CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN

According to (ESI) European Scientific Institute, mobile phone can take control

over the students and affects their level of academic performances. Mobile phones can

manipulate the students’ intellectual self. It can be very distracting from more important

events in a child’s life such as studying, doing homework, or even crossing the street.

As stated by Daniel Adeboye (2016), one student stated that the mobile

technology "helps research and allows for quick and easy feedback from supervisors".

About 95% of the students agree that there will be faster communication with lecturers

and colleagues with the use of mobile devices. Still, other students speak about the ease

and comfort of having all course materials in a little device. But this technology should

and achieve its proper benefits. Technology must helping students to be more effective in

their work.

In proportion to Lineweaver (2014), Many students indicate that they know they will

perform worse academically if they text during a lecture. Texting is the distraction

between the contact of learning and teaching. Students foreshadow that their doings will

be brought by fate in what it is destined for.

Officially expressed by Patterson (2017), students who did not use mobile

technology while studying for more than two hours had an average exam score of 76.44%. Less
distraction and more focused on task will result on job well done.

Concentration and hardworking will derived to success that you deserved.

In this field, as stated by Vandana et al, (2016) showed that adolescent is more

inclined towards using mobile phones for activities than communication. The fame of the

smartphones is followed by an alarm towards the detrimental effects such as fatigue,

headache, decreased concentration and local irritation.

Another study, this time from Florida State University (2016), says that

smartphones notifications can impair our concentration, even being short in duration they

cause enough of a distraction to affect your ability to focus on a given task, decreasing

your performance by prompting task-irrelevant thoughts and mind-wandering.

As stated by the reporter Yan (2017), Today’s mobile technologies have become a

very unique and powerful influence on child and adolescent development, Its use is very

personal for children and adolescents, occurs almost anywhere and anytime.

In the research of Hanson (2016), although students want to make academics a

priority, they have a difficult time balancing their school life with their need for financial

and social support. It was found that students focus more on updating their Facebook

status than downloading their homework assignments.

Brubaker (2015), the current generation of college students has been exposed to a

technology which led them to rely on social media such as Facebook and Twitter. It has

an impact on the academic performance when students overuse or multitask while doing

their school work.

According to an Anonymous discussion (2014), the use of technology such as

internet is one of the most important factors that an influence educational performance of

students positively or adversely.

LOCAL

Rodriguez conclude in her journal (2014), Teachers learned how to use the

technology and to implement the lesson plans, with the encouragement and support of

their formally trained colleagues and school principals.

From the experience of SEAMEO INNOTECH (2014), indeed bears witness to

the boundless possibilities of integrating technology as an important component of

teaching and learning. It is important to promote teacher-development of projects or plans

where teachers can apply technology to meet particular instructional and student needs

identified within such projects and plans.

As stated by text2teach (2014), There is need for teacher involvement to produce

commitment to sustain integration of technology into teaching.

Tiglao (2014) stated that the approach to implement technology emphasizes

instructional and student needs first, then through planning, integrates technology in ways

and enhance and extend instructional and learning opportunities.

According to Trinidad (2014), It is important to remember that technology

requires administrative and community support and involvement that are critical to its

successful integration in education. Studies constantly show that the commitment and interest of
teachers and school heads is the most critical factor for successful

implementation of any school innovation, especially technology.

Pasagui (2017) stated that researchers all over the world have varies findings on

the effects of these forms of media on the academic performance of students. Those

students who used the media wisely, their academic performance improved. However,

those who failed to regulate their use of these social networking tools negatively affected

their studies which oftentimes led to their addicted use. In general, media positively

affected their academic performance. Hence, the University must implement policies and

projects designed for more easy access of the students to the Facebook network site in the

school campus.

According to Cantos (2015), Student advising is an essential component of a

successful academic experience. Academic advisors are exposed to a variety of

opportunities, enhancements, problems, and choices as technology becomes more

prevalent in university campuses.

As Rabago (2015) said, The workability of developing a mobile web – based

students an essay and speedy access through internet technology and use of mobile

phones to a range of handy and important information about their school activities,

program curriculum, enlistment and grades.

As claimed by Tanguilig (2015), An expert system was used as an intelligent

computer systems technology to support the academic advising process offers many

advantages over the traditional student advising. Student advising is an important and

time-consuming effort in academic life.In recent study, Learner characteristics such as age, previous
experience, gender,

interaction with instructors, use of technology, online communication were identifies as

contributing factors to improvement to learning.

RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN

Conforming to an anonymous researcher (2015), an increasing reliance on cellphones among young

adults and college students may signal the evolution of cell-phone

use from a habit to an addiction. Although the concept of addiction has multiple

definitions, traditionally it has been described as the repeated use of a substance despite

the negative consequences suffered by the addicted individual. In this case, students will

abandon their academic performance as well as going to school.

Relation to Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology

(JMEST) (2015), the use of the Internet has become a part of life of every student and a
mean to search for the information as and when it is needed. These days, use of mobile

phones for internet purposes has become a routine and number of mobile consumer

accessing the Internet is surpassing fixed line internet users. The Smartphone with the

capability of always connected makes it much easier for the students to avail this type of

education facility and makes the Smartphone a perfect fit device for distance learning.

Students also get an additional knowledge upon focusing on their mobile phones

searching for information. Every time that students search for the information they need,

also discovers something new.

As Patterson (2017) said, students who use mobile technology while studying in

less than two hours had an average exam score of 68.48%. Prior to the exam, students

were optimistic about their ability to multitask while studying for an exam, but the exam

scores revealed the effects of multitasking while studying.

A research was conducted by Tuckman (2015) Only 26% of students reported that
Social Networking Services (SNS) impacted positively and helped to grow in their lives

and 74% said that it had adverse impact like procrastination, lack of concentration or

distraction and poor time management.

As Grosseck et al (2015) express in their study found that the majority of students

spend significant time on Facebook more for social uses (to stay in touch with friends and

family, to share / tag photos, to engage in social activism, volunteering etc.) and less for

academic purposes, even if they take part in discussions about their assignments, lectures,

study notes or share information about research resources etc.

Also, in a study for Emily Drago (2015) she concluded that field observation

provided evidence that the rapid expansion of technology is negatively affecting face to

face communication. Majority of individuals felt the quality of their conversations

degraded in the presence of technology. Many were bothered when others are using
technology while spending time together.

Additionally, Brooks (2015) indicated that personal social media usage leads to

negative effects, both on efficiently and well-being. Social media usage may lead to

lower task performance, increased techno-stress, and lower happiness.

Akinwale (2017) stated that, The current study specifically examined changes in

students’ perceptions of learning, interest in learning and academic motivation when

incorporating mobile devices into classroom instruction. Yet, the current study found no

effect of mobile learning on higher academic achievement in this sample.

According to Alfawareh and Jusoh (2014), It was found that smartphones have

been not fully utilized by university students for learning purposes. It acknowledges

smartphone’s disruptive effects of texting on students learning.

As claimed by Nworie an Houghton (2016), the issue of unintended consequences

of technology is crucial because they can cause disruption or distraction in the classroom.
The intended use of technology in the classroom is to facilitate instructions and learning.

Students are known to use technology in the classroom to create distraction from learning

and cause disruption into classroom. There are various ways in which students use

technology in the classroom for a purpose other than the learning activity.

LOCAL

In opinion of Lorenzo (2016), The iSchools Project was implemented and

managed successfully in the recipient public high schools. It is recommended that project

monitoring should be done regularly to keep track of the progress of the project and assist

the schools in any problem related to the project.

As claimed by Sobejana (2016), In the Philippines, e-learning has been gaining

ground in the education sector with a big push from governmental efforts. This study

looked into the level of implementation of educational technology in the selected HEIs of Davao del Sur
and investigates if it correlates with academic performance of students in

Basic English.
According to Cepria, (2016), smartphone is the most commonly used device for

studying purposes. An application that has all resources they need on a single device.

According to a statistic conducted by the World Health Organization (2014) 48%

of responding Member States reported the use of mobile devices for emergency and

disaster situations and the use of mobile devices to send appointment reminders is

becoming more common among Member States in the high-income group as well; 71%

reported the existence of these initiatives.

As stated by Paulo (2017), The widespread of smartphone usage in the Philippines

have also infiltrated in the local campus of La Consolacion College Tanauan; because of

the diminished clauses concerning the bringing of phones inside the campus policy,

virtually every student can be found in possession a smartphone.

In the study of Laguador, (2014) Majority of the students enrolled in Board

programs have significantly lower GPAs while those enrolled in non-board programs

have higher possibility of encountering behavioral problems. One-third of the students

were suffering from negative health effects of computer utilization no matter how long or

short they spent time in online or offline activities.

In state of the research of Dotong, De Castro (2016) in the contemporary

classroom environments, there are still some teachers who resist and refuse to accept the

role of technology in the development of learners’ ability and there are those who never

given an opportunity to experience, the benefit it would bring due to lack of resources.

It is stated by Dolot and Prenda (2016), The iisues of digital literacy among

developing countries will continue to become subject of discussion until such time that

the initiative of ICT integration in education will be coming from the school

administration itself within the capacity of local community rather than from the national

level.
According to Alson (2016), Although Socializations informs of Facebook, Twitter

& Instagram are smartphones features often used by college students, Aid to Learning

like using it as calculator, taking down notes and online search on urgent topic about the

subject came very close. Entertainment like listening to music and taking pictures were

also very popular use of smartphones among students.

As stated by Misagal (2016), Extra features like music, video, games and camera

applications summed up to be very handy but apparently limited perspective about the

smartphones for exciting student life. It is further explored what smartphone can actually

d and taking into consideration on understanding better the type of users and how

smartphones are actually used by university students.

Proven by Gorra (2016), Issue of unintended consequences of use of technology in

classroom is important because in intended consequences can cause disruption in

classroom and negate the institutional policies regarding strategic direction and
intervention in teaching and learning process.

SYNTHESIS

The effect of the use of technology based from the literature and a related material

is when use for educational purposes provides positive results for the students. On the

other hand, previous researchers also showed that when technology is use in activities

such as gaming, entertainment, and others in related have negative effects towards the

performance of the students.