Civil Engineering November 2020
Surveying has to do with the determination of the
relative spatial location of the points on or near the
surface of the earth. It is the art of measuring
horizontal and vertical distances between objects,
of measuring angles between lines, of determining
the direction of lines, and of establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear measurement.
Geodetic Surveying - the type of surveying
which takes into account the true shape of the
earth. Surveys employing the principles of
geodesy are of high precision and generally
extended over large areas.
Plane Surveying - the type of surveying in
which the mean surface of the earth is
considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal
shape is neglected.
Units of Measurement
•Sexagecimal units of angular measurement are
the degree, minute, and second. A plane angle
extending completely around a point equals 360
degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60
seconds.
•Centesimal units, the grad, or grade, is the angular
unit. 400 grads = 360 degrees. 1 grad = 100
centesimal minutes; 1 centesimal minute = 100
centesimal seconds.
METHODS OF SURVEYING:
•Control Survey - Made to establish the horizontal
and vertical positions of arbitrary points.
•Boundary Survey - Made to determine the length
and direction of land lines and to establish the
position of these lines on the ground.
•Topographic Survey - Made to gather data to
produce a topographic map showing the
configuration of the terrain and the location of
natural and man-made objects.
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Review Innovations Surveying 1
•Hydrographic Survey - The survey of bodies of c. If the same tape is used to set a baseline with
water made for the purpose of navigation, water length of 837.5m, determine the actual distance
supply, or sub-aqueous construction. to be laid out.
•Mining Survey - Made to control, locate and map
underground and surface works related to mining Problem 3:
operations. A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance
•Construction Survey - Made to lay out, locate and of the line and found to be 1539.28 m long. During
monitor public and private engineering works. measurement, the tape is supported at the ends
•Route Survey - Refers to those control, under a pull of 10 kg and the observed mean
topographic, and construction surveys necessary temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length
for the location and construction of highways, at 20ᵒC and a tension of 12 kg. The cross-sectional
railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines. area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear
•Photogrammetric Survey - Made to utilize the expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC. and the modulus of
principles of aerial photogrammetry, in which elasticity of steel is 2.0x106 kg/cm2. The tape weighs
measurements made on photographs are used to 1.5 kg.
determine the positions of photographed objects. a. Determine the total correction for
•Astronomical survey - generally involve imaging temperature.
or "mapping" of regions of the sky using telescopes. b. Find the total correction due to pull/tension.
c. Determine the total correction due to sag.
Problem 1: d. What is the correct length of the line?
Line AB 100 m long was paced by a surveyor four
times with the following data: 144, 145, 143, and
146. Another line CD was paced for four times
again with the following results: 893, 892, 894, and
895. Length(or Distance)
a. Find the pace factor of the surveyor. 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 =
Average No. of Paces
b. Determine the actual length of line CD.
c. If line CD was at elevation of 478 m above the
sea level and the radius of the earth is 6400 km, Error in Tape:
determine the reduced distance of line CD along
the sea level. Too Long Too Short
Measure Add Subtract
Problem 2: Layout Subtract Add
A rectangular lot having a dimension of 217.3 m by
148.5 m was measured by a 30 m tape which is Linitial
Lcorrect = Linitial ± e( )
0.04m too long. Ltape
a. What is the correct width of the lot?
b. Find the error in the area.
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Surveying 1
Tape Correction Problems for Practice: 4. A 50 m steel tape was standardized and
1. The taped distance of a line was 99.812 m using a supported throughout its whole length and found
1. Correction due to Temperature 100m steel tape weighing 2 kg at a pull of 10 kg and to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed temperature
temp of 320C. The difference in elevation between of 31.80C and a pull of 10 kg. This tape was used to
C T = L (T − To ) the end points is 45cm. The tape is exactly 100m at measure a line which was found to be 662.702 m at
a temp of 280C and standard pull of 10 kg. If the an average temperature of 24.60C using the same
coefficient of expansion of the tape is 0.0000118/0C pull. Use coefficient of expansion of 11.6 x 10 -6/0C.
α – coefficient of linear (or thermal) expansion
and the tape was supported at the ends and at 25m a. Compute the standard temperature.
– use 11.6 x 10-6/°C if not given
interval during measurement find the correct b. Compute the total temperature correction.
L – measured length/length of tape
horizontal distance of the line. c. Compute the correct length of the line.
T – temperature during measurement
Answer: 99.805m Answers: a) 28.270C; b) -0.028 m; c) 662.67 m
To – standard temperature
2. A 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a
2. Correction due to Pull
pull of 15 kg. It has also supports at 30 m and 75 m
marks. What is the total correction due to sag if the
(P − Po )L tape weighs 2.4 kg?
CP = Answer: 0.014 m
aE
P – applied pull/tension 3. In five trials of walking along a 90 m course on
Po – standard pull/tension fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey party
L – measured length/length of tape counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5 and 51.5 strides
a – cross-sectional area of tape respectively. He then started walking an unknown
E – elastic modulus of steel distance XY in four trials which were recorded as
follows: 88.5, 89, 88 and 87 strides. Determine the
3. Correction due to Sag following:
a. Pace factor of the pacer.
b. Length of line XY.
w 2L3 c. Percentage of error in the measurement if the
CS =
24P 2 taped length of XY is 150.5 meters.
Answers: a) 0.869 m/pace; b) 153.16 m; c) 1.77%
w – linear weight of tape
L – distance between supports
P – applied pull/tension

Manila FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial Cebu FB: Excel-RI CE Review Specialist Inc. Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194  (032) 268-5989 0919-822 -5048  (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998