KHRI-Webinar (02-05-2020) - Recent Advances in Repair and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure - Dr. S. Suriya Prakash (IITH) PDF

Recent Advances in Repari & Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure IIT Hyderabad
KHRI-IITM Webinar Series

Outline of Presentation
N Part 1:
Recent Advances in – Introduction to the Need for R3
Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofit of N Part 2:
Civil Infrastructure – Condition assessment and Causes of D3
N Part 3:
- Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process
Dr. S. Suriya Prakash N Part 4:

Associate Professor – Strengthening Solutions using FRP Composites
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT - Hyderabad
Introduction Introduction
Major Fatal Bridge Accidents in the last 20 years in India
Date Bridge Age (years) Fatalities
21-jul-2001 Kadalundi river bridge,Kerala 140 57
10-sep-2002 Rafiganj rail bridge ,Bihar (sabotage??) ? 180
28-aug-2003 Daman Bridge collapse 20 40
29-oct-2005 Velligonda Railway Bridge,AP Bridge swept away 114
02-dec-2006 Bhagalpur Pedestrian Railbridge 150 30
09-sep-2007 Panjagutta Flyover Hyderabad(Under construction) Under construction 20
01-oct-2008 Under construction Flyover, Lucknow Under construction 6
25-dec-2009 Kota Chambal Bridge Rajasthan (Under construction) Under construction 53
25-may-2012 Under construction Bridge Pauri Garhwal UK Under construction 6
10-jun-2014 Flyover Under construction ,Surat Under construction 3
• The world’s population depends on an Global 25-aug-2015 Flyover in Nawada, Bihar 80 4
extensive infrastructure system Infrastructure Crisis 31-mar-2016 Vivekananda Bridge,Kolkata Under construction 27
02-aug-2016 Savitri River Bridge ,Maharastra Colonial Era 28
• Bridges, Roads, sewers, highways, buildings 18-may-2017 Sanvordem bridge, Goa Portuguese Era 32
• The system has suffered in past years 16-may-2018

14-mar-2019
Under construction Bridge , Varanasi
FOB CST, Mumbai
Under construction
40
18
6
Repair & Retrofit
• Neglect, deterioration, lack of funding Improved quality control in new construction and proper maintenance
industry is growing
and repair of existing bridges are essential for safe performance
Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 1

Status of Indian Bridges and Funds for Repair? Repair Vs. Rehabilitation Vs. Retrofitting (R3)
N Rs 890 crore was allocated in 2008 to The Ministry of Road • For example,
2012 to maintain 93,000 bridges in India Transport and Highways Performance
(Rs 19,000 for each bridge annually). has inventoried 1.73 Lakh requirement is
N 2018-19 Ministry allocated Rs 3,071
bridges, culverts and defined in
crore ( $ 0.44 billion) towards structures under Indian terms of
Original Capacity
maintenance of roads and highways Bridge Management strength.
(Rs 18,000 for each bridge annually). System (IBMS)
• Other
4% of ministry’s budget towards About 6000 bridges are
N
parameters
maintenance of NHs ‘structurally distressed’ and
such as
needs immediate repair
N In 2014-15 the US government allocated ductility,
about 48% of its total highway budget Repair & Retrofit industry stiffness and
towards maintenance of existing roads. has a huge role to play in durability also
IBMS can be set
Repair of Concrete Rehabilitation
N Repair is the process of restoring N Rehabilitation is the process of
something that is damaged or deteriorated restoring the structure to the original
or broken, to good condition. service level once it had.
N Addition of reinforcing mesh on both -
N Repair is the technical aspects of
faces of the cracked wall, holding it to
rehabilitation. It refers to the modification
the wall through spikes or bolts and
of a structure, partly or wholly, which is
then covering it suitably. Several
damaged in appearance or serviceability.
alternatives have been used.
N Removal of portions of cracked masonry N Injecting epoxy like material, which is
walls and piers and rebuilding them in strong in tension, into the cracks in
richer mortar. Use of non-shrink mortar walls, columns, beams, etc.
will be preferable.

