ARTS

 Art is very vital in our daily existence. 

 The arts the concrete evidences in the study of humanities. The body of arts
consists of ideas, beliefs and values of the past, present and even of the future. 
 It comes from the Aryan root word, “AR” which means to join or to put together.
The Latin terms “ARS” means everything that is artificially made or composed by
man.
  According to Leo Tolstoy, “art is a means of union among all men, a means of
communication.” To Aristotle, “art has no other end but itself. All arts are
patterned on nature. It is also the right reason for making things.”

Scope of Humanities

The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It consists of the visual arts, literature, drama
and theater, music and dance.

1. The visual arts are those we perceive with our eyes.

They may be classified into two groups:

Graphic arts-two-dimensional surface.

This term covers any form of visual artistic representation especially painting, drawing,
photography, etc.

Plastic arts-three-dimensional surface.

This group includes all fields of visual arts in which materials are organized into three-
dimensional forms like architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, sculpture
crafts, industrial design, dress and costume design, theater design, etc…

2. Literature is the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into
forms which have artistic and emotional appeal.

Drama - a story re-created by actors on stage in front of an audience.

Prose Fiction – includes narratives created by an author as distinguished from true

accounts.
– the use of geometrical shapes and forms.
     Ex. Pablo Picasso:    “The Three Musicians”
            “Nude in a Rocking Chair”
      George Brake:    “Violet and Palette”

Essay – a non-fiction expository writing ranging from informal, personal topics to closely
critical treatments of important subjects.
Poetry – highly expressive nature using special forms and choice of words and
emotional images. Narratives includes epics, romance and ballads and lyric forms
includes the sonnets, ode, elegy and song.

Miscellaneous – are history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not
formally classed as literature.

3. Music an art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession generally in combination.

Melody results in this sequence and harmony from the combinations. It is a creative
and performing art.

Groups
    

Vocal Music – composed primarily to be sung.

Instrumental Music – is written for instruments of four general types:

Keyboard (piano, keyboard, and organ)

Stringed (violin, cello, guitar, ukulele, banjo)

Woodwind (flute, clarinet, oboe, piccolo, English horn, bassoon)

Brass winds (saxophone, trumpet, French horn, trombone)

Music combined with other arts

Opera - drama set to music. It is mostly or entirely sung with an orchestral

accompaniment.

Operetta and Musical Comedy – a drama set to music but is light popular romantic
often humorous or comic. It uses spoken dialogues.

Oratorio and Cantata – sacred musical drama in concert form based from biblical
accounts and made of recited parts with orchestral accompaniment.

 
4. Drama and Theatre
A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience.

Types of Drama

    Tragedy – serious in nature in which the central character comes to some sad and
disastrous ending and also portray.

    Melodrama – the emphasis is on the action rather on the character. Action is a

happy ending.

        Types of Melodrama

Romantic Comedy – light amusing tales of lovers in some dilemma which is finally
solved happily.

Farce – light humorous play whose emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical
actions, ludicrous situations and impossible characters.

Comedy of Manners – “drawing room comedy” is sophisticated and sometimes

satirical. It uses witty dialogues and characters are usually high society types and
situations are unreal.

5. Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm.

Types of Dances

Ethnologic – include folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups.

Social or Ballroom Dances – popular type of dancing generally performed by pairs.

Ballet – a formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the middle
Ages. They may be either solo or concerted dances and generally built around a theme
or story.

Modern – are sometimes called contemporary interpretative dances and represents

rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. It is a personal communication of
moods and themes.

Musical dances – dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theatres,

nightclubs, motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet, modern,
tap, and acrobatics.

 
ELEMENTS OF ART

Form

The form of a work is its shape, including its volume or perceived volume. A three-
dimensional artwork has depth as well as width and height. Three-dimensional form is
the basis of sculpture. However, two-dimensional artwork can achieve the illusion of
form with the use of perspective and/or shading or modelling techniques. Formalism is
the analysis of works by their form or shapes in art history or archeology.

Line

Lines and curves are marks that span a distance between two points (or the path of a
moving point). As an element of art, line is the use of various marks, outlines and
implied lines in artwork and design. A line has a width, direction, and length. A line's
width is sometimes called its "thickness". Lines are sometimes called "strokes",
especially when referring to lines in digital artwork.

Color

Color is the element of art that is produced when light, striking an object, is reflected
back to the eye.[1] There are three properties to color. The first is hue, which simply
means the name we give to a color (red, yellow, blue, green, etc.). The second property
is intensity, which refers to the vividness of the color. A color's intensity is sometimes
referred to as its "colorfulness", its "saturation", its "purity" or its "strength".The third and
final property of colour is its value, meaning how light or dark it is. The terms shade and
tint refer to value changes in colors. In painting, shades are created by adding black to a
color, while tints are created by adding white to a color.

Space

Space is an area that an artist provides for a particular purpose.[1] Space includes the
background, foreground and middle ground, and refers to the distances or area(s)
around, between, and within things. There are two kinds of space: negative space and
positive space.[5] Negative space is the area in between, around, through or within an
object. Positive spaces are the areas that are occupied by an object and/or form.

Texture

Texture, another element of art, is used to describe either the way a work actually feels
when touched, or the depiction of textures in works, as for example in a painter's
rendering of fur.
 T H E P R I N C I P L E S O F D E S I G N A N D O R G A N I Z A T I O N :

Balance

The distribution of interest or visual weight in a work. If all the visually interesting
elements of a work are centered in one spot, the work is off-balance and the viewer's
gaze will be stuck in one place, ignoring the rest of the piece. A balanced piece of work
will have art elements arranged such that different areas draw the viewer's eye around
or through the whole piece. Some types of balance are symmetric, asymmetric, and
radial.

The concept of visual balance is often illustrated using a seesaw. Like a seesaw, when
two elements of an artwork have the same visual weight and are on opposite sides of
the center, equally distant from it, they balance. Likewise, a smaller element can
balance out a larger one if the smaller one is farther from the center and the larger one
nearer. In two-dimensional art, the center of the work serves as the fulcrum (the visual
center). In three-dimensional art, visual balance and the physical balance of mass both
come into play, and the balance of one does not assure the balance of the other.

Contrast

The difference in quality between two instances of an art element, or using opposing
qualities next to each other. For example, black and white (contrasting values),
organic/curvy and geometric/angular (contrasting lines/shapes/forms), and rough and
smooth (contrasting textures).

The greater the contrast, the more something will stand out and call attention to itself.
This applies to whole works of art as well as areas within an artwork. Areas with greater
contrast in value (stronger darks and lights) will tend to appear more forward in space,
as over distance atmospheric haze lessens contrast (atmospheric perspective).
Contrast can also be used to set the mood or tone of the work. High contrast makes a
work more vibrant, vigorous, brash, lively - it "pops" more. Low-contrast work is more
quiet, calm, subtle, reflective, soothing.

Emphasis, Dominance and Focal Point

Emphasis is created by visually reinforcing something we want the viewer to pay

attention to. Focal points are areas of interest the viewer's eyes skip to. The strongest
focal point with the greatest visual weight is the dominant element of the work. Elements
of secondary importance could be termed sub-dominant, and elements with the least
visual weight subordinate. Isolation, leading lines and convergence, contrast, anomaly,
size, placement, framing, focus and depth of field, and absence of focal points are some
of the strategies used to help create these degrees of importance.

Harmony and Unity

Harmonious elements have a logical relationship or progression - in some way they

work together and complement each other. When a jarring element is added -
something that goes against the whole - it is said to be dissonant, just like an off-note in
a musical performance. Unity is created by using harmonious similarity and repetition,
continuance, proximity and alignment, and closure of design elements in different parts
of the work so that the parts RELATE to each other and create a unified whole, that can
be greater than the sum of the parts, rather than an ill-fitting and meaningless
assortment of elements.

Movement

Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path through the artwork, and/or to
show movement, action and direction. Also, giving some elements the ability to be
moved or move on their own, via internal or external power.

In a still picture such as a painting or photograph, where nothing is actually moving,

various strategies can be used to give the viewer a sense of movement and speed, or to
move the viewer's eye through the work. These include lines, diagonals and unbalanced
elements; blurring; placement; direction; and motion lines and afterimages.

Repetition, Rhythm and Pattern

Repeating art elements in regular or cyclical fashion to create interest, movement,

and/or harmony and unity. Rhythms can be random, regular, alternating, flowing, and
progressive. Classes of pattern include mosaics, lattices, spirals, meanders, waves,
symmetry and fractals, among others.

Proportion and Scale

Proportion is the relationship of sizes between different parts of a work. For example,
how wide it is compared to how tall it is. Some proportions, such as the golden ratio and
the rule of thirds, are thought to be more naturally pleasing. Scale is the size of
something compared to the world in general - an artwork might be termed miniature,
small scale, full scale or life-size, large scale or larger than life, or monumental.
Variety and Variation

Using a range of different qualities or instances of an art element to create a desired

visual effect - e.g., a variety of shapes, colors, etc. Variety can add interest and break
the monotony of simple repetitions. 

Art criticism

Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of visual art. Art critics usually criticise art in
the context of aesthetics or the theory of beauty. A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a
rational basis for art appreciation but it is questionable whether such criticism can
transcend prevailing socio-political circumstances.

The variety of artistic movements has resulted in a division of art criticism into different
disciplines which may each use different criteria for their judgements. The most
common division in the field of criticism is between historical criticism and evaluation, a
form of art history, and contemporary criticism of work by living artists.

Despite perceptions that art criticism is a much lower risk activity than making art,
opinions of current art are always liable to drastic corrections with the passage of time.
Critics of the past are often ridiculed for either favouring artists now derided (like the
academic painters of the late 19th century)[citation needed] or dismissing artists now
venerated (like the early work of the Impressionists). Some art movements themselves
were named disparagingly by critics, with the name later adopted as a sort of badge of
honour by the artists of the style (e.g., Impressionism, Cubism), with the original
negative meaning forgotten.

Painting

Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing,
gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or
abstraction (as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the
expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.[2] Paintings can be naturalistic
and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract,
narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in
nature (as in Artivism).

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by
spiritual motifs and ideas. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting
mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes rendered on the interior walls and
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of
Eastern religious origin.
PAINTING MEDIA

Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of
drying oil—especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. Often an oil such as linseed
was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense; these were called
'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. 

Honoré Daumier (1808–79),

Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment
and a binder.

Maurice Quentin de La Tour,Portrait of Louis XV of France. (1748) Pastel.

Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer

emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry.

Jungle Arc by Ray Burggraf. Acrylic paint on wood. (1998)

Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended
in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor
paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or
leather, fabric, wood and canvas.

Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837), John Martin. Watercolor painting

Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to
color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen,
brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes,
resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other
materials.

Landscapes of the Four Seasons (1486), Sesshū Tōyō. Ink and light color on paper.

Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or
ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko], which
derives from the Latin word for fresh. Frescoes were often made during the
Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in
pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster, for which
the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used.

White Angel, a fresco from Mileševa, Serbia

Mona Lisa

Filipino Painter

Fernando Amorsolo

Juan Luna

Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of
the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of
material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics,
wood and other materials but, since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an
almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be
worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or
cast.

Pieta

This sculpture rendered the Virgin Mary hold her son, Jesus Christs in her arm was
sculpted at 1498 by Michelangelo. At his early age of twenties, he was articulated to do
a life size sculpture from a single slab of marble and extraneous effort exhibited one of
the most stunning sculptures ever.

The Great Sphinx:

This mythical sculpture as beast of ancient time demonstrated the God, Ra with having
a boy of lion with the head of a man. This sculpture of Giza was carved directly from
natural rock of plateau and act as sentinel of the Egyptian pyramids more 4500 years
ago. This is not a traditional sculpture but heading a technical prodigy of the
rudimentary tackle of Artisan works.

 
The thinker

This famous sculpture was presumed by Auguste Robin based on the theme on the
divine comedy of Dante. This sculpture appeared as nude with heroic figure in the
tradition of Michelangelo and percept the wisdom of poetry. The thinker was literally
destined to render Dante’s epic in front of the Gate of Hell. The final sculpture was a
miniscule of the statue sits atop of gates with meditative of hellish fate.

Venus de Milo:

This is one of the famous sculptures in the world. In Roman mythology, Venus is
renowned as the God of love and this legendary sculpture was figured at the marble
date back to the first or second century BC. It was revealed at Greek island of Melos in
the Aegean Sea but the creator remains anonymous till today. Ancient scholar has
believed that this sculpture had her arm with having mirror in one hand and shield in
other. As the daughter of Zeus and dione, Venus is the incarnation of beauty and a
great sculpture that is still a paraphernalia of hilarity at Louvre in Paris.

