TABLE 1 Risk of anticoagulant-related bleeding in patients with venous thromboembolism according to treatment
phase
Treatment period LMWH (patients with
VKA NOAC
cancer)
Initial treatment in the first 5-10 days
1.2%# (0-40%") Not reported Not reported in general for all NOACs
(case-fatality rate %)
Treatment in the first 3 months 2.1% (9.3%) 3.3-7.0%" (0-17%")
Not reported in general for all NOACs
(case-fatality rate %)
2.74 per 100 patient-years
Extended treatment Not reported 0.1-0.9% in 6-12 months following an initial
(9.1%)
(case-fatality rate %) treatment period of 6-12 months" (0-4%")
Total treatment period 7.22 per 100 patient-years 5.6-9.3% in first 6 months"
(case-fatality rate %) 1.1% in first 6-12 months (5.3%)
(13.4%) (0-5%")
VKA: vitamin K antagonist; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; NOAC: non-vitamin K dependent anticoagulants. #: LMWH and VKA loading
dose; ": data not pooled in meta-analysis.
2,08%) с летальностью 9,3% (95% CI 3,1–20%) (таблица 1) [19].
TABLE 2 Overview of bleeding risk in the phase 3 clinical trials with non-vitamin K dependent anticoagulants for
the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism
Duration
Trial [ref.] Design Treatment Patients Incidence of major bleeding
months
Double-blind, LMWH/edoxaban (60 mg once daily! versus 8240 patients with acute DVT 1.4% under edoxaban versus 1.6%
Hokusai-VTE [7]
double-dummy 3-12
UFH or LMWH/warfarin and/or PE under warfarin
Double-blind, Dabigatran (150 mg twice daily] 2856 patients after uneventful initial 0.9% under dabigatran versus 1.8%
RE-MEDY [9] 18-36
double-dummy versus warfarin treatment for acute DVT and/or PE under warfarin
Rivaroxaban (20 mg once daily] 1196 patients after uneventful initial 0.7% under rivaroxaban versus 0%
EINSTEIN-EXT [4] Double-blind 6-12
versus placebo treatment for acute DVT and/or PE under placebo
0.2% under apixaban 2.5 mg twice daily
Apixaban (2.5 mg twice daily or 5
2482 patients after uneventful initial versus
AMPLIFY-EXT [10] Double-blind mg twice daily] versus enoxaparin/ 12
treatment for acute DVT and/or PE 0.1% under apixaban 5 mg twice daily
warfarin
versus 0.5% under placebo
DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism.
TABLE 4 Prediction models for anticoagulation-related major bleeding in venous thromboembolism patients
Score name/ first Follow-up Score Low-risk group** Intermediate-risk group** High-risk group**
author [ref.] duration
Score % of % risk of major Score % of % risk of major Score % of % risk of major
points population bleeding points population bleeding points population bleeding
WHO grade 2: 1 point;
WHO grade 2 or 3: 2 points;
NIEUWENHUIS [31] 9 days Recent trauma or surgery: 1 point; 0-2 44 2.3 3-4 42 H >5 14 44
History of bleeding diathesis or body
surface area < 2 m2: 2 points each
Age >60 years: 1.6 points;
KUIJER [32] 3 months Female sex: 1.3 points; 0 17-22 0-1 1-3 58 1-2 >3 20-25 7-14
Active malignancy: 2.2 points
Age >64-years, previous stroke, peptic
ulcer disease, previous gastrointestinal
bleeds, renal impairment, liver disease, 0,4- per 100 1.8 per 100 1.0 per
KEARON [28] 12.5 months5 0 56 1 33 >2 11
anaemia, thrombocytopenia, diabetes patient-years patient-years 100 patient-years
mellitus, antiptatetet therapy: 1 point
each
03O' O
serious comorbidity (recent myocardial
OBRI [54] 1 year 0 30-33 0.7-0.8 1-2 60-63 8-12 3-4 30-48
infarction, creatinine level >1,5 mg-
dL'1, haematocrit <30%, diabetes): 1
point each
OBRI: Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index; WHO: World Health Organization; PE: pulmonary embolism; INR: in VTE patients only; +: derived in any patients; §: score for extended treatment only.
international normalised ratio; NA: not applicable, #: In original derivation and/or validation cohorts; derived