Retrofitting Need for R3 Applications
N To modify the functionality of a structure and improve future
N Change in Use… New Loads
performance in terms of load carrying or change in failure mode
N Seismic retrofit is mainly carried out to modify existing N Construction or Design Defects… Not good!
structures to make them more resistant to seismic actions, ground
motions. N Code Changes… New Design Criteria
N Seismic & Blast Retrofit… Event Risk Management
N Damage & Deterioration...Natural and Manmade
Global Seismic Retrofit of Building using Prevention is better than cure. So, we need to avoid the
Base Isolation damages as much as possible by proper design
Seismic Retrofit of Column and good quality control during construction
Courtesy: www.theconstructor.org
Earthquake Deterioration Introduction

• A primary factor leading to extensive degradation…
Corrosion
Concrete
Reinforcing
Steel
Moisture, oxygen and Corrosion products form End result

chlorides penetrate Volume expansion occurs
Through concrete More cracking
Through cracks Corrosion propagation
Courtesy: ISIS, Canada

Embedded Rebar Corrosion
Enhance the PERIOD 1 by

monitoring and proper
4. Rs. 125X maintenance
4
3. Rs. 25X
3
2. Rs. 5X
1. Rs. 1X
2
Courtesy: Structural Inc.
FRP Bars as Reinforcement (Light weight & Non corrosive) • Deficiencies due to:
 Reinforcing Bar/ Prestressing Tendon
N Error in Design
N Missing Reinforcement
N Incorrect Reinforcing Details
N Low Concrete Strength
N Insufficient Reinforcement,
N Error in Drafting.
Extensive is research is being carried out at IIT
Hyderabad on behavior of RC elements
reinforced with FRP bars and discrete fibres

• Deficiencies due to: • Deficiencies due to:
1970 2020 1970 2020
• Updated Design Loads

• Updated design code procedures • Increase in Traffic Loads
Courtesy: ISIS, Canada Courtesy: ISIS, Canada
Introduction Outline of Presentation

Strategies to Mitigate R3
N Part 1:
REACTIVE PROACTIVE – Introduction to Need for R3
Wait for repair problems Continuous monitoring,
to identify themselves preventive maintenance N Part 2:
and then act on it and repair of infrastructure
– Condition Assessment and Causes of D3 in
Typical process to address Concrete Elements
Requirements for an
the deficiency in structure: efficient repair solution: N Part 3:
• Identify problem, analyze the • Investigation and forensics - Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process
cause and effect
• Civil/structural engineering Part 4:
• Develop repair solution N
• Implement Solution • Safe, quality contracting
– Repair of Columns with Hybrid FRP Composites and
Performance Assessment using PZT Based Sensors

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

• Specific Objectives How do we gain more value during the condition
assessment?
• Asses the existing condition of structure • Access more of the
building for the same or
• Identify the cause of deficiency & degradation mechanisms
lower costs
• Quantify the extent of damage and use it for estimating the • Choose areas of focus
current load capacity and other performance compliance more judiciously
• Evaluate the feasibility of R3 scheme • Focus on high risk areas

• Choose suitable
Typical process of condition assessment technology based on its
best features
1. Visual Inspection or other NDT 2. Field and Laboratory Testing
3. Data Analysis and Assessment 4. Discussion of repair options • Consult experts and keep Courtesy: https://www.fprimec.com
5. Final report & presentation them engaged whenever
needed

Techniques for Accessing the Buildings
Swing Stage/ Scaffold Access Industrial Rope Access Drones
Decreasing Cost
• No Indian design guidelines are available for assessment or Aerial surveys using drones can provide close visual, thermal
strengthening using FRP or external Post-tensioning inspections of high, live and difficult to reach structures & facilities.
• Association of Structural Rehabilitation (ASTR) has come up with Limitation: Inclement weather, high winds, low temperature,
the first version of guidelines for Structural Rehabilitation and restricted airspace, urban areas./ ordinances.
Retrofitting Courtesy: https://amscaf.com, http://www.energensc.com, https://www.ayresassociates.com


Benefits of using Drones for Inspection/ Assessment Load Testing of Structures
• Personnel access
• Scaffolding • Geometrically accurate data
• Work at heights • High quality photographs
• Work over water (Marin from multiple angles Good condition Sheared
structures/ off shore platforms) Bearings Bearings
Drones can be used to
• Interior confined space access the difficult areas
for assessment

Load Testing of Structures Load Testing of Structures
N Static load Test: Position loaded truck (132 tones of total load per span)
Girder
Test Span-1 Test Span-2

L-Clamp Collaborative
effort of IITH,
Prof Abhay
Draw Bambhole’s
Wire
Team and Dr
Gopal Rai of
LVDT DGC
Engineering,
Control Ltd
Unit • 15 year old bridge with a span of 18m • Deflections were only about 5mm
• IRC 112 and IRC: SP 51-1999 • Vibrations were only due to bearings
Instrumentation for Deflection Measurement • frequency was measured • Replacement of bearing and FRP strengthening
was recommened for additional loads


Load Testing of Structures Load Testing of Structures
Precast Construction
Challenges
• CPWD engineers were
(i) Deflection due to DL only ( Before Load Test)
worried about Deflection
• Design calculations were
adequate
• Requested for field
testing (ii) Deflection due to DL+SDL+LL (During Load Test)
Collaborative effort of • IS 1343 -2012, Cl. 17

IITH, and DGC  IS 15916: 2010, Building Design
Engineering, Ltd and Erection Using Prefabricated
Concrete — Code of Practice
Condition Assessment of Existing Structures NDT for Condition Assessment

Load Testing of Structures The use of noninvasive techniques to determine
the integrity of a material, component or structure
or
Quantitatively measure some characteristic of
an object.
 The maximum deflections of the slab panels

and supporting beams for the applied load i.e. Inspect or
(5.625 kN/m2 + dead load) are found to be
measure without
much below the permissible limit as per IS
456:2000. doing harm.
 Concrete overlay helped in re-distribution of

the loads and resulted in two way bending
leading to reduced deflections at service loads. Example: Rebound Hammer for Concrete Quality Assessment

NDT for Condition Assessment NDT for Condition Assessment

Six Most Common NDT Methods
Non-Destructive • Whether concrete
• Visual hardened properly and
• Liquid Penetrant gained its designed
• Magnetic strength ?
Testing
• Ultrasonic Concrete • NDT is for both old and
• Eddy Current New Structures
• X-ray
Destructive
https://www.cnde.iastate.edu/nde-education/ndt-resource-center/ https://www.cnde.iastate.edu/nde-education/ndt-resource-center/
NDT Applications NDT Applications Periodically, power plants are

shutdown for inspection.
Bridge Inspection Power Plant Inspection Inspectors feed eddy current probes
into heat exchanger tubes to check for
• Corrosion, cracking and other corrosion damage.
damage can all affect a
bridge’s performance.
Pipe with damage Probe
• Bridges usually get a visual
inspection about every 2 years Signals produced
by various
unless there is degradation. amounts of
corrosion thinning.
• Some bridges are fitted with

acoustic emission sensors that
“listen” for sounds of cracks
growing.
The magnitude of the current in a given loop is
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field,
Around 100 people died in India in 2017 due to bridge collapses the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux.
https://www.cnde.iastate.edu/nde-education/ndt-resource-center/ https://www.cnde.iastate.edu/nde-education/ndt-resource-center/

NDT for Health Assessment of Columns NDT for Health Assessment of Columns
• Concrete structural elements are • Piezoelectric materials (PZT) have special property of producing electric
liable to damages under loading. charge when subjected to mechanical strain or converting electric
Development of health monitoring excitation to mechanical strain.
systems for RCC is required.
• Smart aggregates were formed by embedding a waterproof peizoceramic
• Two types of structural health patch with wires into concrete.
monitoring systems • PZT(lead zirconium titanate) type of peizoceramic material is used due
a) Destructive techniques Northridge Earthquake, CA Kobe, Japan to high piezoelectric effect, high bandwidth.
b) Non destructive techniques
V V
• From practical point of view, PZT +
transducers based non destructive ˜_ _
techniques are very attractive because ˜

