m
Connector RJ-45
Compliant standard IEEE 802.3u
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+ Vout
0.98 ≤ ≤ 1.02
− Vout
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steady-state value in jumping). The ratio of Vover to Vout meets the following technical
requirement:
Vover is less than 5% of Vout and attenuates to less than 1% within 8ns.
z Duty ratio distortion
Duty ratio distortion refers to the change of pulse width in the transmission process
due to the distortion and time delay. It changes the ratio of the pulse continuity
duration to the non-pulse continuity duration. The duty ratio distortion of the Fast
Ethernet port shall be less than ±0.5ns.
z Jitter
The jitter of the FE port output shall be less than 0.5ns.
2) Receiver port parameters
z Receiver differential input
The receiver differential input shall meet the technical requirements about twisted pair
specified in the ANSI X3.263. For the UTP, there are 5 models available. Their
attenuations are 5%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the worst attenuation. For the STP,
only one attenuation value is available, which is 100% of the worst attenuation.
z Differential input impedance
This specification is represented by return impedance. The UTP nominal impedance
is 100Ω, and the STP nominal impedance is 150Ω. The impedance return loss in the
range of 2.0 MHz–80 MHz shall meet the following requirements:
2 MHz–30 MHz: >16 dB
30 MHz–60 MHz: >16–20log (f/30) dB f: frequency (unit. MHz)
60 MHz–80 MHz: >10 dB
z Common-mode suppression ability
The input end shall resist the sinusoidal common-mode interference with the
frequency range of 0 MHz–125 MHz and amplitude of 1.0 Vpp.
6.3.7 E1 Port
The input and output ports can remain undamaged under the following test: 10
standard electric pulses (1.2/50ms) with the maximum amplitude as UI (five negative
pulses and five positive pulses).
z Differential mode: U=20 V DC
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Index Value
No matter what the symbol is, all of the “marks” of the
Pulse shape (nominal valid signals must be in compliance with the sample
shape: rectangle) in Figure 6-1 (in the figure, the V value corresponds
to the nominal peak value).
Pair in each transmission
A coaxial pair A symmetric pair
direction
Test load impedance 75 120
Nominal peak value voltage
2.37 V 3V
of signal pulse
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z Attenuation permission
It shall be assumed that the attenuation of this kind of pair complies with the rule of
f , and the attenuation on the frequency of 1024 Hz shall range 0 dB–6 dB. This
attenuation value shall include all losses imported by the digital distribution frame
between the equipment.
z Reflection loss
The reflection loss of the input port shall be the minimum listed in Table 6-47.
z Anti-interference ability
No error code shall be generated when the following interference signal is inputted.
The features of the interference signal are: it has the same nominal frequency, error
tolerance, wave shape and code pattern with those of the main signal, but these two
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signals are not from the same source. The ratio of the main signal against the
interference signal is 18 dB.
Peak-peak jitter and drift amplitude value Characteristics of typical frame regulator
(Logarithm)
A0
A3
Slope is 20dB/10-time
frequency interval
A1
A2
Jitter frequency
f0 f10 f 9 f8 f1 f2 f3 f4 (Logarithm)
Maximum
Test filtering parameter peak-peak jitter
ITU-T G.703 (mapping)
tributary
port rate Bit rate
error f1 high f3 high f4 low
f1-f4 f3-f4
pass pass pass
tolerance
18Hz
20Hz–2 (700Hz) 100Hz–2 Unspec
2048 kbit/s ±50ppm 0.075UI
0dB/dec 0dB/dec -ified
–20dB/dec
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Maximum
ITU-T Test filtering parameter
peak-peak jitter
G.703
tributary 0 bit rate f1
f3 high f4 low
port rate error high f1-f4 f3-f4
pass pass
tolerance pass
20Hz– 18Hz
100Hz–2
2048 kbit/s ±50ppm 20dB/ (700Hz)–2 0.4UI 0.075UI
0dB/dec
dec 0dB/dec
T2 T3
T1
(a) Single pointers with contrary polarities (b) Regular single pointers plus a double-pointer
T2 T3 T1 T3
(c) Regular single pointers with a pointer missed (d) Double-pointers with contrary polarities
T1≥10s T1≥10s
For TU pointer T2>0.75s For AU pointer T2=34ms
T3=2ms T3=0.5ms
6.3.8 E3 Port
Index Value
Rate 34.368 Mbit/s
Line code HDB3
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Index Value
Compliant standard ITU-T G.823 G.824
Max. transmission distance 1200 feet
Input/output resistance 75Ω
I. Mechanical characteristics
The mechanical characteristics of the V.35 port are defined by the ISO2593, and the
34-core connector is used for the V.35 port.
