INTRODUCTION AND

BASIC CONCEPTS
CDB 2023: PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

May Semester 2017

DR. SINTAYEHU MEKURIA HAILEGIORGIS

1
 Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic
Concepts
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Application of Heat Transfer in Process
Industries
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
 Units and Dimensions

Note: Active learning Techniques used

• Advanced Organizer
• Intermittent Discussion
• Closure Focused Discussions
2
Lesson Outcomes (LO):
At the end of this topic the students are able to:

1) Understand how thermodynamics and heat transfer

are related to each other.

2) Understand the basic mechanisms of heat transfer,

which are conduction, convection, and radiation, and
Fourier's law of heat conduction, Newton's law of
cooling, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law of radiation.

3) Identify the mechanisms of heat transfer that occur

simultaneously in practice.

3
 Reference Books:
 Cengel, A. Y. and Ghajar, J. A., Heat and Mass
Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications, 5th Ed.
McGraw Hill 2015.

 Holman, J. P. Heat Transfer, 10th Ed., McGraw Hill,

2009.

 F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S.

Lavine. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th
Ed. Wiley, 2007.

4
 Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic
Concepts
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Application of Hear Transfer in Process
Industries
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
 Units and Dimensions

5
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Class Activity
1. Write down the meaning of :
• Heat
• Thermodynamics
• Heat transfer
2. Share and discuss with your neighbour
3. Rewrite together with your neighbour if needed.
4. Share with your class.

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 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from
one system to another as a result of temperature
difference.

 Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat

transfer as a system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another.

 Heat transfer deals with the determination of the rates

of such energy transfers as well as variation of
temperature.

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 The transfer of energy as heat is always from the
higher-temperature medium to the lower-temperature
one (temperature difference).

 Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the

same temperature.

 The larger the temperature gradient/difference, the

higher the rate of heat transfer.

 Heat can be transferred in three different modes:

i) conduction,
ii) convection, and
iii)radiation

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 Thermodynamic Laws
 The first law of thermodynamics states that the rate of
energy transfer into a system is equal to the rate of increase
of the energy of that system (also known as the conservation
of energy principle: energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; it can only change forms).

 The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of

the system during a process is equal to the difference
between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving
the system during that process.

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 Energy Transfer
 Energy can be transferred to or from a given mass
by two mechanisms:
heat transfer and work.

Heat transfer rate: The amount of heat transferred per

unit time.

Heat flux: The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal
to the direction of heat transfer.

when is constant

Power: The work done per unit time (W or J/s).

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11
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
 A large number of engineering devices such as water heaters
and car radiators involve mass flow in and out of a system,
and are modeled as control volumes.

 Most control volumes are analyzed under steady operating

conditions  no change with time at a specified location.

 Mass flow rate: The amount of mass flowing through a cross

section of a flow device per unit time.
ρ = density, V = velocity,
Ac = cross-sectional area
 Volume flow rate: The volume of a fluid flowing through a pipe
or duct per unit time.

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The energy balance
in steady-flow
system is:

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 Basics of Heat Transfer
 The rate of energy transfer into a system is equal to the rate
of increase of the energy of that system (First law).

 The heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing

temperature.

 We are normally interested in how long it takes for the hot

coffee in a cup to cool to a certain temperature, which cannot
be determined from a thermodynamic analysis alone.
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 The science of thermodynamics deals with the
amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another, and
makes no reference to how long the process will take.

 Where as in engineering, we are often interested in

the rate of heat transfer.

 However, the law of thermodynamics lay the

framework for the science of heat transfer.

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 Recap
1. Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Heat
 Thermodynamics
 Heat transfer

2. Thermodynamics Laws

3. Basics of heat transfer, energy balance for steady-flow systems

• The rate of energy transfer into a system is equal to the rate of
increase of the energy of that system (First law).
• The heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature
(second Law).
• We are normally interested in how long it takes for the hot coffee in a
cup to cool to a certain temperature, which cannot be determined
from a thermodynamic analysis alone.

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 Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic
Concepts
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Application of Heat Transfer in Process
Industries
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
 Units and Dimensions

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 Applications of Heat Transfer
 Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering
systems and other aspects of life.

 The human body is constantly rejecting heat to its

surroundings.

 The heating and air-conditioning system, refrigerator or

freezer, water heater, iron and even the computer, TV.

 Heat transfer plays a major role in the design of many

devices ie., car radiators, solar collectors, various
components of chemical plants.

 Exchange of heat between two fluids is a widely used unit

operation in chemical process industries.

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19
 Heat Transfer Mechanism
 When two objects at different temperatures are
brought into contact, heat flows from the object at
the higher temperature to that at the lower
temperature.

 Heat is thermal energy in transit due to a spatial

temperature difference, flowing from high
temperature to low temperature.

 The mechanisms (modes) by which the heat may

flow are three: Conduction, Convection, and
Radiation.

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 Conduction
 Conduction is the transfer
of energy from the more
energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent
less energetic ones as a
result of interactions
between the particles.

 Conduction can take

place in solids, liquids, or
gases.

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 Fourier’s law of heat conduction: Heat
flux is proportional to the temperature
gradient.

. T 1T2 T
Q cond  kA  kA (W) Eq (1.21)
x x

 k is the thermal conductivity of the

material, which measure of the ability
of a material to conduct heat.

In heat conduction analysis, A

represents the area normal to the
direction of heat transfer.
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 Heat conduction
through a large plane The rate of heat conduction
wall of thickness x through a solid is directly
and area A. proportional to its thermal
conductivity.
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 In metals, thermal conduction is by the motion of free
electrons.

 In poor conducting solids, thermal conduction is by

the momentum transfer between vibrating molecules
or atoms.

 In liquid and gases, conduction occurs by random

motion of molecules, so called thermal collision and
diffusion.

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The mechanisms of
heat conduction in
different phases of a
substance.

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Thermal Conductivity

The rate of heat

transfer through a
unit thickness of the
material per unit
area per unit
temperature
difference
[W/m.OC).

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The range of thermal conductivity of various materials at room
temperature
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The variation of the thermal conductivity of various solids, liquids, and
gases with temperature.
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 Example 1.5: The Cost of Heat Loss
through a Roof
The roof of an electrically heated home
is 6m long, 8m wide, and 0.25m thick,
and is made of a flat layer of concrete
whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8
W/m∙K. The temperature of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the roof one
night are measured to be 15°C and 4
°C, respectively, for a period of 10
hours. Determine:
a) The rate of heat loss through the roof
that night, and
b) The cost of that heat loss to the
home owner if the cost of the electricity
is $0.08/kWh.

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 Solution
Given: k = 0.8 W/m∙K or W/m∙°C , A = 6 m x 8 m
= 48 m2, T1 = 15oC and T2 = 4oC,

Determine:
a) The rate of heat transfer
The steady rate of heat transfer through the roof
is:
. T 1T2
Q cond  kA (W) Eq (1.21)
x
. T 1T2 W (15  4) 0
C
Q cond  kA  0.8 o  48m 2   1690W
x m C 0.25m
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b) The cost of that heat loss

For 10 hours period, the amount of heat lost and it

cost:
.
Q  Qcond t  1.69kW 10h  16.9kWh

Cost = amount of energy x unit cost of energy

= 16.9 kWh x $ 0.08/kWh
= $1.35

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 Convection
 Convection refers to the flow
of heat associated with the
movement of a fluid.

 Examples: hot air from a

furnace enters a room,
transfer of heat from a hot
surface to a flowing fluid.

 The faster the fluid motion,

the greater the convection
heat transfer.
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 The convective flux is proportional to the difference
between the surface temperature and the fluid
temperature, referred as Newton’s law of cooling.
.
Qconv  hAs (Ts  T ) ( W) Eq (1.24)
.
 Where Q = heat flow rate, As = surface area of heat
transfer, h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2∙K), Ts = surface
temperature, T = temperature of the fluid

Heat transfer
from a hot
surface to air by
convection.

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Typical values of convection heat transfer coefficient
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 Natural and Forced Convection
 Forced convection: If the fluid is forced to flow over
the surface by external means such as a fan, pump,
or the wind.

 Natural (or free) convection: If the fluid motion is

caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by
density differences due to the variation of temperature
in the fluid.

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The cooling of a boiled egg by forced
and natural convection.
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 Example 1.8 : Measuring Convection
Heat Transfer Coefficient
A 2 m long, 0.3 cm diameter electrical
wire extends across a room at 15 °C.
Heat is generated in the wire as a result
of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to
be 152 °C in steady operation. Also, the
voltage drop and the electric current
through the wire are measured to be
60 V and 1.5 A, respectively.
Disregarding any heat transfer by
radiation, determine the convection heat
transfer coefficient for heat transfer
between the outer surface of the wire
and the air in the room.
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 Solution

Given: wire = 2 m long, 0.3 cm diameter, voltage

drop = 60V, 1.5 A. room temperature = 15 °C,
surface temperature of wire =152 °C.

Determine convection heat transfer coefficient, h.

When steady operating conditions are reached, the

rate of heat loss from the wire equals the rate of
heat generation in the wire as a result of resistance
heating. That is
. .
Q  Egenerated  VI  60 V  1.5 A  90 W
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The surface area of the wire is:

As  DL   (0.003m)(2m)  0.01885 m2

Newton’s law of cooling for convection heat
transfer is express as
.
Qconv  hAs (Ts  T ) ( W) Eq (1.24)

Rearrange Eq 1.24, the convection heat transfer

coefficient is determined to be:
.
Qconv 90 W W
h   34.9 2
As (Ts  T ) (0.01885 m )(152  15) C
2 o
m K

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 Radiation
 Radiation is the energy
emitted by matter in the
form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a
result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of
the atoms or molecules.
 Does not require the
presence of an intervening
medium.
 Example: energy of the sun
reaches the earth.

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 The maximum radiation flux emitted by a body at
temperature T is given by Stefan-Boltzmann law
.
Q emit ,max  AsTs
4
(W) Eq (1.25)

 where Ts is absolute temperature in kelvins, As is the

surface area σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
[σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/(m2 . K4)].

 The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum

rate is called blackbody.

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 The radiation emitted by
all real surfaces is less
than the radiation emitted
by a blackbody at the
same temperature and is
expressed as:
.
Qemit   AsTs
4
(W)
Eq (1.26)

 where ε, emissivity lies

between 0 and 1
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 When a surface of emissivity ε and surface area As at
a temperature Ts is completely enclosed by a much
larger surface at temperature Tsurr, the net rate of
radiation heat transfer between these two surfaces is:

.
Q rad   As (Ts - T
4 4
surr ) (W) Eq (1.28)

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 Example 1-9: Radiation Effect on
Thermal Comfort
Consider a person standing in
a room maintained at 22oC at
all times. The inner surface of
the walls floors, and the ceiling
of the house are observed to be
at an average temperature of
10oC in winter and 25oC in
summer. Determine the rate of
radiation heat transfer between
this person and the surrounding
surfaces if the exposed surface
area and the average outer
surface temperature of the
person are 1.4 m2 and 30oC,
respectively.
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 Solution
Given: Tsurr,winter = 10oC, Tsurr,summer = 25oC, Ts = 30oC, As
= 1.4 m2

ε = 0.95 (Table 1-6), σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 . K4

The net rates of radiation heat transfer form the body to

the surrounding walls, ceiling, and floor in winter and
summer are: (from equation 1.28)
.
Q rad,winter   As (Ts - T 4 surr )
4

 (0.95)(5.67  10 W/m  K )(1.4m )

-8 2 4 2

 [(30  273)4  (10  273) 4 ]K 4

 152 W
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 .
Q rad,summer   As (Ts - T 4 surr )
4

 (0.95)(5.67 10 W/m  K )(1.4m )

-8 2 4 2

 [(30  273) 4  (25  273) 4 ]K 4

 40.9 W

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 Recap

Applications of Heat Transfer

The mechanisms (modes) by which the heat may flow

are three:
• Conduction,
• Convection, and
• Radiation.

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 Basic heat Transfer laws and equations
1. Fourier’s law of heat conduction: Heat .
T 1T2 T
flux is proportional to the temperature Q cond  kA  kA
gradient. x x

2. Newton’s law of cooling: The

convective flux is proportional to the .
difference between the surface Q conv  hAs (Ts  T )
temperature and the fluid temperature.
3. Stefan-Boltzmann law : The maximum .
Q emit ,max  AsTs
4
radiation flux emitted by a body at
temperature T is given by
.
  AsTs
4
The radiation emitted by all real surfaces : Q emit

where ε, emissivity lies between 0 and 1

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 Simultaneous Heat Transfer
Mechanism
 Heat transfer is only by conduction in opaque (dense)
solids, but by conduction and radiation in semitransparent
solids  a solid may involve conduction and radiation but
not convection.

 A solid may involve heat transfer by convection and/or

radiation on its surfaces exposed to fluid or other surfaces.

 For examples: the outer surface of a cold piece of rock will

warm up in a warmer environment as a result of
i) heat gain by convection (from the air)
ii) radiation (from the sun or the warmer surrounding
surface)
But the inner part of the rock will warm up as this heat
transferred to the inner region of the rock by conduction.
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 Heat transfer is by conduction
and possibly by radiation in a
still fluid (no bulk fluid motion)
and by convection and radiation
in a flowing fluid.

 When deal with the heat

transfer through a fluid, we
have either conduction or
convection, but not both.

 Heat transfer through a vacuum

is by radiation only since
conduction or convection
requires the presence of
material medium.
Although there are three mechanisms of
heat transfer, a medium may involve
only two of them simultaneously.
50
 Example 1-10: Heat Loss From a
Person
Consider a person standing
in a breezy room at 20 oC.
Determine the total rate of
heat transfer from this
person if the exposed
surface area and the
average outer surface
temperature of the person
are 1.6 m2 and 29 oC,
respectively, and the
convection heat transfer
coefficient is 6 W/m2.K

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 Solution

Given: Room temperature (surrounding) = 20

oC, surface temperature of the person = 29 oC,

surface area = 1.6 m2 , convection heat transfer

coefficient = 6 W/m2.K

Determine: The total rate of heat transfer from a

person by both convection, Qconv, (Eq 1.24) and
radiation, Qrad, (Eq 1.28) to the surrounding air
and surfaces at specified temperatures.

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The rate of heat transfer through convection (Eq 1.24):
.
Q conv  hAs (Ts  T )
 (6 W/m 2  K)(1.6 m 2 )(29 - 20) o C
 86.4 W

The rate. of heat transfer through radiation (Eq 1.28):

Q rad   As (Ts - T
4 4
surr )
 (0.95)(5.67 10 W/m  K )(1.6m )
-8 2 4 2

 [(29  273) 4  (20  273) 4 ]K 4

 81.7 W
The total heat transfer from the body
= 86.4 +81.7 = 168 W
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 Example 1-11: Heat Transfer between
Two Isothermal Plates
Consider steady heat transfer
between two large parallel plates at
constant temperature of T1 = 300 K
and T2 = 200 K that are L =1 cm
apart. Assuming the surfaces to be
black (emissivity =1), determine the
rate of heat transfer between the
plates per unit surface area
assuming the gap between the
plates is
(a) filled with atmospheric air
(b) evacuated
(c) filled with urethane insulation
(d) filled with superinsulation that
has an apparent thermal
conductivity of 0.00002 W/m.K
54
 Solution
Given, T1 = 300 K,T2 = 200 K, L =Δx = 1 cm, ε = 1, A = 1m2.

(a) Filled with atmospheric air, the rates of heat transfer =

conduction, Qcond (Eq. 1.21) + radiation, Qrad (Eq. 1.28)

From Table A-15, the average thermal conductivity for air

at 250 K is 0.0219 W/m.K.
. T T W (300  200)K
Q cond  kA 1 2  0.0219 1m 2   219W
x mK 0.01m
and
.
Q rad   As (T1 - T2 )
4 4

 (1)(5.67  10-8 W/m 2  K 4 )(1m2 )  [300 4  200 4 ]K 4

 369 W
QTotal = Qcond + Qrad = 219 +369 = 588 W
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 Table A-15,pg 924

-23oC

- 23°C

56
(b) When the air space between the plates is evacuated,
there will be no conduction or convection, and the only
heat between the plates will be radiation, therefore,
QTotal = Qrad = 369 W

(c) The urethane blocks direct radiation heat transfer

between the plates. Thermal conductivity for urethane is
0.026 W/m.K (Table A-6). The rate of heat transfer:

. T 1T2 W (300  200)K

Q cond  kA  0.026 1m 
2
 260W
x mK 0.01m

QTotal = Qcond = 260 W

57
Table A-6,pg 914

58
(d) Given, apparent thermal conductivity of superinsulation,
k = 0.00002 W/m.K.

Note that the layer of the superinsulation prevent any direct

radiation
.
heat transfer between the plates
. T T
QTotal  Q cond  kA 1 2
x
W (300  200)K
 0.00002 1m 2
 0.2W
mK 0.01m

59
 Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic
Concepts
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Application of Heat Transfer in Process
Industries
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
 Units and Dimensions

60
 Units and Dimensions
 A dimension is a fundamental quantity, a property of a
physical entity.

 Base dimensions: length (L), mass (M), time (t),

temperature (T), amount of substance (n).

 Derived dimensions – dimensions of other quantities

derived from the base dimensions. Eg. M/Lt2

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 Units are scales used to quantify the dimensions in a
standard way.

 Systems of units: CGS, SI, and American Engineering

System.

 Base units are the units for the base dimensions.

 Multiple units – multiples or fractions of base units.

E.g., minutes, hours, milliseconds, all of which are
defined in terms of the base unit of time, second.

 Derived units – units for the derived dimensions. By

multiplying and dividing base or multiple units (e.g.,
cm2, ft/min, kg.m/s2).

62
 SI and CGS Systems of Units
 SI and CGS are metric systems of units.

 The base units in SI (International System of Units) are:

meter (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for
time, Kelvin (K) for temperature, and mole (mol) for the
amount of substance.

 CGS system : almost identical to SI, the difference being

that gram (g) and centimeters (cm) are used instead of
kilograms & meters as the base units of mass and length.

 SI has gained widespread use in international scientific

and engineering community.

63
 American/British Engineering System
 Base units: foot (ft) for length, pound-mass (lbm) for
mass, second (s) for time.

 Still widely used in the United States.

 The derived unit of force is pound-force (lbf), which is

defined as 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2.

 Derived Units of Force in Various Systems

64
 Units in Heat Transfer

 Q (heat flow) J/s or W

 q (heat flux) J/(s-m2) or W/m2

 k (thermal conductivity) W/m∙°C or W/m∙K

 h (heat transfer coefficient) W/m2∙°C or W/m2∙K

 σ(Stefan-Boltzmann constant) W/(m2∙K4)

65
 Summary
 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
 Application areas of heat transfer
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy balance for steady flow system and Energy transfer
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Conduction
 Fourier’s law of heat conduction
-Convection
 Newton’s law of cooling
- Radiation
 Stefan–Boltzmann law
 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
 Unit and Dimensions

66
End of Chapter

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