CE 8502 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - I

Structures are subjected to loads like dead loads, live loads, wind loads and rarely earthquake
loads. Analysis of forces and loads acting on structures is very important for designing the
structures. Determination of shear and bending moments at appropriate locations in the structures
is done so that adequate reinforcement or support can be given at those locations while designing
the structures .Structures under study include beams, frames etc.

LECTURE NOTES FOR CE 8502 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I

UNIT -I STRAIN ENERGY METHOD

Determination of static and kinematic indeterminacies

What is meant by static indeterminacy ? The answer is simple. When the number of unknowns is
more than the number of equilibrium equations, then we refer the structure as statically
indeterminate as the unknown forces cannot be solved using equilibrium equations alone. Degree
of kinematic indeterminacy is defined as the degrees of freedom or number of independent
displacements at a joint. We are going to analyze the forces in trusses and frames.

TRUSS

A truss is a structure where each joint is considered as a pin joint. The members of a truss are
connected in a triangular pattern. There are different types of trusses namely the plane trusses
and space trusses. Forces in inclined members have to be resolved into horizontal and vertical
components. There are so many types of trusses namely the pratt truss, howe truss etc. Trusses
are subjected to axial forces viz tension and compression.

A simple truss which is having very less members subjected to loads can be analyzed manually.
Complex trusses having a lot of members are analyzed using computer programs like
STAAD,STAAD.pro etc.

FRAMES

A frame is a structure where members are connected horizontally and vertically. The bottom
most members are connected to fixed supports. There are two main types of frames namely the
plane frames and space frames. There are six reactions at a joint in a space frame. There are
different types of frames namely the braced frames ,gable frames etc.

At this point, it is important to know the three types of support conditions:

a) Fixed support

This type of end condition is subjected to three reactions namely horizontal reaction, vertical
reaction and bending moment.
b) Roller support

This type of end condition is subjected to only vertical reaction.

c) Hinged/pinned support

This type of end condition is subjected to horizontal and vertical reaction and sometimes rotation
also.

Structures may be analyzed by :

a) Flexibility method or Force method or method of consistent deformation

b) Castigliano's theorem

c) Stiffness method or displacement method.

d) Principle of virtual work.

Flexibility method for analyzing a truss

Truss analysis by flexibility method involves the following steps:

(i) Identify the internal members.

(ii) Identify the redundant/s.

(iii) Identify the applied load.

(iv) Apply unit force along redundant.

(v) Form member flexibility matrix.

(vi) Calculate the redundants.

(vii) Calculate the internal forces.