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The functional characteristics of the V.35 port belong to one subset of the ITU-T
Recommendation V.24, including such functions as ground, control, clock and data.
Table 6-52 shows the definitions of these functions.
Receiving clock
DTE
X RCB 115 provided by DCE
←DCE
–B line
Transmitting
DTE←DC
Y TCA 114 clock provided
E
by DCE –A line
Transmitting
Clock circuit DTE←DC
AA TCB 114 clock provided
E
by DCE –B line
Transmitting
DTE→DC
U ETCA 113 clock provided
E
by DTE –A line
Transmitting
DTE→DC
W ETCB 113 clock provided
E
by DTE –B line
DTE↔DC Protection
A PG 101
E ground
DTE→DC
Control circuit C RTS 105 Request to send
E
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DTE←DC
D CTS 106 Clear sending
E
DTE←DC
E DSR 107 DCE ready
E
DTE Data carrier
F DCD 109
←DCE detect
DTE→DC
H DTR 108.2 DTE ready
E
DTE→DC
J LL 141 Local loopback
E
DTE ←
K TM 142 Test mode
DCE
Remote
DTE→DC
J RL 140 loopback/mainte
E
nance test
Figure 6-4 Relationship between clock signal and data on the circuit
The latter three test signal lines are not required when the equipment containing the
V.35 port supports the test function.
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The procedure characteristics of the V.35 port are defined in ITU-T Recommendation
V.24.
6.3.10 Z Port
I. Impedance characteristics
The impedance characteristics of the Z port is expressed by return loss (RL). The
following describes the technical requirements for the impedance characteristics.
z Impedance return loss
For the impedance test network shown in Figure 6-5, the RL of the Z port shall meet
the requirements shown in Figure 6-6.
0.1u
dB
18
14
Return loss
Figure 6-6 Minimum of return loss for the impedance test network
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46
40
30
20
10
dB
Terminal balance return loss
20
16
The transmission specifications of the Z port in the case of semi-connection are given
below.
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dB
1.7
1.5
Loss
1.0
0.75
0.7
0.45
0.35
-0.3
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.4 kHz
Frequency
a. Input connection
dB
1.7
1.5
Loss
1.0
0.75
0.7
0.45
0.35
-0.3
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.4 kHz
Frequency
b. Output connection
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dB
1.6
Gain variation
0.6
0.3
0
-55 -50 -40 -10 +3 dBm0
-0.3
Input level
-0.6
-1.6
us
900
Group delay distortion
750
450
150
0
500 600 1000 2600 2800 Hz
Frequency
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requirement. The level of any mirror frequency generated at the output end of the
channel shall be 25 dB lower than the test signal level. This item tests the suppression
state of outband input signal.
Technical specifications:
When any sinusoid signal at the frequency higher than 4.6 kHz and with level –25
dBm0 is added to the input end, the signal level of any mirror frequencies generated
at the output end of the channel shall be at least 25 dB lower than the input signal
level.
z Weighted noise
Definition: Weighted noise is the weighted noise level of the channel measured at the
output end when the input end connects with nominal impedance upon no input signal.
This specification reflects the noise when the audio channel is not occupied, that is,
no service is running.