+
of its low cost, quick response, active Smart aggregates PZT patch
sensing and broad bandwidth. Column Failures in Bhuj
with embedded
PZT Patch CONVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
• An active sensing approach is used for proposed health
monitoring approach. Preparation of Smart Aggregates
20-30 mm
• A pair of SMAs are cast in concrete in which one is transmitter
20 mm
and one is receiver.
1. PZT patch 2. Soldering 3. Waterproofing 4. Pouring mortar 5. Prepared

65mm
with epoxy in the mold SMA
Active Sensing Approach

130 mm
200 mm
SA1
SA2

Calculation of damage index
Placement of Smart Aggregates in RC Column
• Sensor signal is expressed as aggregation of amplitudes.
• Sensor 1 Same Horizontal level to
actuator where m is sampling points.
Sensor 2
Sensor 3
• Sensor 2 Diagonally opposite to • Energy of a signal is correlated with E  xi2
150mm
actuator
Actuator
• Sensor 3 Vertically above the actuator • Energy vector

Sensor 1
• Actuator Aggregate to receive input

excitation signal from Function
generator • Damage index
FRP Strengthening of RC Columns Effect of Different FRP Strengthening Under Axial Compression
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

NSM strengthened Grinding of Application Application of epoxy Expulsion
column column edge of primer and Bonding of CFRP of air
HYBRID FRP
STRENGTHENING
Hybrid strengthening improved the ductility and reduced
PROCEDURE the damage index for a given load under compression.

Causes of D3 in Concrete Causes of D3 in Concrete
 Defects N Design, material and

– Design, materials, construction Construction errors (Faulty
workmanship) Prevention is better
 Damage than cure. So, we
N Deterioration from
– Overload, fire, impact, chemical spill Embedded rebar corrosion
need to avoid/ reduce
the D3 as much as
possible by proper
 Deterioration N Moisture (Shrinkage) effects
design
– Metal corrosion, erosion, freeze/thaw, N Thermal (Shrinkage) effects and good quality
control during
sulfate attack
N Load effects-blast, construction
How to effectively use NDT to assess these and earthquake, overload, fire etc
design an effective repair/ strengthening solution ?
Causes of Disintegration in Concrete Embedded Rebar Corrosion

Embedded Rebar Corrosion Measuring Chlorides – Depth & %
Cause: Chloride Penetration
oxygen, oxygen,
chlorides moisture chlorides moisture
Crack
Powder sample Core sample

• Consistent concentration of chlorides through the concrete section, indicates
• Ingress of chlorides need to be prevented. that chlorides were likely added during original construction.
• Chlorides can come from marine environment, industrial process in • Variation of chloride concentration (greater at the surface than inside the
a factory, de-icing salts and due to use of salt water during making section), the source of chlorides was most likely from an external source.

Embedded Rebar Corrosion Embedded Rebar Corrosion

Effects of Carbonation + Chlorides Where is the Steel Rebar?
low pH high pH
<10 13
or =
chlorides chlorides
• Proper evaluation of the general condition of reinforced concrete structures

requires the knowledge of depth and level of both chlorides and carbonation.
• It can take up to 20 to 30 years for structures to reach these depths and
levels; but once they do, corrosion can occur at an exponential rate.
Courtesy: www.structural.net
Disintegration Sulfur exposure (note that most Moisture Effects

of the damage is to the cement
Chemical Attack versus rebar or aggregate). Shrinkage Issues After Hardening:
Drying Shrinkage
Acid exposure.
Before Hardening- Plastic State

N This occurs from rapid water loss due to
evaporation and has a crazed appearance. It
has a similar look and cause to a mud in a pond
rapidly drying in the sun.
N Movement or settlement in formwork or
subgrade prior to hardening also create cracks

Thermal Effects Defects from Faulty Workmanship

Fire Exposure Fire Damage on RC Building
N Aggregate swells
N H2O to steam
N Chemical change
Removal of Members
without any Strengthening Improper Load Path
Courtesy:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/
Defects from Faulty Workmanship Outline of Presentation

N Part 1:
– Introduction to Need for R3
N Part 2:
Openings in Beams – Condition assessment and Causes of D3 in
Concrete Elements
N Part 3:
N Part 4:
– Strengthening Solutions using FRP Composites
Honeycombs / Voids Opening in Beams for MEP

Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process

Evaluation, Analysis, & Strategy Evaluation, Analysis, & Strategy
Repair Yes
Yes Effect Cause Condition Repair
Repair required
Condition Repair Analysis
Effect Cause required
survey Analysis
?
survey
?
Repair
Strategy
Repair
Strategy
Repair Effect
NDT Techniques can be effectively utilized for condition

assessment to design an appropriate repair solution

Evaluation, Analysis, & Strategy
Repair Yes
Evaluation error
Effect Cause Condition Repair
required
survey Analysis
?
Repair
Strategy
Cause
N Repair solution without arresting the source of the problem will

re-occur.
N NDT Techniques such as GPR and UPV can be effectively used to

understand the extent of damage area


Cause: Cause/ Effect
Leaking acid line

impact
vibration
rotation
sliding
Crack
Did cracks cause corrosion or corrosion

Corrosion
causes cracks?
Some times, damages can be interrelated to
one another and may create cumulative effect
Repair Yes Repair Yes

Effect Cause Condition Repair Condition Repair
required Effect Cause required
survey Analysis survey Analysis
? ?
Repair
Strategy
Repair Condition
required? survey
NDT Techniques such as GPR and UPV can effectively

used to quantify the damage

Effect Cause
Repair
Yes Condition Repair Existing Capacity New Demand
required
survey Analysis
?
Repair
Strategy
Repair Analysis
Balance of:
• Engineering Design  Cost of the Repair
• Material Science  Interruptions to the Operations
• Available Structural Information AND  Aesthetics
• Actual In-Situ Capacity  Safety
Outline of Presentation Different Strengthening Techniques
N Part 1:
– Introduction to the Need for R3
N Part 2:
– Condition assessment and Causes of D3 in
Concrete Elements
N Part 3:
N Part 4:
Strengthening Solutions using FRP Composites
Courtesy: www.pt-supplies.com, https://www.horseen.com, https://structuraltechnologies.com

Different Strengthening Techniques

FRP-Strengthening Applications
Primary Supplemental
Type
• Failure Probable of Strengthening • Overstress Only • Why repair with the same materials?
• FRP…NO! • No Failure
• More Expensive • FRP…yes
• Less Expensive
• Why repeat the cycle?
(b) Active
Lightweight High Strength
(a) Passive
Strengthening Strengthening Easy to install 5x steel
Active or Passive • Immediate Stress
• Additional Loads
Required to Engage Reduction and
System Engagement of FRP Materials
• Bonded to Concrete System
Loads Corrosion resistant Highly versatile

Durable structures Suit any project
FRP, Steel Plates, Enlargement
Classification of FRP Systems FRP Design Guidelines

 Wet Lay up System: Consists of Dry
Unidirectional or Multidirectional FRP
sheets impregnated and cured at site. In
thus sense it resembles Cast in Situ
Concrete.
 Precured FRP System: Consists of plates

and rods of carbon or Glass fibers which are
machine impregnated and cured in the factory Strengthening Limits
and supplied in a wide range of cross sectional
sizes.
S n ( Existing )  1.1S DL ( New)  0.7 S LL ( New)
FRP is considered only as supplemental strengthening system.
Zaheer Abbas Limit is imposed to guard against collapse of the structure due to
vandalism, or other damages

