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Vin, Tin
radiation
convection
B1 B2 B3
L1 S12 L2 S23 L3
Flow over arrays of blocks in a channel exhibits fully-developed behavior after the third or
fourth row of blocks
H
b
By-pass flow
Array flow
ΣQ1 m1
ΣQ2
m2
ΣQ4 ΣQ3 m3
X
Q1 = ṁ1cp (To,1 − Ti,1)
P
Q1
⇒ To,1 = Ti,1 +
ṁ1cp
P
Q2
To,2 = Ti,2 +
ṁ2cp
P
Q3
To,3 = Ti,3 +
ṁ3cp
P
What contributes to Qi?
Tm(x)
Tout
Tin
x
•
min
Q1 Q2 Q3
A B C D E
• 3D effects
fan wake
non-uniform inlet
blockage by obstacles including heat sinks
• Channel by-pass and unmixed temperature profile
m• 1
h, Ta
SINDA:
http://www.webcom.com/~crtech/sinda.html
http://www.indirect.com/user/sinda/
See also Thermal Computations for Electronic Equipment, by Gordon Ellison [2]
m• 1
h, Ta
m• 1
• geometric similarity
• dynamic similarity
• thermal similarity
Vin, Tin
s
Experimental Procedure
u(r)
x
R
r
hydrodynamically
fully-developed flow
qw''(x)
Energy Equation „ «
∂T k ∂ ∂T
ρcpu(r) = r
∂x r ∂r ∂r
Boundary conditions
˛ ˛
∂T ˛˛ ∂T ˛˛ 00
= 0 (symmetry) k = qw (x)
∂r r=0
˛ ∂r r=R
˛
General solution is
x+
R
Z
+ + 00
Tw,ad(x ) − Tin = g(x − ξ) qw (ξ) dx
k 0
+ Q +
Tw,ad(x ) − Tin = g(x − ξ)
4ṁcp
∆x
r
.
y m
Tw,ad(x)
Tm
∆Tm
Tin
∆Tm ∆Tm
y
Q
∆Tm =
ṁcp
+ Tw,ad(x+) − Tin
g(x − ξ) =
Q/(4ṁcp)
Tw,ad(x+) − Tin
= 4
∆Tm
3
2
m=1
n=1 2 3 4
Note that if no blocks are heated, then Tad,i = Tin. Remember that “adiabatic” in this
context means unheated, not insulated.
The temperature difference between block i and the inlet air can be decomposed as
The adiabatic temperature rise of block i due to heat input from all blocks is
n
X Qj ∗
Tb,i = Tin + gi,j (2)
j=1
ṁcp
Equating the right hand side of Equation (4) with the second term on the right hand side
of Equation (3) gives
Qconv,i Qconv,i ∗
= g (5)
had,iAi ṁcp i,i
Thus,
∗ ṁcp
gi,i = (6)
had,iAi
∗
Equation (6) shows that gi,i and had,i are intrinsically related. This is no accident since
∗
both gi,i and had,i are derived from measurements in which only block i is heated.
n
X Qconv,j ∗ Qconv,i
Tb,i − Tin = gi,j + (7)
j=1, j6=i
ṁcp had,iAi
∗
With measured values of gi,j and had,i, Equation (7) uses superposition to compute the
effect of any power distribution on the temperature of each block in the domain. All that
∗
remains is a procedure for determining gi,j from the experimental data.
∗ Tb,2 − Tin
g2,1 = only block 1 is heated (10)
Q1/(ṁcp)
Because only block 1 is heated, Tb,2 − Tin is the temperature rise of block 2 due to heat
input at block 1.
Define
Twake,i,j = temperature of block i when only block j is heated.
The term “wake” is suggestive of the mechanism of heating: Twake,i,j > Tin because
block i is downstream of block j .
Thus, when only block 1 is heated, the value of Tb,2 is Twake,1,2, and Equation (10) is
∗ Twake,2,1 − Tin
g2,1 = (11)
Q1/(ṁcp)
Remember that the simplification that leads from Equation (8) to Equation (11) is valid
because only block 1 is heated.
∗
Similar calculation (from same experiment) gives g3,1 .
Measured Temperatures
Heat Inputs Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Q1 0 0 Tself,1 Twake,2,1 Twake,3,1
0 Q2 0 Twake,1,2 Tself,2 Twake,3,2
0 0 Q3 Twake,1,3 Twake,2,3 Tself,3
z
flow direction
g1∗
˘ ¯
∗
= max 0.8 g , 1
∗
˘ ¯
∗
g2 = max 0.95 g , 1
VH
Um =
H−B
g1∗
˘ ¯
∗
= max 0.8 g , 1
∗
˘ ¯
∗
g2 = max 0.95 g , 1
0
α1 = 0.31 ũmax + 1.91
0
α2 = 0.098 ũmax + 0.19
„ «
1 ṁcp/A
β1 = −1
1.13 32.2 ũ0max + 14.4
β2 = 0.13 β1
parameter value
H 0.0214 m
B 0.0095 m
Lx 0.0375 m
Sx 0.0502 m
Lz 0.0465 m
Sz 0.0592 m
3
ρ = 1.185 kg/m cp = 1005 J/(kg K)
2
V = 7.1 m/s − ∆Prow = 7.78 N/m
2
A = 0.00334 m
Um = 12.8m/s
−2
ṁ = 1.06 × 10 kg/s per row
0
ũmax = 2.44 m/s
α1 = 2.6685
α2 = 0.4298
β1 = 29.5387
β2 = 3.8400
row Q (W )
8 12
7 18
6 14
5 7
4 2
3 13
2 11
1 15
The temperature rise in row n due to heat dissipated by the module in row 1 is
“ ” Q1 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g1 (n − 1)
1 ṁ cp
“ ”
n g1∗ (n − 1) T e ,n − Tin (C)
1
8 1.000 1.40
7 1.033 1.45
6 1.158 1.62
5 1.351 1.89
4 1.654 2.32
3 2.214 3.10
2 4.438 6.22
1 27.503 38.56
The temperature rise in row n due to heat dissipated by the module in row 2 is
“ ” Q2 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g (n − 2)
2 ṁ cp 2
“ ”
n g2∗ (n − 2) T e ,n − Tin (C)
2
8 1.227 1.26
7 1.375 1.41
6 1.604 1.65
5 1.964 2.02
4 2.629 2.70
3 5.270 5.42
2 32.660 33.58
1 0 0
The temperature rise in row n due to the heat dissipated by row three is
“ ” Q3 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g (n − 3)
3 ṁ cp
“ ”
n g ∗ (n − 3) T e ,n − Tin (C)
3
8 1.448 1.76
7 1.689 2.05
6 2.068 2.51
5 2.768 3.36
4 5.547 6.74
3 34.378 41.77
2 0 0
1 0 0
n T e ,n − Tin (C)
8 57.6
7 72.2
6 54.9
5 30.8
4 18.2
3 50.3
2 39.8
1 38.6
100
90
80
70
Temperature (C)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
row number