Question 2: Design a rectangular pad foundation

- Permanent load (Gk) = 2000kN (without self-weight)

- Variable load (Qk) = 1000 kN

- Footing cover with soil = 1.5 m

- Unit weight (γ ) = 15 kN/ m3

- Fck = 30 N/mm2

- Fyk = 500 N/mm2

- MGk=300KNm

- MQk=200 KNm

Solution (design)

 Manual calculations

a. SLS:

Qk=2000+200=2200KN THE 200KN IS THE 10% OF THE SELF WEIGHT

Design axial load for serviceability N = 1.0 Gk + 1.0 Qk = 1000 + 2200= 3200 kN

Design moment for serviceability M = 1.0 MG,k + 1.0 MQ,k = 300 + 200 = 500 kNm

NEd = (1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk) =(1.35*2000+1.5*1000) = 4200 KN

MEd = (1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk) =(1.35*300+1.5*200) = 705 KN/m

M
e= =500/3200=156mm
N

N 3200
A= = =16 m2
qall 500

- Assuming that L = 3.7 m

L 3.7
L = 1.2 B so, B = = = 2.96 m
1.25 1.25
As (provided) = 2.96 × 3.7 = 10.952 m2

L 2960
= = 493.3 mm < e (1560 mm). So, tension occurs. The bearing pressure diagram is given below
6 6

2N 2∗3200
= =425.45 kN m2
Qmax= L 3.7 ¿the qall (200 kPa). OK!
3 B( −e) 3∗2.96( −0.156)
2 2

N Ed 4200
Qg= = =418.80 kPa
B ×( L−2 e) 2.96 ×(3.7−2× 0.156)

b. ULS: (side A)

Ned 4200
Ground pressure (q) = = = 383.56 kN/ m2
A provided 10.952

- Assume column size ( 450 × 350 mm2)

Check for the bending moment:

Area of steel:

Assume h: according to ACI thickness (h) = (1.5 – 2) × column size

So, h = 2 × 450 = 900 mm

d(effective depth) = h - cover – ϕ

= 900 – 50 – 16 = 834 mm

3.7 0.45
X= - = 1.625 m
2 2

- MEd = (q ×Ac)×lever arm

1.625
= 418.80 × 3.7 ×1.625 × = 2045.90 kN.m
2

Med 2045.90 ×106

K= = = 0.022 ˂ Kball = 0.167
fck b d 2 4300 ×834 2 × 30
(Singly reinforcement footing)

Z = d (0.5 + √ 0.25−0.882× K )

= d (0.5 +√ 0.25−0.882× 0.022 ) = 0.98 d ˃ 0.95 d

So, z = 0.95 d = 0.95 × 834 = 792.3m

Med 2045.90 ×10 6

 As = = = 5936.15mm2 (required area)
0.87 fykZ 0.87 ×500 ×792.3

As 5936.15
- No. of rows = = = 29.5 ≈ 30
area of single ¯¿ ¿ 201 π ∅2 3.14 ×162
= =
4 4
30H16 (As provided = 30 × 201 = 6030 mm 2)
201mm2
Fctm
- As, min = 0.26 bd
Fyk

2
 Fctm = 0.3 (fck)^ = 2.9
3

2.9
- As, min = 0.26 × ×3700×834 = 4653.38mm2 ˂ As, required (ok)
500

 As, min ≥ 0.0013 Ld

4634mm2 ≥ 0.0013×3700×834

4634 mm2 ≥ 4011.54mm2 (ok)

- As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 × 3700 × 900

= 133200 mm2

As,max ˃ As ˃ As,min (ok)

- Check maximum and minimum spacing for crack control:

fyk ( Gk+0.3 Qk ) 500 ( 2000 ×103 +0.3 ×1000 ×10 3)

Fy = = 3 3
= 238.09N/mm2
1.15(1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk) 1.15(1.35 ×2000 ×10 +1.5 ×1000 ×10 )

- Calculate clear spacing

L−( 2× cover+n ∅ ) 3700−(2× 50+30 ×16)

Spacing = = = 107.58 mm
n−1 30−1

So, provide (30 H16 @ 107.58mm clear spacing)

 - Check for shear (one-way)

Shear force (VEd) = q×L×x

L Column
 X= - –d
2 2

5.6 4
= - – 0.834
2 2

= 0.941 m

Shear force (VEd) = 383.56 × 3.7 ×0.941= 1335.44 kN

VRd,C (Shear reinforcement) = (0.12×k× (100 ρ t×fck)(1/3)) Lwd ≥ (0.035×k(3/2) ×fck(1/2)) Lwd

200
K = (1+
√ d
) ≤ 2, d is in mm

200
= (1+
√ 834
)≤2

= 1.48 ≤ 2

Take (1.48 mm)

As provided
ρt = ≤ 0.02
Lw∗d

6030
= ≤ 0.02
3700× 834

= 0.0019 ≤ 0.02 (ok)

VRd,C (Shear reinforcement) = (0.12×k× (100 ρ t×fck)(1/3)) Lwd ≥ (0.035×k(3/2) ×fck(1/2)) Lwd

VRd,C = (0.12×1.48 × (100×0.0019×30)(1/3)) ×3700×834 ≥ (0.035×1.48 (3/2) ×30(1/2)) 3700×834

= 977.2 kN ≥ 1065 KN

Take VRd,C = 1065 kN

As VRd,C ˂VEd (so, shear reinforcement is require)

 Calculate VRd,C max = (Lw × z × V1 × Fcd) / (cot θ + tan θ )

Fck 30
V1 = 0.6 (1 - ) = 0.6 (1 - ) = 0.528 N
250 250
 fck 30
Fcd = 0.85 × = 0.85 × = 17 N/mm2
1.5 1.5

∅=21.8

VRd,C max = [(3700 × 792.3× 0.52 × 17) / (2.5 + 0.4)] × 10 -3 = 26313.2 kN

Asw
- VRd,s = × z × Fykd × cot θ
s

VRd,s = VEd = 1335.44 kN

1335.44 ×103
Asw
= 500 = 1.5
s × 792.3 ×2.5
1.15

From table by Using Euro2

Asw
=1.55 (Spacing = 250 mm)
s

H16 at 25mm

- Check for shear (tow-way):

a. Punching shear at column face

 VEd = NEd = 4200 kN

fck fck
 VRd,C = 0.5×U×d× (0.6× (1- )) ×
250 1.5

U= (2×450) + (2×350) = 1600 mm

d = 834 mm

30 30
VRd,C = 0.5×1600×834 × (0.6× (1- )) × × 10-3 = 7045.6 kN ≥ 4200 kN
250 1.5

VRd,C ≥VEd (No punching shear is require)

b. Punching shear at critical perimeter

 Area 1= π r2

90
= π (2×d)2 × ×4
360
 90
= π (2×834)2 × × 4 × 10-6
360

= 8.7 m2

 Area 2= 2d×450×2

= 2×834×450×2 × 10-6= 1.5 m2

 Area 3= 2d×350 × 2 ×10-6

= 2×834 ×350 × 2 ×10 -6 =1.16 m2

 Area 4= 0.45 ×0.35 = 0.157 m2

 ∑ A = 0.157 + 1.16 + 1.5 + 8.7 = 11.517 m 2

11.517 ˃ (3.7 × 2.96 = 10.952)

c. ULS: (side B)

- MEd = (q ×Ac)×lever arm

2.96 0.35
X= - = 1.305 m
2 2

1.305
= 383.56 × 2.96×1.305 × = 966.75 kN.m
2

- Area of steel:

 Assume h: according to ACI thickness (h) = (1.5 – 2) × column size

So, h = 2 × 450 = 900 mm

 d( effective depth) = h - cover – ϕ

= 900 – 50 – 16 = 834 mm

Med 966.75 ×106

 K= = = 0.015 ˂ Kball = 0.167
fck b d 2 30× 2960 ×834 2

(Singly reinforcement footing)

 Z = d (0.5 + √ 0.25−0.882× K )

= d (0.5 +√ 0.25−0.882× 0.015 ) = 0.98 d ˃ 0.95 d

So, z = 0.95 d = 0.95 × 834 = 792.3m

 Med 966.75 ×10 6
 As = = = 2805 mm2 (required area)
0.87 fykZ 0.87 ×500 ×792.3

Fctm
- As, min = 0.26 bd
Fyk

2
 Fctm = 0.3 (fck)^ = 2.9
3

2.9
- As, min = 0.26 × ×2960×834 = 3722.7 mm2 ˂ As, required (ok)
500

 As, min ≥ 0.0013 Ld

3722.7 mm2 ≥ 0.0013× 834×2960

3722.7 2960 mm2 ≥ 3230.9 mm2 (ok)

- As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 × 2960 × 900

π ∅2 3.14 ×162
= =
= 106560 mm2 4 4
201mm2
So, chose As, provided = As, min

As,max ˃ As ˃ As,min (ok)

As 3722.7
- No. of rows = = = 18.5≈ 19
area of single ¯¿ ¿ 201

19H16 (As provided = 19 × 201 = 3819 mm 2)

- Check maximum and minimum spacing for crack control:

fyk ( Gk+0.3 Qk ) 500 ( 2000 ×103 +0.3 ×1000 ×10 3)

Fy = = = 238.09 N/mm2
1.15(1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk) 1.15(1.35 ×2000 ×103 +1.5 ×1000 ×103 )

- Calculate clear spacing

B−(2 × cover +n ∅ ) 2960−(2× 50+19 ×16)

Spacing = = = 142 mm
n−1 19−1

provide (19 H16 @ 142mm clear spacing)

- Check for shear (one-way)

Shear force (VEd) = q*L*x

 B Column
 X= - –d
2 2

2.96 0.35
= - – 0.834
2 2

= 0.471 m

Shear force (VEd) =383.56 × 2.96 ×0.471= 534.7 kN

 Shear reinforcement VRd,C = (0.12×k× (100 ρ t×fck)(1/3)) Lwd ≥ (0.035×k(3/2) ×fck(1/2)) Lwd

200
K = (1+
√ d
) ≤ 2, d is in mm

200
= (1+
√ 834
)≤2

= 1.48 ≤ 2

Take (1.48 mm)

As provided
ρt = ≤ 0.02
Lw∗d

3819
= ≤ 0.02
2960× 834

= 0.0015 ≤ 0.02 (ok)

VRd,C = = (0.12×1.48× (100×0.015×30)(1/3)) ×2960× 834 ≥ (0.035×1.48(3/2) ×30(1/2))

= 1559.4 kN ≥ 852 KN

VRd,C ¿VEd (so,No shear reinforcement is require)

- Check for shear (tow-way):

a) Punching shear at column face

 VEd = NEd = 4200 kN

fck fck
 VRd,C = 0.5×U×d× (0.6× (1- )) ×
250 1.5

U= (2×450) + (2×350) = 1600 mm

d = 834 mm
 30 30
VRd,C = 0.5×1600×834 × (0.6× (1- )) × × 10-3 = 7045.6 kN ≥ 4200 kN
250 1.5

VRd,C ≥VEd (No punching shear is require)

b) Punching shear at critical perimeter

 Area 1= π r2

90
= π (2×d)2 × ×4
360

90
= π (2×834)2 × × 4 × 10-6
360

= 8.7 m2

 Area 2= 2d×450×2

= 2×834×450×2 × 10-6= 1.5 m2

 Area 3= 2d×350 × 2 ×10-6

= 2×834 ×350 × 2 ×10 -6 =1.16 m2

 Area 4= 0.45 ×0.35 = 0.157 m2

 ∑ A = 0.157 + 1.16 + 1.5 + 8.7 = 11.517 m 2

11.517 ˃ (3.7 × 2.96 = 10.952)