FRP-Strengthening Applications Mechanical Properties

• Longstanding reputation in automotive and aerospace industries
Type Application Fibre Dir. Schematic • Over the past 15 years, FRP materials have been increasingly
considered for civil infrastructure applications in India
Tension and/or Along long. FRP vs. Steel
Flexural side face of High Tensile Strength 2500
axis of beam N
beam 2000
Section  On average, the tensile
Stress [MPa]
CFRP
strength of FRP is 50% to 1500
Perpendicular GFRP
Side face of 300% greater than steel 1000
Shear to long. axis Steel
beam (u-wrap) Low Moduli of Elasticity 500
of beam Section
N
 With the exception of 1 2 3

Carbon rods, FRP has only Strain [%]
Confinement Around Circumferential ¼ to ¾ of the modulus of

column steel FRP costs have decreased
Section
N Linear Stress-Strain Behavior New, innovative solutions needed!
FRP Strengthening of RC Columns FRP Strengthening of RC Columns

N RC columns are important Need for Strengthening
structural elements. Failure
of RC columns can lead to
entire collapse of structure.
N Need for Strengthening of RC
columns:
1. Additional load carrying
requirements
2. Structural defects
3. Accidental loadings such as Earthquake Damaged Deterioration Strengthening of RC column
blast, fire, impact RC Column for confinement
CFRP Strengthened RC column Courtesy: www.compositesworld.com Courtesy: www.nbmcw.com Courtesy: Milliken Infrastructure Solutions
4. Durability issues
Courtesy: www.compositesworld.com
5. Seismic strengthening


FRP strengthening is very effective strengthening technique
compared to the conventional methods N Factors Influencing the Behavior of
Advantages of FRP
Strengthening
FRP-Retrofitted Columns
 Lesser Dead Weight – Column composition: existing reinforcing details
 More Durability
 Lesser Maintenance – Column geometry: circular, square or rectangular
 Improves
Performance under
– Current condition: corroded ? Any spalling?
Concrete Jacketing Steel Jacketing CFRP strengthened RC
column
Flexure, Shear and
Construction Time
– Type of loading: bending/ shear/compression dominant
Axial Loading
FRP Jacketing < Steel Jacketing < Concrete Jacketing
– Environmental conditions: exposure to fire, high
temperature
Courtesy: Total Cost
www.theconstructor.org Concrete Jacketing < FRP Jacketing < Steel Jacketing

General Concept of Confinement General Concept of Confinement
Triaxial Stresses in Core of Concrete Column

(“Concrete Design,” MacGregor, 1992)


General Concept of Confinement Column Wrapping- Rectangular
N CFRP Wrapping on Circular Columns Provides Optimum Confinement
FRP Confined Concrete Effect of Stiffness of Confining Material on Behavior
N Wrapping of Rectangular Columns Results in Inward Corner Forces -
Significant Wrap Thickness Required Between Corners to Resist Dilation
and Bar Buckling
• FRP confinement reduces as the section becomes more a non-circular one.

• Confined reduces as follows: Circular > Square > rectangular columns
No ties or spirals
Lam and Teng (2003), Constr. Build. Mater.
• Confinement reduces when b/d ratio increases for rectangular columns
Equivalent Diamater Effect of Column Shape

56.0
Circular D Deff
Shapes 49.0 Circular
Stress (MPa)
42.0
Circle Equivalent Circle 35.0
Square
28.0
Rectangular (1:2)
Rectangular h 21.0 Unconfined
and Elliptical h b
14.0
Shapes b
7.0
Rectangular Elliptical 0
2 2
b h b 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Deff    1 .5 h, b  900 mm Strain (mm/mm)
2h 2b h

Effect of Column Shape Effect of Column Size

Study Parameters: Shape Effect
N Unconfined Strength,
45 • FRP confinement reduces as Size Effect
f’co = 25 MPa 40
Circular section becomes larger in size. 35
N Number of layers (n) = 2 35 • Strength and ductility reduces 30

150x150
N Thickness of FRP layer = drastically with increase in 225x225
Stress (MPa)
30 Square (b/d =1)
0.26 mm Recatangular (b/d =2)

size for square members. 25 300x300
Stress (MPa)
25
N Percentage of steel, Recatangular (b/d =3)
• For rectangular members, the 20

