ANTENNAS and

WAVE PROPAGATION

Solution Manual

A.R. Harish and M. Sachidananda

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur - 208 016, India

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2
Contents

1 Electromagnetic Radiation 5

2 Antenna Characteristics 19

3 Wire Antennas 45

4 Aperture Antennas 59

5 Antenna Arrays 83

6 Special Antennas 97

7 Antenna Measurements 105

8 Radio Wave Propagation 107

3
4 CONTENTS
Chapter 1

Electromagnetic Radiation

Solution 1.1 The unit vectors in spherical coordinates, viz., ar , aθ , and aφ can be
expressed in terms of ax , ay , and az as (see Example 1.7),

ar = ax sin θ cos φ + ay sin θ sin φ + az cos θ

aθ = ax cos θ cos φ + ay cos θ sin φ − az sin θ
aφ = −ax sin φ + ay cos φ

Taking the dot product of each of the unit vectors with itself,

ar · ar = sin2 θ cos2 φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ + cos2 θ = 1

aθ · aθ = cos2 θ cos2 φ + cos2 θ sin2 φ + sin2 θ = 1
aφ · aφ = sin2 φ + cos2 φ = 1

Taking the dot products with each other,

ar · aθ = sin θ cos θ cos2 φ + sin θ cos θ sin2 φ − sin θ cos θ = 0

aθ · aφ = − cos θ cos φ sin φ + cos θ sin φ cos φ = 0
ar · aφ = − sin θ cos φ sin φ + sin θ sin φ cos φ = 0

Therefore, the spherical coordinate system is orthogonal.

Solution 1.2 In rectangular coordinate system, the gradient operator is given by

dφ dφ dφ
∇φ = ax + ay + az
dx dy dz
Taking the curl of ∇φ, ¯ ¯
¯ ax ay az ¯¯
¯
¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
∇ × ∇φ = ¯¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z
¯
¯
¯ dφ dφ dφ ¯
¯ dx dy dz ¯

Expanding the determinant,

à ! à ! à !
∂ 2φ ∂2φ ∂ 2φ ∂2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
∇ × ∇φ = ax − + ay − + az − =0
∂y∂z ∂y∂z ∂x∂z ∂x∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂y

5
6 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Solution 1.3 The curl of a vector in rectangular coordinates is given by

¯ ¯
¯ ax ay az ¯¯
¯
∇ × A = ¯¯ ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯ Ax Ay Az ¯
Expanding the determinant,
à ! à ! à !
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
∇ × A = ax − + ay − + az −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Taking the divergence,
à ! à ! à !
∂ 2 Az ∂ 2 Ay ∂ 2 Ax ∂ 2 Az ∂ 2 Ay ∂ 2 Ax
∇·∇×A= − + − + − =0
∂y∂x ∂z∂x ∂y∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z

Solution 1.4 In rectangular coordinates

¯ ¯
¯ ax ay az ¯¯
¯
¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
∇ × A = ¯¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z¯
¯
¯ Ax Ay Az ¯
" # " # " #
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
∇ × A = ax − + ay − + az −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Now we can expand ∇ × ∇ × A as

∇×∇×A = ( " # " #)

∂ ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂ ∂Ax ∂Az
ax − − −
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
( " # " #)
∂ ∂Az ∂Ay ∂ ∂Ay ∂Ax
+ay − − −
∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
( " # " #)
∂ ∂Ax ∂Az ∂ ∂Az ∂Ay
+az − − −
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
( )
2 2 2 2
∂ Ay ∂ Az ∂ Ax ∂ Ax
= ax + − 2 − 2
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂ y ∂ z
( )
2 2
∂ Ax ∂ Az ∂ Ay ∂ 2 Ay
2
+ay + − 2 − 2
∂x∂y ∂y∂z ∂ x ∂ z
( )
2 2
∂ Ax ∂ Ay ∂ Az ∂ 2 Az
2
+az + − 2 − 2
∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂ x ∂ y
( )
2 2
∂ Ay ∂ Az ∂ Ax ∂ Ax ∂ 2 Ax ∂ 2 Ax
2 2
= ax + + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
( )
2 2
∂ Ax ∂ Az ∂ Ay ∂ Ay ∂ Ay ∂ 2 Ay
2 2 2
+ay + + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2
∂x∂y ∂y∂z ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
 7
( )
∂ 2 Ax ∂ 2 Ay ∂ 2 Az ∂ 2 Az ∂ 2 Az ∂ 2 Az
+az + + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2
∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂ z ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
à !
∂ ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
= ax + +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
à !
∂ ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
+ay + +
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
à !
∂ ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
+az + +
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
−ax ∇2 Ax − ay ∇2 Ay − az ∇2 Az
= ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2 A

Solution 1.5 In a source-free region the Maxwell’s equations reduce to

∇×E = −jωµH
∇×H = jω²E
∇·E = 0
∇·H = 0

Taking the curl of the first equation,

∇ × ∇ × E = −jωµ∇ × H

Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for ∇ × H
on the R.H.S from the second equation,

∇(∇ · E) − ∇2 E = −jωµ(jω²E)

Since ∇ · E = 0 and ω 2 µ² = k 2 , we get

∇2 E + k 2 E = 0

Similarly, taking and curl of the second equation,

∇ × ∇ × H = jω²∇ × E

Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for ∇ × E
on the R.H.S from the first equation,

∇(∇ · H) − ∇2 H = jω²(−jωµH)

Since ∇ · H = 0, we get
∇2 H + k 2 H = 0

Solution 1.6 From Eqns (1.31) to (1.34), we can conclude that V (r) = V0 e−jkr /r rep-
resents a wave with a velocity v = ω/k. Since both ω and k are positive numbers, the
8 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

velocity is positive. Therefore, V (r) represents a wave travelling in the positive r direction.

Solution 1.7 (a) The equiphase surface is a sphere of radius r with center at the origin.
(b) Equiphase surface is a plane x =constant.

Solution 1.8 From Eqn (1.53), we have

µ e−jkr
Az = I0 dl
4π r
Substituting into Eqn (1.57)
" #
1 ∂ µ e−jkr ∂ µ e−jkr
∇ × A = aφ (−r I0 dl sin θ) − ( I0 dl cos θ)
r ∂r 4π r ∂θ 4π r
Performing the indicated differentiation,
" #
1 µ e−jkr
∇ × A = aφ I0 dl jke−jkr sin θ + sin θ
r 4π r
1 µ e−jkr
= aφ I0 dl sin θ(jkr + 1)
r 4π r
Substituting in
1
H= ∇×A
µ
and rearranging, we get

Hr = 0
Hθ = 0
" #
I0 dl sin θ e−jkr 1
Hφ = jk 1+
4π r jkr

Solution 1.9 Substituting the expression for Hφ from Eqn (1.61) into Eqn (1.63)
" Ã ( )!
1 1 ∂ I0 dl sin θ e−jkr 1
E = 2
a r r sin θjk 1+
jω² r sin θ ∂θ 4π r jkr
à ( )!#
−jkr
∂ I0 dl sin θ e 1
−raθ r sin θjk 1+
∂r 4π r jkr
Performing the indicated differentiation,
" ( )
1 1 I0 dl e−jkr 1
E = a r r2 sin θ cos θjk 1 +
jω² r2 sin θ 4π r jkr
2
( )#
−jkr −jkr
I0 dl sin θ −jkr e e
−raθ jk −jke − jk −
4π jkr jkr2
 9

Substituting ω² = k/η and simplifying

" ( )
η I0 dl e−jkr 1
E = ar cos θjk 1+
jk 2πr r jkr
( )#
−jkr
I0 dl sin θ e 1 1
+aθ jk jk 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2

This can be written in component form as

à !
I0 dl cos θ e−jkr 1
Er = η 1+
2πr r jkr
à !
kI0 dl sin θ e−jkr 1 1
Eθ = jη 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2
Eφ = 0

Solution 1.10 From Eqn (1.53), the magnetic vector potential due to a z directed current
element is,
µ e−jkr
A = az I0 dl
4π r
where, q
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
The curl of A in rectangular coordinates is given by
à ! à ! à !
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
∇ × A = ax − + ay − + az −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Since Ax and Ay are zero,

∂Az ∂Az
∇ × A = ax − ay
∂y ∂x
Differentiating Az with respect to x,
à !
∂Az µ ∂ e−jkr
= I0 dl
∂x 4π ∂x r

We now compute
à ! à !
∂ e−jkr e−jkr ∂ q 2 e−jkr ∂ q 2
= −jk x + y2 + z2 − 2 x + y2 + z2
∂x r r ∂x r ∂x
µ ¶
e−jkr x 1
= −jk −
r r r
Similarly, Ã ! µ ¶
∂ e−jkr e−jkr y 1
= −jk −
∂y r r r r
10 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

and hence µ ¶
∂Az µ e−jkr y 1
= I0 dl −jk −
∂y 4π r r r
Therefore, the magnetic field components are,
µ ¶
1 ∂Az I0 dl e−jkr y 1
Hx = = −jk −
µ ∂y 4π r r r
−jkr µ ¶
1 ∂Az I0 dl e x 1
Hy = − =− −jk −
µ ∂x 4π r r r
Hz = 0

Using the transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates (see Appendix F),

Hr = sin θ cos φHx + sin θ sin φHy

Hθ = cos θ cos φHx + cos θ sin φHy
Hφ = − sin φHx + cos φHy

Substituting the expressions for Hx and Hy and using the relationships x = r sin θ cos φ
and y = r sin θ sin φ,
µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1
Hr = −jk − {sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ − sin θ sin φ sin θ cos φ}
4π r r
= 0
µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1
Hθ = −jk − {cos θ cos φ sin θ sin φ − cos θ sin φ sin θ cos φ}
4π r r
= 0
µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1
Hφ = −jk − (− sin φ sin θ sin φ − cos φ sin θ cos φ)
4π r Ã
r !
I0 dl sin θ e−jkr 1
= jk 1+
4π r jkr

These are the same as given by Eqns (1.59) to (1.61).

The electric field is computed using,
" Ã ! Ã ! Ã !#
1 1 ∂Hz ∂Hy ∂Hx ∂Hz ∂Hy ∂Hx
E= ∇×H= ax − + ay − + az −
jω² jω² ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Since Hz = 0, " Ã !#
1 ∂Hy ∂Hx ∂Hy ∂Hx
E= −ax + ay + az −
jω² ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y
We now compute the partial derivates of Hx and Hy with respect to x, y, and z.
"µ ¶ µ ¶ Ã ! µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hx I0 dl y 1 ∂ e−jkr e−jkr y ∂ 1
= −jk − + −jk −
∂y 4π r r ∂y r r r ∂y r
à ! µ ¶#
−jkr µ ¶
e 1 ∂ y
+ −jk −
r r ∂y r
 11
"µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶µ ¶
∂Hx I0 dl y 1 e−jkr 1 y
= −jk − −jk −
∂y 4π r r r r r
µ ¶ Ã ! ¶#
−jkr −jkr 2 µ
e y y e 1 y 1
+ + − −jk −
r r r3 r r r3 r
Similarly,
" µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hy I0 dl e−jkr 1 xx 1
= − −jk − −jk −
∂x 4π r r rr r
µ ¶ Ã !µ ¶#
e−jkr x x e−jkr 1 x2 1
+ + − 3 −jk −
r r r3 r r r r

Using x2 + y 2 = (r sin θ cos φ)2 + (r sin θ sin φ)2 = r2 sin2 θ, we can write
à ! "µ ