Unit-1st

1.CIVIL ENGG. AS A PRPOFESSION

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the

design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and
buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline
after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military
engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into
severalsub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental
engineering,geotechnical engineering, control engineering, structural
engineering, earthquake,engineering, transportation ngineering, forensic
engineering, waterresources,engineering, materials engineering, wastewater
engineering, offshore engineering, facade engineering, coastal engineering,
construction surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes
place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments,
and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international
companies.

2.1Ancient engineering
List of 5 Greatest Feats of Roman Engineering

The Romans have built one of the greatest empires in history. Their success
was a result of multiple factors ranging from military might and unifying socio-
political organization to things such as values and beliefs. But they also owe
much of their success to highly advanced technology and above all,
engineering accomplishments - in terms of both invention and improvement of
the existing solutions. Some of the greatest feats of Roman engineering
include:
Aqueducts

Roman aqueducts supplied water to the cities, public baths, forums and even
private households. Using solely gravity to transport water, most aqueducts
ran underground but in some places, bridge structures were built to maintain
an interrupted flow. Like many other achievements of ancient Rome, the
Roman aqueduct system collapsed with the fall of the (Western) Empire. But
the surviving sections, especially those running above-ground stand as proof of
Roman engineering brilliance to this day. Some of the most spectacular
examples include the Pont du Gard in south France and the Aqueduct of
Segovia in the Spanish city of Segovia.

Roads
To effectively rule over their vast empire, the Romans relied heavily on their
extensive system of roads which provided connection to even the most remote
provinces. In addition to enabling fast movement of the armies and
administration, the Roman road system also played a key role in the Roman
economy, trade and communication. Built to withstand the harshest
environments, some sections of the Roman road system continue to be used
to this day. At the height of its territorial extent, the Roman Empire was
interconnected by over 250,000 miles of roads.

Bridges

The use of the arch made the Roman bridges incredibly strong and durable; so
strong and durable that they remained in use for centuries and in some cases,
for millennia. The Romans were not the first to use the arch in architecture but
they were the first to understand and utilize its advantages in bridge
construction. They built mostly semicircular arch bridges but they also
pioneered the so-called segmental arch bridges. A fine example is the Trajan’s
Bridge over lower Danube at the Iron Gates on the boundary between today’s
Serbia and Romania. But unfortunately, only fragments of mason pillars
survive.

Domes

Just like the arch, the dome has been around long before the rise of ancient
Rome. But again, it was the Romans who successfully introduced the dome in
architecture. The most famous and the most spectacular is without a doubt the
massive dome of the Pantheon in Rome but the Romans also used this
architectural element in other buildings including temples, baths, palaces, villas
and mausoleums. Many Roman domes featured a central opening or the
oculus to provide ventilation and light.

Concrete
If there weren’t for Roman concrete or opus caementicium as the Romans
called it, many of the above mentioned feats of Roman engineering would not
be possible. The unique mixture used by the Romans to make the opus
caementicium enabled them to build all sorts of structures in terms of both
shape and dimension. But it also enabled them to build structures that can
withstand the test of time. Thanks to the exceptional quality of the Roman
concrete, we can still admire architectural masterpieces such as the Pantheon
and Colosseum.

2.2 Ancient Greek architecture

The architecture of ancient Greece is the architecture produced by the Greek-
speaking people (Hellenic people) whoseculture flourished on the Greek
mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and
Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest
remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC.
Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temples, many of which are
found throughout the region, mostly as ruins but many substantially intact. The
second important type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is
the open-air theatre, with the earliest dating from around 525-480 BC. Other
architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway
(propylon), the public square (agora) surrounded by storied colonnade (stoa),
the town council building (bouleuterion), the public monument, the
monumental tomb (mausoleum) and the stadium.
Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised
characteristics, both of structure and decoration. This is particularly so in the
case of temples where each building appears to have been conceived as a
sculptural entity within the landscape, most often raised on high ground so
that the elegance of its proportions and the effects of light on its surfaces
might be viewed from all angles.Nikolaus Pevsner refers to "the plastic shape
of the [Greek] temple.....placed before us with a physical presence more
intense, more alive than that of any later building".

Famous Greek Temples

Temple of Hera, Olympia (590 BCE)

Doric peripteral hexastyle building in the Archaic style.

Temple of Apollo, Syracuse, Sicily (565 BCE)

Doric peripteral hexastyle building.

Selinunte Temple C, Sicily (550 BCE)

A peripteral hexastyle temple, it is one of a series of Doric temples on the
Selinunte Acropolis. Metopes depicting the Labours of Hercules are in the
National Museum, at Palermo.

The Temple of Apollo, Corinth (540 BCE)

This Doric peripteral hexastyle temple resembled the Temple of Hera at
Olympia, but was built entirely of stone.

Temple of Hera I, Paestum (530 BCE)

Known as "the Basilica", it is one of the earliest of all Doric temples to have
survived largely intact.
Selinunte Temple G (The Great Temple of Apollo), Sicily (520-450 BCE)
A Doric peripteral octastyle structure, it is the largest temple at Selinunte and
was never finished.

Temple of Apollo, Delphi (510 BCE)

This hexastyle Doric temple, supposedly designed by legendary architects
Trophonius and Agamedes, was in fact erected by Spintharus, Xenodoros and
Agathon. Little remains apart from foundations.

Temple of Athena, Paestum (510 BCE)

Known as the Temple of Demeter, this Doric peripteral hexastyle building
displayed a number of Ionic features, including the columns of its pronaos.

Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Agrigento, Sicily. 510-409 BCE

Doric-style pseudoperipteral building.

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina (490 BCE)

Doric peripteral hexastyle temple set high on the east side of the island of
Aegina.

Temple of Athena, Syracuse, Sicily (480 BCE)

Doric hexastyle temple. Part of its structure is now in Syracuse Cathedral.

Delian Temple of Apollo, Delos (470 BCE)

Doric peripteral hexastyle building, now largely in ruins

The Parthenon under restoration in 2008

2.3Iranian architecture

Iranian architecture or Persian architecture is the architecture of Iran and

parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its history dates
back to at least 5,000 BCE with characteristic examples distributed over a vast
area from Turkey andIraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from
the Caucasus to Zanzibar. Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea
houses andgarden, pavilions to "some of the most majestic structures the
world has ever seen". In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the
rapid growth of cities such as the capital, Tehran (Architecture of Tehran) has
brought about a wave of demolition and new construction.
Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, from
a variety of traditions and experience. Without sudden innovations, and
despite the repeated trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it has achieved
"an individuality distinct from that of other Muslim countries". Its paramount
virtues are: "a marked feeling for form and scale; structural inventiveness,
especially invault and dome construction; a genius for decoration with a
freedom and success not rivaled in any other architecture".
Traditionally, the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its
cosmic symbolism "by which man is brought into communication and
participation with the powers of heaven". This theme has not only given unity
and continuity to the architecture of Persia, but has been a primary source of
its emotional character as well.
According to Persian historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope, the supreme
Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its
architecture. The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-
Islamic periods.
Categorization of styles

The Eram Garden in Shiraz is an 18th-century building and a legacy of the Zand Dynasty.

Overall, the traditional architecture of the Iranian lands throughout the ages
can be categorized into the six following classes or styles("sabk"):

 Zoroastrian:
 The Parsian style (up until the third century BCE) including:

 Pre-Parsian style (up until the eighth century BCE) e.g. Chogha
Zanbil,
 Median style (from the eighth to the sixth century BCE),

 Achaemenid style (from the sixth to the fourth century BCE)

manifesting in construction of spectacular cities used for governance
and inhabitation (such as Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana), temples made
for worship and social gatherings (such as Zoroastriantemples),
and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the Tomb
of Cyrus the Great),
 The Parthian style includes designs from the following eras:

 Seleucid era e.g. Anahita Temple, Khorheh,

 Parthian era e.g. Hatra, the royal compounds at Nysa,

 Sassanid era e.g. Ghal'eh Dokhtar, the Taq-i

Kisra, Bishapur, Darband (Derbent).
 Islamic:
 The Khorasani style (from the late 7th until the end of the 10th century
CE), e.g. Jameh Mosque of Nain and Jameh Mosque of Isfahan,
 The Razi style (from the 11th century to the Mongol invasion period)
which includes the methods and devices of the following periods:
 Samanid period, e.g. Samanid Mausoleum,
 Ziyarid period, e.g. Gonbad-e Qabus,
 Seljukid period, e.g. Kharraqan towers,

 The Azari style (from the late 13th century to the appearance of the
Safavid Dynasty in the 16th century), e.g. Soltaniyeh, Arg-i
Alishah, Jameh Mosque of Varamin,Goharshad Mosque, Bibi Khanum
mosque in Samarqand, tomb of Abdas-Samad, Gur-e Amir, Jameh
mosque of Yazd
 The Isfahani style spanning through the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand,
and Qajarid dynasties starting from the 16th century onward,
e.g. Chehelsotoon, Ali Qapu, Agha Bozorg Mosque, Kashan, Shah
Mosque, Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque in Naqsh-i Jahan Square.
Materials

Available building materials dictate major forms in traditional Iranian

architecture. Heavy clays, readily available at various places throughout the
plateau, have encouraged the development of the most primitive of all
building techniques, molded mud, compressed as solidly as possible, and
allowed to dry. This technique, used in Iran from ancient times, has never been
completely abandoned. The abundance of heavy plastic earth, in conjunction
with a tenacious lime mortar, also facilitated the development and use
of brick.
Geometry[

Iranian architecture makes use of abundant symbolic geometry, using pure

forms such as circles and squares, and plans are based on often symmetrical
layouts featuring rectangular courtyards and halls.
Design

Certain design elements of Persian architecture have persisted throughout

the history of Iran. The most striking are a marked feeling for scale and a
discerning use of simple and massive forms. The consistency of decorative
preferences, the high-arched portal set within a recess, columns with bracket
capitals, and recurrent types of plan and elevation can also be mentioned.
Through the ages these elements have recurred in completely different types
of buildings, constructed for various programs and under the patronage of a
long succession of rulers.
Persian-style column, as seen in Persepolis.

The columned porch, or talar, seen in the rock-cut tombs near Persepolis,
reappear in Sassanid temples, and in late Islamic times it was used as the
portico of a palace or mosque, and adapted even to the architecture of
roadside tea-houses. Similarly, the gonbad on four arches, so characteristic of
Sassanid times, is a still to be found in many cemeteries
and Imamzadehs across Iran today. The notion of earthly towers reaching up
toward the sky to mingle with the divine towers of heaven lasted into the 19th
century, while the interior court and pool, the angled entrance and extensive
decoration are ancient, but still common, features of Iranian architecture.

2.4 Architecture of India

The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian
architecture progressed with time and assimilated the many influences that
came as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the world
throughout its millennia-old past. The architectural methods practiced in India
are a result of examination and implementation of its established building
traditions and outside cultural interactions.
Though old, this Eastern tradition has also incorporated modern values as India
became a modern nation state. The economic reforms of 1991 further
bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more
integrated with the world's economy. Traditional Vastu Shastra remains
influential in India's architecture during the contemporary era.

Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC-1700BC)

A well and drainage system is atLothal

A bath and toilet excavated in Lothal

The entire Kalibangancitadel unexcavated

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1700 BC;
mature period 2600–1900 BC) that was located in the northwestern region of
the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now mainly modern-day Pakistan
and northwest India.
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its
contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. noted for its cities built of
brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The baths and toilets
system the cities had is acknowledged as one of the most advanced in the
ancient world.
The mature phase of this civilization is called the Harappan Civilization, as the
first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the
1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in
Pakistan). Excavation of Harappan sites have been ongoing since 1920, with
important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. To date, over 1,052
cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the
Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major
urban centres of Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage
Site), Dholavira, Kalibanga, and Rakhigarhi.

Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BC—200 AD)

The Great Stupa at Sanchi (4th–1st century BC). The dome shaped stupa was used in India as a
commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.

The Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used in India as a

commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. The stupa
architecture was adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it became
prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.Fortified
cities with stūpas, viharas, and temples were constructed during the Maurya
empire (c. 321–185 BC). Wooden architecture was popular and rock cut
architecture became solidified. Guard rails—consisting of posts, crossbars, and
a coping—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupaTemples—build on
elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were constructed using brick
and timber. The Indian gateway arches, the torana, reached East Asia with the
spread of Buddhism.Some scholars hold that torii derives from the torana
gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BC – 11th century AD).
2.5 Indo-Islamic architecture

Qutub Minar a prominent example of Islamic architecture in India.

Mughal tombs of sandstone and marble show Persian influence. The Red
Fort at Agra (1565–74) and the walled city of Fatehpur Sikri (1569–74) are
among the architectural achievements of this time—as is the Taj Mahal, built
as a tomb for Queen Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan (1628–58).[ Employing the
double dome, the recessed archway, white marble and parks while stressing
on symmetry and detail was visible during the reign of Shah Jahan. Quranic
verses were described on the walls of the buildings. The Taj Mahal does
contain tilework of plant ornamentsThearchitecture during the Mughal Period,
with its rulers being of Turco-Mongol origin, has shown a notable blend of
Indian style combined with the Islamic.
Taj Mahal in Agra, India is one of the wonders of the world. Taj Mahal is a
symbol of love for some, and barbaric brutality to others due to the treatment
meted out to the artisans who built it.
3.CIVIL ENGG. EDUCATION & CAREER

Educational : A bachelor's degree in Engineering is the minimum

requirement to become a qualified civil engineer. A post graduate
degree is required for research or teaching posts and an additional
degree in business administration is desirable for management
positions.

Engineering courses are available at two levels. There are the degree
and postgraduate degree courses offered by the engineering colleges
and Institutes of Technology (IITs), and, the diploma courses available at
polytechnics. There is also the Associate Membership Examination of the
Institute of Engineers (AMIE), which enables working people in the
private and public sector, or diploma holders to acquire a Bachelor's
engineering degree through distance education. IIT Chennai and
Institute Of Post Graduate Studies And Research, Hyderabad give s MS
courses in civil Engineering, through distance education, the basic
qualification of which is BE/ B tech in engineering.

The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech in Civil Engineering is 10+2

or equivalent examination, with high percentage of marks in Science
subjects (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics).

Selection : Selection to the graduate courses ( BE / B.Tech ) is based on

merit i.e the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and through
entrance exams. Entrance to the IIT's is through 'JEE' (Joint Entrance
Exam) and for other institutions through their own separate entrance
exams and other state level and national level exams. Apart from the
IIT's, some other famous institutes also recognize JEE scores for
selection. Selection to the postgraduate courses ( M.Sc / M.Tech) in
different universities is through an 'All India Combined Entrance exam'
conducted by JNU, New Delhi and to IIT's through 'GATE' in Two year/ 4
semester M.Tech courses and through JEE in five year integrated M.Tech
courses.

Duration : BE/B.Tech courses are of 4 year's duration. The diploma

courses are of 2-3 year's duration

Personal Skills : A civil engineer needs to have a sharp, analytical and

practical mind and give attention to details. Excellent communication
skills is a necessity and he should have the ability to get along at all
levels, as part of a team. He should be good at organizing and solving
problems. He may need to work under pressure and have the ability to
keep calm during crisis.

He needs to know about surveying methods, environmental issues like

whether the area is susceptible to tremors or has sandy soil etc,
properties of building materials like its load bearing strength, resistance
to fire and corrosion etc. Besides having a good technical designing
knowledge conceptualising structures, they should be computer literate
in order to use design, drawing and word processing software. Civil
engineers need to know building and safety regulations, local authority
and government regulations, acceptable standards for construction and
how to draw plans.

CAREER

You have many options once you complete civil engineering in India can place
you in a better position.