Technical specifications:
Coding side: less than –67 dBm0p
Decoding side: less than –70 dBm0p
z Total distortion
Definition: Total distortion is measured with the signal noise ratio. Generally, it means
measuring the noise when useful signals are sent. Main components of the total
distortion are quantization distortion, which is the signal distortion generated during
signal quantization process. Therefore, the total distortion reflects the quality of the
encoder/decoder of the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) equipment.
The technical specifications are shown in Table 6-53.
Table 6-53 Technical specification requirements for total distortion of the Z port
Input
Sending level Output connection
connection
dBm0 Li-0 Lo- –3.5 Lo- –7.0
0 35 35 35
–10 35 35 35
z Crosstalk
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Definition: Crosstalk refers to the harmful signal transmission from one channel to
another channel. The channel originating signals is called the main crossing channel,
the interfered channel is called the crossed channel. The crosstalk specification
reflects the mutual interference between different channels.
Technical specifications:
Input connection: The local end crosstalk does not exceed –73 dBm0, and the remote
end crosstalk does not exceed –70 dBm0.
Output connection: The local end crosstalk does not exceed –70 dBm0, and the
remote end crosstalk does not exceed –73 dBm0.
Note:
The technical requirements above are the specifications for the Z port
semi-connection. For the equipment that can not receive and transmit signals through
the digital port, the A-A technical specifications can be combined according to the A-D
and D-A technical requirements.
z Loop resistance and feed current: It supports 2000Ω loop resistance and
constant current feed 20 mA. It also supports feed current of 47 mA, 35 mA,
16 mA, and so on.
z Ringing current: 25 Hz ±3 Hz sinusoid wave, harmonic distortion 10%, output
voltage value 75 V±15 V. It supports a 5-second discontinuous ringing signal of
1-second transmitting and 4-second disconnecting. It also supports other special
ringing modes.
z Signal tone: Dialing tone 450 Hz and continuous signal tone; Busy tone, 450 Hz,
0.7-second discontinuous signal tone with 0.35-second transmitting and
0.35-second disconnecting; Ring-back tone, 450 Hz, 5-second discontinuous
signal tone with 1-second transmitting and 4-second disconnecting.
z Supporting reversed charging pulse and 16KC/12KC charging pulse.
z The AC impedance is adjustable. It supports seven types of port impedance,
such as 200Ω+680Ω//100nF, 200Ω+560Ω//100nF, 600Ω, 150Ω+510Ω//47nF,
220Ω+820Ω//115nF, 220Ω+820Ω//120nF and 900Ω.
z Each receiving gain can be set to –3.5 dB or –7 dB. Moreover, the card
(CB36ASL) sending gain can be set to 3 dB, 0 dB or –3 dB and the card receiving
gain can be set to 0 dB, –3.5 dB, –7 dB, –8.5 dB, or –12 dB.
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6.3.11 U port
I. Definition
U port is the port of Network Termination 1 (NT1) and Line Termination (LT) in the
ISDN reference model. In terms of code pattern, since subscriber line features are
different in different countries, their line code patterns also vary. For instance, North
America and China use 2B1Q code, Japan and Italy adopt AMI, while UK adopts
3B2T code. ITU-T has no recommended uniform transmission mode and line code
pattern for 2B+D U port. The following description is only applicable to 2B1Q code
pattern.
z Line code
Line code is 2B1Q (2-bit binary code is expressed with 1-bit quaternary code). This is
a 4-level non-redundancy code.
z Line baud rate
The line baud rate is 80 k baud.
z Clock tolerance
The tolerance of free-run NT1 clock is ±100 ppm.
The tolerance of LT clock is ±5 ppm.
z Frame structure
A primary frame shall be the 120 quaternary signals transmitted with nominal 1.5 ms
interval. A primary frame includes frame bit, 2B+D data bit and Connection Line (CL)
channel bit. Eight primary frames (12 ms in total) form a multi-frame.