Filipino Sculptor 

Guillermo Tolentino

Ramon Orlina

DIGITAL ART

Digital art is an artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as an essential part
of the creative or presentation process. Since the 1970s, various names have been
used to describe the process including computer art and multimedia art, and digital art is
itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art.
After some initial resistance, the impact of digital technology has transformed activities
such as painting, drawing, sculpture and music/sound art, while new forms, such as net
art, digital installation art, and virtual reality, have become recognized artistic practices.
More generally the term digital artist is used to describe an artist who makes use of
digital technologies in the production of art. In an expanded sense, "digital art" is a term
applied to contemporary art that uses the methods of mass production or digital media.

Maurizio Bolognini

Programmed Machines, Nice, France, 1992-97

In 1992 he began to "seal" his machines (Sealed series) by closing up the monitor
buses, in such a way that they continued to produce images that no one would ever
see. Most of these are still working now.

"The 'instructed' machines  [...] continue on their own, involving the temporal and spatial
dimensions, tending towards a geographical vastness in which the image, the sign,
become a process of measurement [...] between the real and the illusory
dimensions......." 

Pascal Dombis

Pascal Dombis (born 1965) is a digital artist who uses computers and algorithms to
produce excessive repetition of simple processes.

Irrational Geometrics digital art installation 2008 by Pascal Dombis

Lillian Schwartz

Lillian F. Schwartz (born 1927) is a 20th-century American artist considered a pioneer of

computer-mediated art and one of the first women artists notable for basing almost her
entire oeuvre on computational media. Many of her ground-breaking projects were done
in the 1960s and 1970s, well before the desktop computer revolution made computer
hardware and software widely available to artists.

Architecture

Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and
constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material
form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical
civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
 

Vernacular architecture in Norway

Gizah Pyramids

Kinkaku The 7th–5th Centuries BCE

The Taj Mahal (1632–1653)

Notredame

Philippine Architecture

san sebastian church

Manila Cathedral 

Manila Post Office

Santiago Calatrava

Filipino Architech

FRANCISCO MAÑOSA

Coconut palace

Literature

 
Literature consists of written productions, often restricting to those deemed to have
artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera,
letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the
roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language
differently than ordinary language (see literariness).

Poetry

Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to
evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[ Poetry has
traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;  prose is cast in
sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of
poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem

Prose

Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather
than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences
rather than lines, it differs from poetry.

Drama

Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music
and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to
the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it
comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or
theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a
play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the
meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.

Harper Lee

Nelle Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American novelist widely known for her
novel To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960.

Jane Austen

was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry,
earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her
realism, biting irony and social commentary as well as her acclaimed plots have gained
her historical importance among scholars and critics.

From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and
Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1815), she achieved success as a
published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion,
both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled
Sanditon, but died before completing it.

J. R. R. Tolkien

was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as
the author of the classic high-fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The
Silmarillion.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman. His body of
work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and
verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on
botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and
scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him are
extant

Explore subjects in art

The term subjects in art refers to the main idea that is represented in
the artwork. The subject in art is basically the essence of the piece.
To determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, ask yourself:
What is actually depicted in this artwork? What is the artist trying to
express to the world... what is his or her message? And how are they
conveying that message?

In this section, we'll learn about 6 main subjects that artists have been
exploring in art for centuries:

 still life - a collection of inanimate objects arranged together in a

specific way

 landscape  - natural scenery such as mountains, cliffs, rivers, etc

 nature  - a focused view or interpretation of specific natural

elements

 portraiture  - an image of a particular person or animal, or

group thereof

 abstract - a non-representational work of art

 day of the dead  - a Mexican holiday with a vibrant artistic
tradition

Click on a subject matter above to read an in-depth

description and see examples of artwork focusing on that subject.
You will also find a depiction of what specific mediums can achieve
within that subject matter.

If you want to paint or draw, but you need some ideas and
inspiration, remember that subjects in art can be anything you want
them to be - whatever your imagination conjures up. The most
important thing is to choose a subject matter that interests you -
something that you can happily immerse yourself in while working
on your piece.
Below you'll see a sample of artworks that I created pertaining to
each subject matter. To see many more examples, click on each
subject: