ROCAS IGNEAS

Definición, tipos, cuerpos

ígneos, rocas y sus texturas

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 MASA FUNDIDA
Líquido muy caliente de silicatos y óxidos que por su posición dentro
o fuera de la corteza toma el nombre de MAGMA o LAVA.

MAGMA: Fluido natural

Muy caliente (600 a 1400 º centígrados)
Disolución de silicatos, óxidos, sulfuros y agua.
Se mantienen en disolución por presión.
Dentro de la corteza terrestre.
Porción líquida fundida + Sólidos (silicatos)
+Volátiles(H2O, CO2, SO2)

LAVA: Magma derramado sobre la superficie de la Tierra por un

volcán o fisura.
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 MAGMAS Y AMBIENTE
TECTÓNICO

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 MAGMA

El magma en su migración hacia la superficie funde la corteza,

enriqueciéndose en siliceo (Si); a mayor cantidad de Si mayor
viscosidad y gases.
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 CRISTALIZACIÓN DE MINERALES
SEGÚN TEMPERATURA (Bowen)
Mayor Tº, ultramáfico

Olivino (Mg, Fe) Plagioclasa cálcica (Ca, Al)

Piroxenos (Mg, Fe, Ca)

Anfíboles (Mg, Fe, Ca)

Biotita (Mg, Fe, Al, K) Plagioclasa sódica (Na, Al)

Feldespato potásico (Na, K, Al)

Moscovita (Al, K)
Menor Tº,
Cuarzo (Si) granítico o félsico
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 Chapter 4

Igneous Rocks

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 Evolution of magmas
 A single volcano may extrude lavas exhibiting
very different compositions
 Each volcanic eruption tends to exhibit a unique
geochemical fingerprint, defined by trace element
percentages
 Bowen’s reaction series
 Minerals crystallize in a systematic fashion based
on their melting points
 During crystallization, the composition of the liquid
portion of the magma continually changes

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 Bowen’s reaction series

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 Evolution of magmas

 Processes responsible for changing a

magma’s composition
 Magmatic differentiation
 Separation of a melt from earlier formed
crystals
 Assimilation
 Changing a magma’s composition by the
incorporation of surrounding rock bodies into a
magma

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 Magma evolves as the hotter
minerals crystallize and settle
to the bottom of the magma
chamber

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 Evolution of magmas

 Processes responsible for changing a

magma’s composition
 Magma mixing
 Two chemically distinct magmas may produce
a composition quite different from either
original magma

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 Assimilation, magma mixing, and
magmatic differentiation

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 Evolution of magmas

 Partial melting and magma formation

 Incomplete melting of rocks is known as
partial melting
 Formation of basaltic magmas
 Most originate from partial melting of ultramafic
rock in the mantle at oceanic ridges
 Large outpourings of basaltic magma are
common at Earth’s surface

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 Evolution of magmas

 Partial melting and magma formation

 Formation of andesitic magmas
 Produced by interaction of basaltic magmas
and more silica-rich rocks in the crust
 May also evolve by magmatic differentiation

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 Evolution of magmas

 Partial melting and magma formation

 Formation of granitic magmas
 Most likely form as the end product of
crystallization of andesitic magma
 Granitic magmas are more viscous than other
magmas so they tend to lose their mobility
before reaching the surface
 Tend to produce large plutonic structures

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 Chapter 4

Igneous Rocks

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 LAVA
Magma basáltico: Fluído, con Fe
y Mg, temperaturas mayores a
1000º centígrados. Generalmente
es este magma el involucrado en
los espectaculares de derrames
lávicos (tipo Hawaii).

Magma granítico: Viscoso, con

abundante Si y Al, temperaturas
menores a 1000º. Los derrames
de lava son masas lentas.

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 ROCAS ÍGNEAS: DEFINICIÓN
• Las rocas son agregados de
minerales que reflejan el
ambiente geológico en que se
formaron.

• ROCAS IGNEAS: Latin ignis

= FUEGO.
Formadas por la cristalización y
solidificación de una masa
fundida (lava o magma).

Esto produce una trabazón de

agregados minerales.
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 TIPOS DE ROCAS Y CUERPOS
IGNEOS

Roca ígnea
Rocas ígneas Roca ígnea
volcánica o
plutónicas o hipoabisal o
extrusiva
magmáticas o compleja
intrusivas
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 Pyroclastics
Lava
flow

Volcanic
neck

Igneous
dike

Igneous
Sill

Batholith

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 ROCAS VOLCÁNICAS o
EXTRUSIVAS
Dependiendo del tipo de
magma se originan 2 tipos
Cráter o
caldera
de erupciones y rocas
Aparato
volcánicas:
volcánico
(cono) Derrames lávicos de
magmas basálticos (Fe, Mg)
Cámara Conducto = rocas efusivas.
magmática volcánico
Domos y explosiones de
magmas graníticos (Si, Al)
= rocas explosivas.

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 Sierra Nevada Batholith

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 An igneous dike-
Discordant with surrounding rock
It cuts across other rocks

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 An igneous sill-
Concordant with surrounding rock
It runs parallel to other rocks

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 Necks & Ig Dikes

Neck

Dike

igneous
Igneous sill
sill
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 TIPOS DE ROCAS IGNEAS

Tipo de Roca Ignea Profundidad de Velocidad de Cantidad de Forma de los

cristalización enfriamiento cristales cristales
Plutónica Muy profunda Baja Abundante Todos tienden a
(varios km) ser perfectos
Hipoabisal Intermedia Intermedia Media Algunos son
(algunos metros o perfectos
pocos km)
Volcánica Superficial (0 km) Rápida Baja Vidrio y algunos
fragmentos de
cristales

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Categories of Igneous EOF
Granite
Intrusive rocks
• cool beneath Earth's surface
• cool very slowly
• higher P & T
— Phaneritic textures
Rhyolite
Extrusive rocks
• cool on the Earth's Surface
• cool relatively fast
• lower T & P
— Aphanitic textures Basalt
— Pyroclastic textures porphyry
Complex
• Partially cools below and above
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 Igneous textures

 Texture is used to describe the overall

appearance of a rock based on the size,
shape, and arrangement of interlocking
minerals
 Factors affecting crystal size
 Rate of cooling
 Slow rate = fewer but larger crystals
 Fast rate = many small crystals
 Very fast rate forms glass

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 Igneous textures
 Factors affecting crystal size
% of silica (SiO2) present
 Dissolved gases

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 Igneous textures

 Types of igneous textures

 Aphanitic (fine-grained) texture
 Rapid rate of cooling
 Microscopic crystals
 May contain vesicles (holes from gas bubbles)

 Phaneritic (coarse-grained) texture

 Slow cooling
 Large, visible crystals

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 Aphanitic texture

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 Phaneritic texture

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 Igneous textures

 Types of igneous textures

 Porphyritic texture
 Minerals form at different temperatures
 Large crystals (phenocrysts) are embedded in
a matrix of smaller crystals (groundmass)
 Glassy texture
 Veryrapid cooling of lava
 Resulting rock is called obsidian

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 Igneous textures

 Types of igneous textures

 Pyroclastic texture
 Fragmental appearance produced by violent
volcanic eruptions
 Often appear more similar to sedimentary rocks

 Pegmatitic texture
 Exceptionally coarse grained
 Form in late stages of crystallization of granitic
magmas

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 Porphyritic texture

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 Glassy texture

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 Igneous compositions

 Igneous rocks are composed primarily of

silicate minerals
 Dark (or ferromagnesian) silicates
 Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica
 Light (or nonferromagnesian) silicates
 Quartz, muscovite mica, and feldspars

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 Igneous compositions

 Granitic versus basaltic compositions

 Granitic composition
 Light-colored silicates
 Termed felsic (feldspar and silica) in
composition
 High amounts of silica (SiO2)
 Major constituent of continental crust

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 Igneous compositions

 Granitic versus basaltic compositions

 Basaltic composition
 Dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar
 Termed mafic (magnesium and ferrum, for iron)
in composition
 Higher dense than granitic rocks
 Comprise the ocean floor and many volcanic
islands

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 Basaltic lava dropping into the ocean along Kilauea Volcano along the
southeastern coast of the big island of Hawaii
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 Igneous compositions

 Other compositional groups

 Intermediate (or andesitic) composition
 Contain 25% or more dark silicate minerals
 Associated with explosive volcanic activity

 Ultramafic composition
 Rare composition that is high in magnesium
and iron
 Composed entirely of ferromagnesian silicates

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 Igneous compositions
 Silica content as an indicator of
composition
 Exhibits a considerable range in the crust
 45% to 70%
 Silica content influences magma behavior
 Granitic magmas = high silica content and
viscous
 Basaltic magmas = much lower silica
content and more fluid-like behavior

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – granitic rocks

 Granite
 Phaneritic
 Over 25% quartz, about 65% or more feldspar
 Very abundant - often associated with
mountain building
 The term granite includes a wide range of
mineral compositions

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 Granite

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – granitic rocks

 Rhyolite
 Extrusive equivalent of granite
 May contain glass fragments and vesicles
 Aphanitic texture
 Less common and less voluminous than
granite

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 Rhyolite

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – granitic rocks

 Obsidian
 Dark colored
 Glassy texture

 Pumice
 Volcanic
 Glassy texture
 Frothy appearance with numerous voids

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 Pumice is very glassy and
sharp, with countless
vesicles.

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – intermediate

rocks
 Andesite
 Volcanic origin
 Aphanitic texture

 Diorite
 Plutonicequivalent of andesite
 Coarse grained

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 Andesite

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 Diorite

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – basaltic rocks

 Basalt
 Volcanic origin
 Aphanitic texture
 Composed mainly of pyroxene and calcium-
rich plagioclase feldspar
 Most common extrusive igneous rock

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 Basalt

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – mafic rocks

 Gabbro
 Intrusive equivalent of basalt
 Phaneritic texture consisting of pyroxene and
calcium-rich plagioclase
 Significant % of the oceanic crust

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 Gabbro

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 Igneous compositions

 Naming igneous rocks – pyroclastic rocks

 Composed of fragments ejected during a
volcanic eruption
 Varieties
 Tuff= ash-sized fragments
 Volcanic breccia = particles larger than ash

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 Pegmatite
A Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained igneous rock.
Crystals are >2 cm, often larger.
Most are granitic, although mafic pegmatites can form.
Biotite mineral
grain

Feldspar
mineral
grain

Quartz mineral
grain
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Granite & Rhyolite
Phaneritic Texture
Felsic magma

Granite

Aphanitic Texture
Felsic magma
Rhyolite
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Andesite & Diorite
Aphanitic texture Phaneritic texture
forms from intermediate -forms from intermediate
composition magma composition magma

Diorite

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 Basalt & Gabbro
phaneritic texture
aphanitic texture
forms from mafic magma
forms from mafic magma

Basalt

Gabbro
»

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 Peridotite- the abundance of Olivine crystals
(more than 40%) makes the rock take on a
green appearance

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Obsidian- a popular rock among
paleopeople for tool making

Volcanic
Glass
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Tuffs &Tuffs
Breccias
& Breccias
- look like sedimentary rock

But
67 they are not….it is 2014
volcanic ash that isADRIANA
lithified
DUQUE
 Rocas
ígneas en
Quindío Guarín (2008)

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