The following describes the bit allocation and function of multi-frame based on G.961
specification.
z Monitor function of CRC bit error
The CRC consists of bits M5 and M6 of the 3rd frame and 8th frame of each
multi-frame, which are inserted into bit flow through the transmitter. In receiver, the
CRC bit calculated from the same bits shall be compared with the received CRC. If
they are different, it indicates that there is at least one bit error in the multi-frame.
z EOC frame function
In each multi-frame, the Embedded Operational Channel in DS1 Rate Port (EOC)
consists of 24 bits. It implements the communication between the network and NT1.
The following basic functions are required for the EOC.
z Operation of 2B+D loopback: This function commands NT1 to loop back the user
data bit stream toward the network.
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z Operation of B1 (or B2) channel loopback: This function requires NT1 to setup
the single B channel loopback toward the network. The single B channel
loopback can provide maintenance on this channel and the subscriber services
are not totally blocked.
z Recovery to normal: This message is used to release all the uncompleted EOC
controlled operation, and reset the EOC message processor to its initial state.
z Unfollowable acknowledgement: This message acknowledges that NT1 has
received an EOC message, but it is not in the menu of NT1.
z Request degraded CRC notification: This message requests to send degraded
CRC toward the network.
z Degraded CRC notification: This message informs NT1 that the intentionally
degraded CRC will be sent from the network till there is a “Recovery to normal”
message.
z Hold state.
1) Activation
ITU-T Recommendation G.961 defines the signals generated by the transceiver
during startup. These signals are used in two start types: cold start and hot start.
When NT1 and LT are in resetting state, the activation is allowed either from the
subscriber equipment or from the network. The initiator sends single tone in
compliance with ITU-T Recommendation G.961 and starts activation process. In cold
start mode, LT and NT1 shall complete the synchronization within 15 seconds, with 5
seconds for NT1 and 10 seconds for LT; while in hot start mode, they shall complete
the synchronization within 300ms.
2) Deactivation
When one of the following happens, the transceiver is allowed to enter the reset state.
z The system cannot be started within 15 seconds (hot or cold start)
z The received signal is lost for more than 480ms.
z Synchronization is lost for more than 480ms.
z Electrical features of U port
z Output pulse
The nominal peak value of output pulse is 2.5 V. The pulse shape shall be as shown in
Figure 6-12 and four-quaternary-characters pulse sample shall be obtained from the
nominal sample as shown in Figure 6-12 multiplied by 2.5 V, 0.83 V, –0.83 V or –2.5 V.
The nominal average power is 13.5 dBm when the signals are composed of
synchronous framing bits which are of same probability at other position.
Figure 6-12 shows the pulse template of U port.
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–0.4T 0.4T
+3 +1 –1 –3
B = 1.05 A 0.01 0.025 V 0.0833 V –0.0833 V –0.025 V
C = 1.00 B 1.05 2.625 V 0.8750 V –0.8750 V –2.625 V
D = 0.95 1.00 2.5 V 5/6 V –5/6 V –2.5 V
C
D 0.95 2.375 V 0.79127 V –0.79127 V –2.375 V
E 0.03 0.075 V 0.025 V –0.025 V –0.075 V
F –0.01 –0.025 V –0.00833 V 0.00833 V 0.025 V
G –0.12 –0.3 V –0.1V 0.1V 0.3 V
H –0.05 –0.125 V –0.04167 V 0.04167 V 0.125 V
T = 12.5 µs
E = 0.03
A = 0.01 A = 0.01
–0.75T 0 T
F = –0.01 14T 50T F = –0.01
H = –0.05
G = –0.12
–0.5T 0.5T T1814380-92/d33
– 30
Power spectral density (dBm/Hz)
– 40
–50 dB/decade
– 50
– 60
– 70
– 80
– 90
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
T1814390-92/d34
Frequency (kHz)
Figure 6-13 Upper limit of the power spectrum density of the transmitted signal
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30
20 20 dB
Return loss (dB)
10
0 0 dB
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Figure 6-15 shows the power spectrum density of the ADSL port.