ρst = 1.4 % 20
reduction is significant
N Modulus of FRP, 15 Unconfined
15 Unconfined
Circular Study Parameters:
Efrp = 113 GPa 10 Square (b/d =1)
Square_150x150
Unconfined Strength, f’co=25 MPa Square_225x225
Recatangular (b/d =2)
N Rupture strain of FRP = Recatangular (b/d =3)
N 10 Square_300x300
5
0.0115 N Number of layers, n = 2
Extensive is research is being 0 N Thickness of FRP layer =0.26 mm 5
0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100
carried out at IIT Hyderabad Percentage of steel, ρst = 1.4 %
Strain (mm/mm) N
on behavior of effect of shape 0
N Modulus of FRP, Efrp = 113 GPa 0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075
and size on hybrid FRP Cross sectional Area A = 22500 mm2
Strenghtening N Rupture strain of FRP = 0.0115 Strain (mm/mm)

Hybrid FRP Strengthening
Need for Hybrid FRP Strengthening
26% Strength
Improvement
a) External Bonding (b) Near Surface Mounting (c) Hybrid

(EB) Strengthening (NSM) Laminates Strengthening
Strengthening
EB = 2.0 %
• Significant strength • Significant strength • Significant strength fc’ = 40 MPa 26% strength
PC = 6251 kN
improvement under improvement under improvement under all EB = 1.0% improvement
No Significant
compression. Bending. P-M combinations. PEB = 6385 kN (4 layers) NSM = 1.0% without
Strength
• No strength • Marginal strength • FRP wrap prevents reduction in
PEB = 6792 kN (8 layers)
Improvement PC = 6251 kN
improvement under improvement under premature buckling of ductility
bending. Compression. NSM laminates. PHYB = 7884 kN

Need for Hybrid FRP Strengthening Need for Hybrid FRP Strengthening
RESEARCH MOTIVATION – HYBRID FRP REPAIR/STRENGHTENING --Cont. RESEARCH MOTIVATION – HYBRID FRP REPAIR/STRENGHTENING
Hybrid Technique
NSM
Strengthenin
g Improved Strength
and Stiffness
Ductile failure
Control RC Column NSM Strengthened RC Column 1. CFRP Laminates have
compressive strength of about
Hybrid 60% of its tensile strength
EB
Strengthe Strengthening 2. Elastic modulus is nearly same
ning under compression and tension.
3. CFRP Laminates can
significantly contribute to load
resistance under compression,
eccentric compression and
bending
EB Strengthened RC Column Hybrid Strengthened RC Column Chellapandian et al. (2017), Strength and ductility of innovative hybrid NSM reinforced and FRP confined short RC columns under axial
compression. Comp. Struct, 176, 205-216.
P-M Interaction Curves for Hybrid FRP Fire Resistant FRP Systems
Strengthened Columns
Experimental Axial Compression – Bending Interaction Diagram for RC
Columns
Open Research
Questions ??
1.Effect of
Slenderness
2.Effect of Size
3.Effect of Shape
4.Fire resistant Hot-
wrap or FRCM for
hybrid FRP
5.Long-term durability
Hybrid FRP Strengthening shows great potential for performance

improvement

Fire Resistant FRP Systems Fire Resistant FRP Systems

Case Study: Implementation of Hot Wrap FRCM System Case Study: Implementation of Hot Wrap FRCM System
• Strengthening of a RCC frame
supporting Coke Oven Battery
structure for its plant.
• The requirement was to enhance

the capacity of RCC Columns
Chipping Hatching Chipping out loose concrete
without changing its geometry
and to device a strengthening
system which can perform at 100
degree Celsius temperature.
• Conventional FRP system could

not be used so FRCM was
successfully applied after
conducting pilot testing program Crack Identification And Inducing High Pressure Grout
Teflon Nozzle fixing with the help of EPCO-1010

High Pressure Grouting Nitozinc Primer Application
Corrosion treatment Feovert Application Powrthrow Fixing (Corrosion Inhibitor Capsules)
Wire Brush Cleaning Brush Application Feovert Coating Caplet Drilling Hole Caplet Insertion Hole Sealing Final Appearance


APPLICATION OF FRCM SRM HOT WRAP
FRCM Application Step by Step APPLICATION OF FRCM SRM HOT WRAP
Fire Resistant FRP Systems Summary

Case Study: Implementation of Hot Wrap FRCM System  R3 Industry is growing. Repair and retrofit is a Highly inter-
Curing disciplinary field and it requires good understanding on
various aspects for successful implementation of R3 solution
 Condition assessment is necessary for successful R3. Modern
technologies like wireless sensing and drones can be used
 FRP materials have been successfully implemented into
various projects – but their long-term durability (50+ years)
required to be investigated.
 Effects of sustained stress (Creep and Fatigue) on FRP
strengthening need to be considered.
FRCM STRENGTHENED
COLUMN AFTER  Substantial amounts of useful information do exist but it is
ANTICARBONATION scattered and not easily accessible.
COATING
 Effects of environment on ambient cured FRP systems need
to be considered.

Acknowledgements and Useful Resources

• STRUCTURAL INC., USA
• IS 1311: Non Destructive Testing
• IS 13311 (PART 1) : 1992
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
• IS 13311 (PART 2) : 1992-
Rebound Hammer Test
• www.Structural.net
• www.MBrace.com
• https://www.cnde.iastate.edu/nde-
education/ndt-resource-center/
• The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
www.asnt.org
• The Collaboration for NDT
Education www.ndt-ed.org

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Recent Advances in Repari & Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure IIT Hyderabad

KHRI-IITM Webinar Series

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash N Part 4:

• The system has suffered in past years 16-may-2018

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 1

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 2

N Seismic & Blast Retrofit… Event Risk Management

N Damage & Deterioration...Natural and Manmade

Earthquake Deterioration Introduction

Moisture, oxygen and Corrosion products form End result

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 3

Enhance the PERIOD 1 by

Courtesy: Structural Inc.

N Incorrect Reinforcing Details

N Low Concrete Strength

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 4

• Updated Design Loads

Courtesy: ISIS, Canada Courtesy: ISIS, Canada

Introduction Outline of Presentation

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 5

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

• Evaluate the feasibility of R3 scheme • Focus on high risk areas

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

Swing Stage/ Scaffold Access Industrial Rope Access Drones

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 6

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

Test Span-1 Test Span-2

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 7

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures Condition Assessment of Existing Structures

Collaborative effort of • IS 1343 -2012, Cl. 17

Condition Assessment of Existing Structures NDT for Condition Assessment

 The maximum deflections of the slab panels

 Concrete overlay helped in re-distribution of

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 8

NDT for Condition Assessment NDT for Condition Assessment

NDT Applications NDT Applications Periodically, power plants are

• Some bridges are fitted with

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 9

techniques are very attractive because ˜

1. PZT patch 2. Soldering 3. Waterproofing 4. Pouring mortar 5. Prepared

with epoxy in the mold SMA

Active Sensing Approach

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 10

• Sensor 3 Vertically above the actuator • Energy vector

• Actuator Aggregate to receive input

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 11

Causes of D3 in Concrete Causes of D3 in Concrete

 Defects N Design, material and

Causes of Disintegration in Concrete Embedded Rebar Corrosion

Powder sample Core sample

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 12

Embedded Rebar Corrosion Embedded Rebar Corrosion

• Proper evaluation of the general condition of reinforced concrete structures

Disintegration Sulfur exposure (note that most Moisture Effects

Before Hardening- Plastic State

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 13

Thermal Effects Defects from Faulty Workmanship

Defects from Faulty Workmanship Outline of Presentation

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash, IIT Hyderabad 14

Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process Concrete Repair/Retrofit Process

NDT Techniques can be effectively utilized for condition