“TRAINING ON ELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEM STUDIES USING PSS/E”

INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTRICAL

POWER SYSTEM BASIC COURSE
(WEEK 1 DAY 1-A)

USAID’s SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR

PAKISTAN (SEP) PROJECT
Introduction to the Electrical Power System

• Through this section, participants are apprised with

basic components of a power system, equivalent
models of transmission lines, transformer, generator
and loads.
• Models are essential to the operation of modern
power systems. Simulation of the power system is
necessary for both planning and operations and
depends on appropriate models.
Pre-requisites for a Power System Analyst

• Background of Power System Engineering

• Know-how of analytical software tool (e.g. PSS/E)
• Knowledge of power system under study
• Knowledge of the problem under study
 What is a Modern Power System?
Distribution Customers
Transmission & Dispatch Company
Generators Company
Bulk
Customers

Sending Receiving

MW MW MW
G Load

MVAR MVAR MVAR

Vs VR

• Generator with Step-Up Transformer

• Transmission Line
• Step Down Transformer
• Load
Equivalent Circuits: Transmission Line
Model Used
• A simple 'PI' () Model
• Represent L by the inductive reactance XL (2..f.L)
• Represent C by the capacitive admittance BC
(2..f.C), half at each end (positive because this is
the admittance, not the impedance)
Distributed parameters
• In reality R, L and C are distributed along the length
of the conductor
• This simplified model is not accurate for very long
lines R+jX
L

j 0.5 BC j 0.5 BC
Equivalent Circuits: Transformer Model
• These fundamental properties allow the construction of an
equivalent electrical circuit for the transformer that we use
in the network modelling:
n:1
(R1 + n2.R2) + j (X1 + n2.X2)

Primary and Secondary windings

j Bm n.v2 v2
Magnetizing

Ideal transformer
• Secondary impedances are ‘referred’ to their equivalent
values on the primary side (for a voltage ratio of ‘n’ the
impedances are increased by n2).
• Magnetizing branch is moved to transformer terminals
(often ignored as it only draws a small current).
Equivalent Circuits: Transformer Model
• This equivalent model has same structure as the overhead
line or cable model and allows for an ideal transformer
connection at one of the terminals to model the
transformer tap changer
Primary and Ideal transformer
Secondary windings

Rt + j Xt

j Xm n:1

Magnetizing

• Voltages will be multiplied by ‘n’, and currents divided by

‘n’ when passing through the ideal transformer element
 Equivalent Circuits: Generator Model
• Have significant resistance (R), and
inductive reactance (XL)
Ra + j Xd’’
• Capacitance (C) is ignored Voltage
E
source
• Network voltage sources
• Provide real and reactive power
• Model them as a voltage source
Is Ys
behind their resistance and reactance Current
source
• For simplicity in analysing the
network, convert this to an equivalent
current source and shunt admittance
Basic Components of a Power System
• Generator Equivalent Circuit
RS + jXS RT + jXT
MW

G
MVAR

• Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

R + jXL

jXC /2 jXC /2
Basic Components of a Power System
• Transformer Equivalent Circuit
RT + jXT MW
MW

MVAR MVAR

• Load Equivalent Circuit

MW
R + jXL

MVAR
Equivalent Model of a Simple Power System

RS + jXS RT + jXT R + jXL RT + jXT

GSU Load Transformer

Generator

R + jX
jXC /2 jXC /2

Transmission Line Load