Table 6-54 lists the longitudinal balance loss of the ADSL port.
Service bandwidth
Service port Specification
(kHz)
U-x port 28–1104 >40 dB
z Lightning overvoltage
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The ADSL port shall be able to bear the induction overvoltage less than the set value
upon the subscriber line without performance degradation of any component. The
peak voltage is 1000 V.
z Power line overvoltage
The ADSL subscriber port shall be able to bear the overvoltage within the longitudinal
electromotive force of 650 V/0.5s upon the communication cable without performance
degradation of any component.
z Overvoltage due to contact with power line
The ADSL port shall be able to bear 15-minute 220 V (50 Hz) contact with one or two
conducting cable without any burning danger.
Index Value
Bandwidth 26 kHz–138 kHz
Upstream Max. transmission
896 kbit/s
rate
Index Value
Bandwidth 26 kHz–138 kHz
Upstream Max. transmission
1.2 Mbit/s
rate
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Index Value
Max. transmission distance 6 km
Cable type Twisted pair
Line code DMT
Compliant standard ITU-T G.992.5
Power spectrum density (PSD) template defines the transmitting power restriction in
the range of inband frequency.
Table 6-57 and Table 6-58 show the upstream and downstream transmitting signal
PSD templates respectively.
Table 6-57 lists the upstream channel PSD templates for schemes 1 and 2
respectively. The maximum transmitting power of these two schemes is 14.5 dBm.
Table 6-58 lists the downstream channel PSD templates for schemes 1 and 2
respectively. For these two schemes, the maximum transmitting power is 14.5 dBm.
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8501 –53
12000 –53
12001 –107
30000 –110
Scheme 2
0–4 –101
25 –101
138 –101
317 –80
1104 –60
3749 –60
3750 –80
3925 –105
8325 –105
8500 –80
8501 –53
12000 –53
12001 –107
30000 –110
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Receive band
fr fr
Transition Transition
Transmit band band band Transmit band
-80dBm/Hz
PSDmax, dBm/Hz
Pmax, dBm
(in a 1MHz window)
f
ftr1 ftr2
The area between ftr1 and ftr1+∆fT, and the area between ftr2-∆fT and ftr2 are two
transition bands, and that the area between ftr1+∆fT and ftr2-∆fT is the rejection band.
∆fT, independent of transmitting frequency, is 175 kHz.
The transmitting signal PSD inside the transition band is decreased from –80 dBm/Hz
to PSDmax or increased from PSDmax to –80 dBm/Hz in a linear manner. The
transmitting signal PSD inside the rejection band cannot be larger than PSDmax. The
total power Pmax of the transmitting signal of each MHz frequency band inside the
rejection band shall be restricted.
Table 6-59 lists the outband PSD restriction parameters.
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Maximum PSD
Maximum Power in a 1 MHz sliding
Frequency (MHz) PSDmax
window Pmax (dBm)
(dBm/Hz)
< 0.12 –120 NA
0.12–0.225 –110 NA
0.225–4.0 –100 NA
4.0–5.0 –100 –50
5.0–30.0 –100 –52
>=30.0 –120 NA
Transition
–80 NA
frequency
Index Value
Bandwidth 0.9 MHz–3.5 MHz
Upstream Max. transmission
12.96 Mbit/s
rate
Cable diameter of
Max. 1.5 km
0.5 mm
transmission
distance Cable diameter of
1.0 km
0.4 mm
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Index Value
Line code QAM
Compliant standard ITU-T G.993.1
I. Reflection attenuation
V
Re turnLoss (dB) = 20 Log T . The measured values of the port reflection attenuation
VR
shall be beyond the template shown in Figure 6-17. In this figure, the parameter
RL
MIN
Slope is 20dB/10-time
frequency interval
Frequency
f0 f1 f2 f3 (Hz)
Table 6-61 shows the reflection attenuation values of the SHDSL port when the
payload rate is 2048 kbit/s.
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V
LongitudinalBalance(dB) = 20 Log T . The measured values of the
VR
longitudinal balance loss shall be beyond the template shown in Figure 6-18. In this
figure, the parameter meanings are as follows: LBMIN = 40 dB, f1 = 20 kHz, f2 = fsym/2,
fsym = (R + 8)/3, R = n x 64 + I x 8.
Longitudinal
balance (dB)
LB
MIN
Slope is 20dB/10-time
frequency interval
Frequency
(Hz)
f1 f2
Table 6-62 shows the longitudinal balance values of the SHDSL port when the
payload rate is 2048 kbit/s.
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Standard: Within the frequency band above 4 kHz, the average of the longitudinal
output voltage of the SHDSL port shall be less than –50 dBV within one second. The
test frequency field is in the range from 100 Hz to 400 kHz.
Note:
If the voltage unit in testing instrument is dBuV, and the frequency band is 3100 Hz,
the unit shall be converted. After equivalent conversion, the average of the
longitudinal output voltage of the SHDSL port shall be less than
[(120–50)+10LOG(3.1/4)]=68.9 dBuV).
Table 6-63 shows the longitudinal output voltage of the SHDSL port when the payload
rate is 2048 kbit/s.
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512 13.2
768 13.3
1536 13.5
1984 13.2
2048 14.1
ANNEX B standard: The transmitting power spectrum density measured under the
condition of 135Ω shall be in the range of PSDMASKSHDSL(f).
It is defined as follows:
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πf
2
sin
− PBO K 1
Nf sym 1
MaskedOffsetdB ( f )
10 10 × SHDSL
× × 2
× 2×Order
× 10 10
, f < f int
135 f sym πf f
PSDMASK SHDSL ( f ) = 1 +
Nf f
sym 3 dB
f −f
1 + 0.4 × 3dB , f < f 3dB
MaskOffsetdB( f ) = f 3dB
1 , f ≥ f 3dB
Figure 6-19 shows the PSD template with the power compensation as 0 dB, and
payload rate as 256 kbit/s, 512 kbit/s, 768 kbit/s, 1536 kbit/s, 2048 kbit/s and 2304
kbit/s.
Table 6-66 and Table 6-67 list the PSD values of the SHDSL port respectively when
the payload rates are 256 kbit/s and 2048 kbit/s.
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89k –39.4
128k –39.2
208k –41
307k –43.3
356k –48.8
406k –55.9
445k –61.8
495k –69.5
550k –87.2
600k –97
800 –101
1M –106
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Standards Description
AF-PHY-0086.000 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) Specification Version1.0
AF-PHY-0086.001 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) Specification Version1.1
Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Metallic
ANSI T1E1.4
Interface
ANSI T1.413 issue Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Metallic Interface
1 & issue 2 Specification (issue 1 & issue 2 )
ATM FORUM:
AS_VTOA-0078.0 Circuit Emulation Services Version 2.0
00
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Standards Description
Definition of Full Duplex operation in a switched (LAN Flow
IEEE 802.3x
control)
IEEE 802.3z Definition of Gigabit Ethernet (over Fibre)
ITU-T G.168 Digital network echo cancellers
ITU-T G.702 Digital hierarchy bit rates
Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital
ITU-T G.703
interfaces
Synchronous frame structures used at primary and secondary
ITU-T G.704
hierarchical levels
Frame alignment and cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
ITU-T G.706 Procedures relating to basic frame structures defined in
recommendation G.704
ITU-T G.804 ATM cell mapping into plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
Timing requirements at the outputs of primary reference clocks
ITU-T G.811 suitable for plesiochronous operation of international digital
links
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Standards Description
The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which
ITU-T G.823
are based on the 2048 kbit/s hierarchy
The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which
ITU-T G.824
are based on the 1544 kbit/s hierarchy
Error performance parameters and objectives for international
ITU-T G.826
constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate
Framework recommendation on functional access networks
ITU-T G.902 (AN): architecture and functions, access type, management
and service node aspects
Optical interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the
ITU-T G.957
synchronous digital hierarchy
ITU-T G.960 Access digital section for ISDN basic rate access
Digital transmission system on metallic local lines for ISDN
ITU-T G.961
basic rate access
ITU-T G.962 Access digital section for ISDN primary rate at 2048 kbit/s
V-interfaces at the digital local exchange (LE) V5.1-interface
ITU-T G.964
(based on 2048 kbit/s) for the support of access network (AN)
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Standards Description
ITU-T I.363 B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification
ITU-T I.363.1 B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer Specification: Type 1 AAL
ITU-T I.363.5 B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification: Type 5 AAL
ITU-T I.371 Traffic control and congestion control in B-ISDN
ITU-T I.430 ISDN basic user-network interface layer 1 specification
ITU-T I.431 ISDN primary rate user-network interface layer 1 specification
B-ISDN user-network interface - Physical layer specification:
ITU-T I.432.2
155,520 kbit/s and 622,080 kbit/s operation
B-ISDN user-network interface - Physical layer specification:
ITU-T I.432.3
1544 kbit/s and 2048 kbit/s operation
ITU-T I.610 B-ISDN operation and maintenance principles and functions
ITU-T I.630 ATM protection switching
ITU-T M.3100 Generic network information model
ITU-T Q.811 Lower layer protocol profiles for the Q3 and X interfaces
ITU-T Q.812 Upper layer protocol profiles for the Q3 and X interfaces
Fault and performance management of V5 interface
ITU-T Q.831
environments and associated customer profiles
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Standards Description
RFC 0792 Internet Control Message Protocol
RFC 0793 Transmission Control Protocol
RFC 0826 An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
RFC 0854 Telnet protocol
A standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over Ethernet
RFC 0894
networks
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Standards Description
RFC 2652 Ethernet Interface MIB
RFC 2662 Definitions of Managed Objects for the ADSL Lines
RFC 2705 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
RFC 2819 Remote Network Monitoring
Definitions of Extension Managed Objects for Asymmetric
RFC 3440
Digital Subscriber Lines
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms
A
AAL1 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 1
AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 5
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AEC Acoustic Echo Canceller
AG Access Gateway
AN Access Network
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASL Analog Subscriber Line
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
B
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempt
BMS Broadband integrated network Management System
BRI Basic Rate Interface
BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server
C
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
CID caller identification display
CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
D
DDI Direct-Dialing-In
DDN Digital Data Network
DMT Discrete Multi-Tone
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
E
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
F
A-1
Technical Manual
UA5000 Universal Access Unit Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms
FE Fast Ethernet
FoIP Fax over IP
FTTB Fiber To The Building
FTTC Fiber To The Curb
FXO Foreign Exchange Office
G
GE Gigabit Ethernet
H
HDLC High-speed Data Link Control
HW High Way
I
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATM
IP Internet Protocol
IPoA IP over ATM
L
LE Local Exchange
M
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MDF Main Distribution Frame
MIB Management Information Base
MoIP Modem over IP
MSN Multiple-Subscriber Number
