Multiplication factors for converting to equivalents of CaCO3

Ca= 40
Mg=24
Fe=56
Al=26
 Hardness Estimation by EDTA- Numerical Problems

1. Standard hard water:

Convert to Normality or Molarity
Normality = Weight in gram per Lit / Eq.weight
Molarity = Weight in gram per Lit / Molecular weight

2. Estimate EDTA strength (N or M)

Use N1V1= N2V2 Formulae

3. By using EDTA Strength (N or M), Find out hardness producing salts strength
in unknown hard water

Use N1V1=N2V2 Formulae

4. Using strength of hardness producing salt, find out the quantity of salts in
mg per liter (ppm)
Hardness producing salt strength X 50 (for N) or 100 for M)X1000 mg /L or ppm
 50 ml of sample hard water (CaCO3 :1mg per ml) requires 100 ml of EDTA for
titration. 200 ml of hard water requires 80 ml of EDTA with same strength. Total
hardness will be

1. Standard hard water:

Convert to Normality or Molarity
Normality = Weight in gram per Lit / Eq.weight
Molarity = Weight in gram per Lit / Molecular weight

1mg /mL = 1000mg/Lit = 1g per Lit

Sample Hard water CaCO3 strength = 1/100 = 0.01 M
= 1/50 = 0.02 N

2. Estimate EDTA strength (N or M)

Use N1V1= N2V2 Formulae
EDTA Volume = V1 = 100mL
Sample hard water Volume = V2 = 50 mL
Sample hard water strength = 0.01 M
EDTA strength = 0.01X50/100 = 0.005 M
= 0.02X50/100 = 0.01N
 50 ml of sample hard water (CaCO3 :1mg per ml) requires 100 ml of EDTA for
titration. 200 ml of hard water requires 80 ml of EDTA with same strength. Total
hardness will be

2. Estimate EDTA strength (N or M)

EDTA strength = 0.01X50/100 = 0.005 M
= 0.02X50/100 = 0.01N

3. By using EDTA Strength (N or M), Find out hardness producing salts strength
in unknown hard water
Use N1V1=N2V2 Formulae
200 ml Hard water requires 80 ml of 0.005M EDTA (0.0025N)
hardness producing salts strength = 80X0.005/200= 0.002M
= 80X0.01/200 = 0.004N

4. Using strength of hardness producing salt, find out the quantity of salts in
mg per liter (ppm)
Hardness producing salt strength X 50 (for N) or 100 for M)X1000 mg /L or ppm

Hardness = 0.002 (M)X100X1000 = 200 ppm

= 0.004 (N) X50X1000= 200 ppm
 Zeolite or Permutit process

X= 2-10, Y= 2-6

Natural Zeolite : non porus

Natrolite, Na2OAl3O34SiO2.2H2O

Synthetic Zeolite: Porous and possess gel

Structure. This type zeolite used for softening purpose is called permutit
Prepared by heating together china clay, faldspar and soda ash
This has higher exchange capacity per unit weight than natural zeolite
2. Zeolite or Permutit process

Hence out going

Water contains sodium salt
Ion exchange or de-ionization or
de-mineralization process
 Cation Exchange resin

Cation: Positive charged ions Na+, H+, K+, Ca2+

Cation exchange resin: Cation can be exchanged

Since anion is attached in solid (Resin)
O O
Resin S OH S O- H+
O O

O O
OH O- H+
 Cation exchange resin
Cation exchange resin: Cation can be exchanged
Since anion is attached with solid by covalent bond
O O
S O - H + + C a 2+ C l2 S O - C a 2+ + H C l
O O 2

O O
2+
O - H + + Ca Cl 2 O - C a 2+ + H C l
2

Cation Resin Regeneration

O O
S O- Ca2+ + 2HCl S O- H+ + CaCl2
O 2 O

O O
- 2+ + 2HCl
O Ca O- H+ + CaCl2
2
 Anion exchange resin

Anion: Negative charged ions Cl-, OH-,

Anion exchange resin: Anion can be exchanged

Since cation is attached in solid (Resin) by covalent bond

R
-
Resin N R OH
R
 Anion exchange resin
Anion exchange resin: Anion can be exchanged
Since cation is attached with solid (Resin)

R R
N R OH- + Cl- N R Cl- + OH-
R R

Anion Resin Regeneration

R
R
+ - N R OH- + Na+Cl-
N R Cl- + Na OH
R
R
Ion exchange or de-ionization or
de-mineralization process
Mixed Bed De-ionizer
Municipal Water Treatment
 Silent electric discharge
3O2 2O3

Silent electric discharge

O3 O2 +O