Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV -A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY

Core(Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Learning Area
Person)
Learning Delivery Modality Modular Distance Modality (Learners-Led Modality)

LESSON School Makiling Integrated School Grade Level GRADE 12

EXEMPLAR Introduction to the
Teacher Ariel G. Elauria Jr. Learning Area Human Philosophy
of the Human
Person
Teaching Date Week 2 Day 4-6 Quarter 1st
Teaching Time No. of Days 3

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standards The learner demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy.
B. Performance Standards The learner evaluate opinions.
C. Most Essential
Learning
Competencies Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and
(MELC) truth
(If available, write the
indicated MELC)

Activity 1: What other things should we consider in determining the truth? (Fallicies)
Let the students answer these questions, why people argue and how people are able to win
arguments.

Discussion: Let the students read these statements to proceed to the next activity.
In determining the truth of any statement or claim, we must be familiar with how ideas are presented.
Ideas and claims are often presented in the form of arguments, and these arguments are phrased in such
a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning.
These kinds of arguments are called fallacies. Some of these fallacies may be intentional, as the person
making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument. The following are examples of
fallacies.

Fallacy Characteristics Example

Ad hominem Attacking the person making the
argument instead of the argument
itself
appeal to force Using the threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an
argument
appeal to emotion Using the emotions such as pity
or sympathy
appeal to the popular The idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of
people accept it
appeal to the tradition The idea is acceptable because it
has been true for a long time
“Of course, he believes that the
government is flawed. He is a
rebel and a Communist!”
“If this peace agreement will not
be signed by the government,
then we will have no recourse but
to go war.”
“All these charges are baseless;
this is just plain harassment –
can’t you see how this is affecting
my family?”
“Every boy your age already has
a girlfriend, you should go and
find one!”
“Marriage should be between a
man and a woman. It has been
so for a long time in this country;

begging the question
cause-and-effect
fallacy of composition
fallacy of division
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV -A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
Assuming the thing or idea to be
proven is true; also known as
“circular argument”
Assuming a “cause-and-effect”
relationship between unrelated
events
Assuming that what is true for a
part is true for the whole
Assuming that what is true for the
whole is true for its parts
it should remain so today and in
the future.”
“I have a right to free speech,
therefore, you cannot stop me
from talking.”
“Ever since you bought that
sweater, everything has been
going wrong in your life. You
should get rid of it.”
“These case of robberies in this
district have convinced me that
the city has become a den of
thieves and criminals.”
“You come from a family of
doctors and intellectuals! Surely
you can do better in this course!”

Activity 2
Let the students watch the full video of the 2nd Pilipinas Debate, then identify any fallicies that the
speakers make in their arguments.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VAMcK8Tj5E

Activity 3 What other things should we consider in determining the truth? (Biases)
Let the students differentiate fact from opinion then give examples. List these in the table below.
Facts Opinion

Discussion: Let the students read these statements to proceed to the next activity.
One should also know the difference between fact and opinion. Facts are generally established
truths, easily verified, and do not easily change from one situation to another. Opinions, on the other hand,
are more subjective and may express certain views and beliefs. When looking at opinions, be aware of
bias or the personal views of the person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but
refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. The most common biases are
enumerated below.
Bias Characteristics Example
Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a person’s by “These soldiers who fought in the war
attribution effect his or her actions, without regard for are all bloodthirsty murderers!”
external factors or influences
Confirmation bias Tendency to look for and readily “How can I accept his view that there
accept information which fits with is no God? I am a Christian!”
one’s own beliefs or views that go
against it
Framing Focusing on a certain aspect of a “Preliminary evidences have still not
problem while ignoring other pointed out the actual cause of the
aspects plain crash, but investigators are
currently focusing on the possibility of
pilot error.”
Hindsight The tendency to see past events as “Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern was a foolhardy venture, made by an

Conflict of interest
Cultural bias
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV -A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
to historical events overconfident, careless man who
underestimated the valor of the native
Filipinos.”
A person or group is connected to “As the daughter of the accused, I
or has a vested interest in the issue believe I have the right to express my
being discussed opinion on the issue of his alleged
corrupt practices.”
Analyzing an event or issue based “I do not agree with this Western
on one’s cultural standard practices of placing aged parents in
retirement homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family members.”

Bias cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate. What is important is that the people engaging in the
discussion are aware of their personal biases and have an open but critical attitude toward other views
which conflict with their own.

Activity 4
Let the students find examples of biases from media and other sources. List these in the table below.

Bias Statement, Idea, Claim

Activity 5 Let the students answer the following questions:

1.What are some of your personal biases?

2. How do these biases affect the way you deal with other people’s views and opinions?
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV -A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY

Reflection: Let the students make an creative presentation of their answer to these question:
How important knowing about fallicies and biases in determining truth help you in your daily life
conversation with other people?

Reference:
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person by Roberto D. Abella, M. Div., D.Min