Extensive and Intensive Properties

An extensive property of a material depends upon

how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume

An intensive property of a material does not

depend upon how much matter is being
considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 1
MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY
 Learning Outcomes
1. Introduce the commonly used
measurements in chemistry(CO3)

2. The SI and English system. (CO3)

3. Convert measurements from the

metric to English systems and vice
versa using dimensional analysis (CO3)

4. Apply the rules of significant figures

and scientific notation in calculations
(CO3)
3
 Learning Outcomes

5. Use prefixes in expressing units in SI

system and convert within the metric
system (CO3)

6. Differentiate between precision and

accuracy (CO3)

4
Measurements and Units

In every measurement, a number must be followed by a

unit to have any meaning.

Observe the following examples of measurements:

Number and Unit

35 m (meter)
0.25 L (liter)
225 lb (pound)
3.4 h (hour)
 SI measurement
• Le Système international
d'unites

• is the modern form of the metric system

• is the world's most widely used system of
measurement, used in Information from U.S. Metric
both commerce and science. Association
• It comprises a coherent system of units of
measurement built on seven base units.
The Seven SI base Units
Chemistry In Action….
On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered
Mars’ atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower than planned and
was destroyed by heat.
1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N

“This is going to be the

cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction
to the metric system in
elementary school, high
school, and college science
courses till the end of
time.” 11
 Base Units vs. Derived Units
• There are 7 Base units in the SI system
Base units are independent of other units

SI Base Units
• Time – Seconds (s)
• Length – Meter (m)
• Mass – Kilogram (kg)
• Temperature – Kelvin (K)
• Amount of a substance – mole (mol)
• Electric current – Ampere (A)
• Luminous intensity – candela (cd)
Base Units vs. Derived Units
• Not all quantities can be measured with base units.

• Speed for instance is measured in meters per second

(m/s) :Note this includes two base units

• A unit derived from a combination of base units is

known as a derived unit
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3

1.7
 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

mass
density = m
volume d= V

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

1.7
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 is used to write very large or very small numbers
 the width of a human hair (0.000 008 m) is written
8 x 10-6 m
 a large number such as 4 500 000 s is written
4.5 x 106 s

16
 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer

17
 Scientific Notation
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
with the same exponent 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.70 x 104
3. The exponent, n,
remains the same
18
 Scientific Notation

Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 1.7 x 10-5

19
 Metric Prefixes
• Kilo- means 1000 of that unit
– 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)
• Centi- means 1/100 of that unit
– 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
– 1 dollar = 100 cents
• Milli- means 1/1000 of that unit
– 1 Liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
Approved Numerical Prefixes
Metric Prefixes
 Learning Check
Convert each of the following measurements
to a unit that replaces the power of ten by a
prefix

1) 2.89 x 10-3 g
2)4.3 x10 m
3

3)7.9 x 10 g
9

4)2.17 x10-6 L
 Learning Check
Use Exponential Notation to express each of
the following measurements in terms on a SI
base unit

1) 9470 cm
2)650 µs
3) 7200 Tm
4)3.17 nm
5) 6. 19 x 106mm
 Learning Check
1. 1000 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) km c) dm

2. 0.001 g = 1 ___ a) mg b) kg c) dg

3. 0.1 L = 1 ___ a) mL b) cL c) dL

4. 0.01 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) cm c) dm
Significant Figures
What is the length of this piece of wood?

• Includes all the digits with no uncertainty and one estimation

•The number of significant figures reflects the precision of a
measurement, the more significant figures the more precise
the measurement.

27
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not
significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right
of the decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at
the end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures 28
 Learning Check
• Determine the number of significant figures
in the following measurements:
(a) 478 cm
(b) 6.01 g
(c) 0.825 m
(d) 0.043 kg
(e) 1.310 × 1022 atoms
(f) 7000.0 mL
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

30
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures.
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to

3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to

2 sig figs
31
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures.

The average of three measured lengths: 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3

Because 3 is an exact number

32
SEATWORK
1. Express the number 0.000053 in scientific
notation.
2. The number 1.050 × 109 has how many
significant figures?
3. Express the answer of the following operation
using correct number of significant figures
(13.7 + 0.027) ÷ 8.221
4. Express the answer of the following operation
using correct number of significant figures
2.7 x 185,289
5. How many significant figures does the difference
218.7201 – 218.63 contain?

6. Express 7,500 nm as picometers

7. Express 3578 mm to Em
33
Practice Questions
1) Use prefix multipliers to express each measurements
without any exponents
a) 1.2 x10-9 m c) 22 x10-15 s
b) 38.8 x105 g d) 23.4 x 1013 m
c) `87.9 x10-7 L

34
The Measurement of Matter
Review....
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Use SI units — based on the metric system
Length Meter, m
Mass Kilogram, kg
Volume Liter, L
Time Seconds, s
Temperature Celsius degrees, ˚C
kelvins, K
 VOLUME
the amount of space
occupied by a given amount
of matter.
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

38
 DENSITY
Density is defined as
the amount of matter
in a given amount of
space.

d = m/V

The density of copper is

8.94 g/cm3.
DENSITY - an important and useful
physical property

Density  mass (g)

volume (cm3)

Platinum
Mercury

Aluminum

13.6 g/cm3 21.5 g/cm3 2.7 g/cm3

 Density: Practice Problem
Calculate the density of a metal sample
with a mass of 18.96 g and a volume of
4.31 cm3.

d = m/v

= 18.96 g/4.31cm3

= 4.40 g/cm3
 Density: Practice Problem
Gold is a precious metal that
is chemically unreactive.
It is used mainly in jewelry,
dentistry, and electronic
devices.

A piece of gold ingot with a

mass of 301 g has a volume of
15.6 cm3. Calculate the
density of gold.
gold ingots
 Density: Practice Problem
A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g.
It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and
0.95 mm thick. Calculate density
(g/cm3).
 Learning Check

What is the density (g/cm3) of 48 g of a

metal if the metal raises the level of water in a
graduated cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?

33 mL
25 mL
 Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin

Anders Celsius
1701-1744

Lord Kelvin
(William Thomson)
1824-1907
 Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Boiling point of
water 212 ˚F 100 ˚C 373 K

180˚F 100˚C 100 K

Freezing point 32 ˚F 0 ˚C 273 K

of water

Notice that 1 kelvin = 1 degree Celsius

Temperature Scales
A Comparison of Temperature Scales
CONVERSION

K = °C + 273.15

°C = K - 273.15

°F = ( 1.8 x °C ) + 32

°C = ( °F – 32 ) / 1.8
48
 Temperature Conversion Problems

(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that

is used in electronic circuits. A certain
solder has a melting point of 224°C. What
is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

(b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all

the elements at -452.2°F. Convert this
temperature to degrees Celsius.

(c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a

liquid at room temperature, melts at
238.9°C. Convert its melting point to
kelvins.
 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then
the problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

50
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

• The hardest part about dimensional

analysis is knowing which conversion
factors to use.

• Some are obvious, like 12 inches = 1 foot,

while others are not. Like how many feet
are in a mile.
 Conversion Factors

Fractions in which the numerator and denominator are

EQUAL quantities expressed in different units
Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Factors: 1 in. and 2.54 cm

2.54 cm 1 in.
 Learning Check

Write conversion factors that relate

each of the following pairs of units:
1. Liters and mL

2. Hours and minutes

3. Meters and kilometers

 Learning Check

• The distance from Laguna to Manila is

approximately 50 Km. Express the
distance in terms of

(a) meters
(b) centimeters
 How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Conversion factor

2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min

1 hr

cancel
By using dimensional analysis / factor-label method, the UNITS
ensure that you have the conversion right side up, and the UNITS
are calculated as well as the numbers!
 Steps to Problem Solving
1. Write down the given amount. Don’t forget the
units!
2. Multiply by a Conversion Factor.
3. Determine if the top or the bottom should be the
same unit as the given so that it will cancel.
4. Put a unit on the opposite side that will be the new
unit. If you don’t know a conversion between those
units directly, use one that you do know that is a
step toward the one you want at the end.
5. Insert the numbers on the conversion so that the
top and the bottom amounts are EQUAL, but in
different units.
6. Multiply and divide the units (Cancel).
7. If the units are not the ones you want for your
answer, make more conversions until you reach that
point.
 Learning Check

How many seconds are in 1.4 days?

Unit plan: days hr min seconds

1.4 days x 24 hr x ??
1 day
 Wait a minute!

What is wrong with the following setup?

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec

24 hr 1 hr 1 min
 English and Metric Conversions
• If you know ONE conversion for each type of
measurement, you can convert anything!
• You must memorize and use these
conversions:
– Mass: 454 grams = 1 pound
– Length: 2.54 cm = 1 inch
– Volume: 0.946 L = 1 quart
 Learning Check

An adult human has 4.65 L of blood. How many

gallons of blood is that?

Unit plan: L qt gallon

Equalities: 1 quart = 0.946 L

1 gallon = 4 quarts

Your Setup:
 CONVERSION
A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form
of sugar) is 0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in
milligrams (mg)?
(1 lb = 453.6 g.)
CONVERSION

• A Nalgene water
bottle holds 1000
cm3 of water. How
many cubic
decimeters (dm3) is
that?
What about Square and Cubic units? –

• Use the conversion factors you already know,

but when you square or cube the unit, don’t
forget to cube the number also!
• Best way: Square or cube the ENTIRE
conversion factor
• Example: Convert 4.3 mm3 to µm3

4.3 mm3
(
1x103 µm
)
3 4.3 mm3 1x109 µm3
=
1 mm 13 mm3
= 4.3x109 µm3
 • Conversion of Area
The floor area of a classroom 30 m2 .
Express the area in cm2

• Conversion of Volume
The volume of sphere is 100 cm3.
What is the volume expressed in cubic
inches?
100
cm2

Total Area : 1 m2
 Common Conversion
• 1 m = 100 cm
• 1 ft = 12 inches
• 1 inch = 2.54 cm
• 1 mL = 1 cm3
• 1000 L = 1m3
• 1 kg = 1000 g
General Problem Solving Strategy
• Identify the starting point (given
information)
• Identify the endpoint ( what you must find)
• Devise a way for getting from the starting
point to end point (conceptual plan)
More Examples

Convert 1.76 yards to cm

Known unit relationships:

1.094 yd = 1 m
1 m = 100 cm
More Examples

Calculate the displacement of a 5.70 L

automobile engine in cubic ft
Known unit relationships:

1 mL = 10-3L
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 12 inches
More Examples… Density as conversion factor

The mass of a jet fuel must be

calculated before each flight to ensure
that the jet is not too heavy to fly. A
747 is fueled with 173, 231 L of jet
fuel. If the density of the fuel is 0.768
g/cm3 , what is the mass of fuel in kg?
More Examples… Density as conversion factor

Human fat has a density of

0.918 g/cm3. How much
volume (in cubic inches in3)
is gained by a person who
gains 10.0 lbs of pure fat?

Known unit relationships:

1 in = 2.54 cm
1 kg = 2.2046 lbs
More Examples… Dealing with two units

If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per

minute, how many seconds will it take for
you to walk a distance of 8450 feet?

Given
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 min = 60 s
More Examples

What is the density of osmium

3
(22.6 g/ml) in units of kg/m ?
More Examples

Convert 50 µg/mm3 to kg/Mm3

 More Examples

How many atoms of hydrogen can be found in 5 g of

ammonia, NH3?

The three unit factors needed to do this calculation can

be derived from the following information:

1 mole of NH3 has a mass of 17.0 grams.

1 mole of NH3 contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules of
NH3.
1 molecule of NH3 has 3 atoms of hydrogen in it.
 SEATWORK 3
1) What will be the cost of gasoline for a
3,700-mile trip in a car that gets 23
miles per gallon, if the average price of
gas is $3.90 per gallon?
2) If a can of soup contains 22.0 oz
(ounces), how many grams of soup is
that? ( 1lb = 453.6 g, 1 lb= 16 oz)
3) The density of lead is 11.4 g/cm3.
Express this density in pounds per
cubic foot
80
 ASSIGNMENT
4. An excavator is preparing to dig a basement for
a new house. Part of his contract reads that he
must dispose of all the soil he removes while
digging the basement. He will dig a hole that is
40.0 feet wide by 50.0 feet long and 7.50 feet
deep. He first determine the density of soil by
getting 1.00 kg of soil, and then determines the
soil volume which is 600 cm3. The excavator
knows that his dump truck can only carry 8,000
kg of soil. How many dump-truck will it take to
haul the soil away?
81