MSP Multiplex Section Protection
MSTP Multi-Service Transmission Platform
MTA Multifunctional Terminal Adapter
N
NGN Next Generation Network
nrt-VBR non-real time Variable Bit Rate
O
OLT Optical Line Terminal
ONU Optical Network Unit
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
OSS Operating Support System
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms
P
PCM Pulse-Code Modulation
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PPPoE PPP over Ethernet
PQ Priority Queuing
PRI Primary Rate Interface
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PVC Permanent Virtual Connection
Q
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
R
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
RIP Routing Information Protocol
RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
RTCP Real-time Transport Control Protocol
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
rt-VBR real time Variable Bit Rate
S
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SMS Service Management System
SNCP Sub-network Connection Protection
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SHDSL Single-pair High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Link
STB Set Top Box
T
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TL1 Transaction Language 1
U
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
V
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VDN Video Distribution Network
VDSL Very High Speed DSL
A-3
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms
VF Voice Frequency
VoIP Voice over IP
VP Virtual Path
A-4
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Index
Index
CSMC, 2-17
Numerics
155 Mbit/s electric port, 6-16 D
DEHA, 2-18
A DSL, 2-17
ADLB, 2-17 DTMF, 1-4
ADLF, 2-17
ADMB, 2-17 E
ADMC, 2-17 E1 port, 6-31
ADMI, 2-17 E3 port, 6-35
ADRB, 2-17 EAUA, 2-18
ADSL port, 6-50 echo cancellation
ADSL2+ port, 6-51 AEC, 3-13
AIS rate EC, 3-12
STM-1 port, 6-16 environment monitor card, 2-5
STM-4 port, 6-21 environmental monitor system, 2-5
AIUB, 2-18 environmental monitoring box, 2-6
APMB, 2-16 equipment authentication, 3-15
APSB, 2-16 ESC, 2-18
ARP, 3-30 extinction ratio
ARP proxy, 3-30 STM-1 port, 6-14
ASL, 2-17 STM-4 port, 6-20
ATI, 2-17
F
B
fast ethernet electric port, 6-29
built-in monitor card, 2-6 fast ethernet optical port, 6-26
fax over IP, 3-3
C frame hardware description
cabinet specifications, 2-3 extended frame, 2-14
CAPEX, 1-1 master frame, 2-12
CDI, 2-17 slave frame, 2-14
CLI NMS, 5-1 front-access frames
combined VLAN, 3-20 HABD, 2-9
CPE, 2-1 HABE, 2-10
CSLB, 2-17 HABF, 2-11
CSLI, 2-17 HABL, 2-12
CSMB, 2-17 FSK, 1-4
1
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UA5000 Universal Access Unit Index
G MSTP, 4-3
SDH+FE/GE, 4-5
gigabit ethernet optical port, 6-21
SDH+STM-1 ATM, 4-7
GUI NMS, 5-1
STM-1, 4-9
H VP Ring, 4-10
NGN, 1-1
hairpin connection, 3-18
NGN voice service, 3-2
number collection
I
DTMF, 3-14
IGMP proxy, 3-23
numbercollection
implementation of fax service, 3-5
pulse, 3-14
IPMB, 2-16
IPTV, 4-3 O
ONU-F01D100, 2-4
L
ONU-F01D1000, 2-4
logic structure, 2-1
ONU-F01D200, 2-4
longitudinal balance loss, 6-57
ONU-F01D500, 2-4
longitudinal output loss, 6-58
ONU-F02A, 2-4
ONU-F02AF, 2-4
M
OPEX, 1-1
MAC address management, 3-29
managed multicast, 3-23 P
message indicator service
performance specifications
FSK, 3-15
port, 6-3
voltage ascending, 3-14 system, 6-1
MoIP, 3-28
permitted frequency deviation
redundant mode, 3-28
STM-1 port, 6-15
transparent transmission mode, 3-28
STM-4 port, 6-21
MSTP networking
port based VLAN, 3-20
single-level, 4-2
power monitor unit, 2-6
two-level, 4-3
power supply system, 2-4
multicast, 3-22
private circuit service, 3-3
MUX VLAN, 3-21
PSD
inband, 6-55
N
outband, 6-54
networking description PSTN voice service, 3-1
MSTP, 4-1 PVM, 2-16
SDH+FE/GE, 4-3 PVU8/PVU4, 2-16
SDH+STM-1 ATM, 4-6 PWX, 2-18
STM-1 ATM, 4-8
VP Ring, 4-9 Q
networking features
QINQ VLAN, 3-21
2
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3
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