1. GATE :

M.Tech in Transportation Engineering

M.Tech in Structural Engineering

M.Tech in Water Resource Engineering

M.Tech in Geo-Technical engineering

M.Tech in Environmental Engineering etc

2. IES/ESE : Indian Engineering Services.

3. PSU : If you are technically strong, you can apply for PSU's. Nowadays they
are mainly dependent on GATE score. So, prepare hard for GATE.

Some Government departments like Department of Atomic energy etc conduct

their own exams for recruitment.

4. State Government Jobs : Comparatively easy to crack.

5. Jobs @ Construction giants like L & T, Tata Projects, SPCL, HCC etc. : Attend
their interviews. Go to their respective websites, search for CAREERS option,
speak to HR persons or mail them your resume.

6. Higher studies : MBA or Construction /Project management etc in India -

You can as well attempt CAT with your engineering degree.

If you wish to shift to management after Civil engineering, You can as well give
a thought on Construction Management/Project Management programmes
offered all over India.
You get a white collar job with a decent pay after completion of these
programmes.

Some colleges are listed below where you can pursue Construction/Project
Management.

Construction Technology and Management course -IIT Delhi

Construction Technology and Management course -IIT Delhi gives more weight
on Technical Aspects of Construction.

National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) - Mumbai

National Institute of Industrial Engineering is one of the top B-Schools in India,

located in Powai near Vihar Lake in Mumbai, India.

It offers several programmes like:

Post Graduate Diploma in PROJECT MANAGEMENT(PGDPM)

Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Safety and Environmental Management

(PGDISEM)

Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Management (PGDIM)

These Courses are accredited as MBA equivalent by UGC (University Grants

Commission)

National Institute of Construction Management and Research

Programmes offered from Pune, Hyderabad, Goa and Indore. Visit their
website for more details.

NICMAR gives more weight on Managerial aspects of Construction.

(Costliest option of all :D )

Page on nicmar.ac.in

7. Higher studies abroad : GRE, TOEFL, IELTS whatever.

8. If you are interested in City planning or town planning, there is an institute

in Delhi (School of Planning and Architecture) which offers a post graduation
degree in various disciplines. Even this is a good option.
Unit-2
List of engineering societies

An engineering society is a professional organization for engineers of

various disciplines. Some are umbrella type organizations which accept many
different disciplines, while others are discipline-specific. Many award
professional designations, such as European Engineer, Professional
Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer or similar. There are also
many student-run engineering societies, commonly at universities or technical
colleges.

south Africa

 South African Institute of Electrical Engineers (SAIEE)

 Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA)

Americas[edit]
Canada[edit]

 Canadian Society for Civil Engineering

 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering

USA

 American Association of Engineering Societies

 American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers

 American Indian Science and Engineering Society

 American Society of Civil Engineers

India

 Computer Society of India (CSI)

 The Institution of Engineers (India) (IEI)
 The Institution of Civil Engineers (India) (ICEI)
Japan

 Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)

Philippines
In the Philippines, the Professional Regulation Commission, is a three-man
commission attached to the office of the President of the Philippines. Its
mandate is to regulate and supervise the practice of the professionals
(except Lawyers) who constitute the highly skilled manpower of the country.
As the agency-in-charge of the professional sector, the PRC plays a strategic
role in developing the corps of professionals for industry, commerce,
governance, and the economy.

 Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

United Kingdom[edit]

In the United Kingdom, the Engineering Council is the regulatory body for the
engineering profession. The Engineering Council was incorporated by Royal
Charter in 1981 and controls the award of Chartered Engineer, Incorporated
Engineer, Engineering Technician and Information and Communications
Technology Technician titles, through licences issued to thirty six recognised
Institutions. There are also 19 Professional Affiliate Institutions, not licensed,
but with close associations to the Engineering Council.
The Royal Academy of Engineering is the national academy for engineering,
analogous to the Royal Society in science and the British Academy in arts and
humanities.

 Institute of Highway Engineers

 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
 Institution of Civil Engineers
 Institution of Structural Engineers
 Society of Environmental Engineers