1)) (a)

( ) What is ionic strength?

g 3)) ((a)) Find component
p concentrations of 10-3 M H2X at the equilibrium
q
(b) Why are ions less active when ionic strength is high? pH. pKa1 = 4, pKa2 = 13.
(c) Sketch ionic strength vs. [BaCl2]o, and [NaCl]o. (b) If 10-5 moles of unknown acid is added to 1L 10-3 M H2X, what
additional information is needed to determine the new pH?

2) Why express high concentrations as a percentage, and low

concentrations in ppm, ppb, etc.? Express 1 ppb in % by mass.

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 1 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 2

4)) Dropp 0.5 g Mg g into 80 mL p

pH 0.05 solution. Given Cl- is the onlyy 4)) Dropp 0.5 g Mg
g into 80 mL p pH 0.05 solution. Given Cl- is the onlyy
major anion. major anion.
Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2 (g) Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2 (g)
( ) What
(a) Wh t isi the
th hydronium
h d i ion
i activity
ti it off the
th pH
H 0.05
0 05 solution?
l ti ? IIs ( )C
(c) Computet the
th equilibrium
ilib i constant.
t t Wh
Whatt can you iinfer
f ffrom thi
this
this a strong or weak acid? value?
ΔGf0((Mg)
g) = 0 kJ/mol, ΔGf0((Mgg2+) = -454.8 kJ/mol, ΔGf0((H2) = 0
kJ/mol, ΔGf0(H+) = 0 kJ/mol
(b) Estimate the concentrations of the protonated and deprotonated
f
forms off the
th acid
id before
b f reacting
ti with
ith M
Mg b
by assuming
i a
reasonable pKa value.
should be +8

(d) Explain using thermodynamic principles why/if this is a fast/slow

reaction?

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 3 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 4

4)) Dropp 0.5 g Mgg into 80 mL ppH 0.05 solution. Given Cl- is the only
y 4)) Drop p 0.5 g Mg
g into 80 mL ppH 0.05 solution. Given Cl- is the onlyy
major anion. major anion.
Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2 (g) Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2 (g)
( ) What
(e) Wh t is
i the
th pH H off the
th solution
l ti after
ft allll th
the M
Mg h
has reacted?
t d? (f) C
Compute t Gibb
Gibbs ffree energy change
h and
d show
h th
thatt more MMg
What is the resulting Mg2+ concentration (in ppm), and ionic would react if introduced. Assume PH2 is 1 atm.
strength?

(g) If you were to hold the beaker containing the solution

solution, would
your hands feel cooler or warmer after the Mg sample is dropped?
ΔHf0(Mg) = 0 kJ/mol, ΔHf0(Mg2+) = -466.9 kJ/mol, ΔHf0(H2) = 0
kJ/mol, ΔHf0(H+) = 0 kJ/mol

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 5 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 6

4)) Dropp 0.5 g Mgg into 80 mL ppH 0.05 solution. Given Cl- is the onlyy 5)) (a)
( ) What is the p
pH of 0.37 M CH3((CH))4COOK (p(pKa = 4.77)?
)
major anion. (b) What volume of 98% H2SO4 (pKa1 = -3, pKa2 = 2, density = 1.83
Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2 (g) kg/L) should be added to 1 L of 0.37 M CH3(CH)4COOK to lower
(h) Verify
V if that
th t electroneutrality
l t t lit isi satisfied
ti fi d both
b th before
b f and
d after
ft the
th the pH to 6
6.0?
0?
Mg has reacted. Sketch the corresponding equivalence bar graphs. (c) Mix 50 mL 0.74 M sorbic acid and 50 mL 10-2 M NH3 (pKb =
4.8), what would be the resulting CH3(CH)4COOH and
CH3(CH)4COO- concentrations?

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 7 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 8

 Overall performance
25th percentile = 20 Median = 25.5 75th percentile = 35 Mean = 27.2 (B-)
Interquartile range,
Smallest value IQR = 35 – 20 = 15
within 1.5×IQR
f
from 25th Max = 54 (A)
percentile 25

Largest value within 1.5×IQR

1.5 IQR
17 from 75th percentile

Count
No data point greater than 1.5×IQR from

C
75th percentile,
percentile ii.e.
e no one stood out
out.
8

0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
Quiz 1 (Raw Score)

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Discussion 9 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Statistics 10

Comparison between 2009 and 2010 Determination of letter grade

Mean of sqrt(Raw Score)
10
GROUP N Mean Standard
• N
Naturall groupings
i (A
(A, B
B, C
C, etc.)) d
determined
i d llargely
l bby K
K-means
9
Deviation
clustering.
2009 106 5.636 1.299

8
2010 110 5.123 0.983
• I decide whether the highest mark deserves an A+
A+, and whether the
lowest mark deserves an F, D, etc. The “in-betweens” are decided
Two-sample t-test with unequal variance,
QUIZ 1)

Ha: 2009 ≠ 2010 by the algorithm with an occasional dose of domain knowledge.
SQRT(Q

6
Difference in Means 0.513 Actual difference is 5.5 • Raw scores are monotonically transformed to maintain rank-order.
95% Confidence Interval 0.203, 0.824
5
T-value 3.262
This changes your raw score to a value that the NTU computer
4 DF 195 844
195.844 system can understand
understand. For instance
instance, 35 in this quiz corresponds to
3
2009 p-value 0.001
a “B”. This value is mapped to 65 so that the system knows it is a
2010 “B” and not “F”.
2
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Count Count • The same method will be applied in the final exam.
• Everyone who took this quiz “passed” with at least a “C”.

EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Statistics 11 EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Statistics 12

 Determination of letter grade
100 60

2009-10 top score: 94

ormed Score…..

90
50

80
Monotonically Transfo

40
'A+': 0%
70 'A': 3%
'A-': 3%

Raw)
'B+': 9%

Quiz 1 (R
60 'B': 18%
'B-': 17% 30
'C+': 25%
'C': 25%
50
C C+ B- B B+ A- A A+ A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 A-
20
Raw Score B
B+
K-means clustering Move to “C” B-
C
‰ Specify K groups,
groups ee.g.
g K = 10 10
C
C+
no. of students in kth D
‰ Clusters found by minimizing the D+
group
sum of squared deviation within a K Nk F
Min ∑∑ xk ,n − xk
2 0
group and summed over K groups:
group, 0 112

k =1 n =1
EN2501 (2010-11) Quiz 1 Statistics mean of kth group 13
nth individual in kth group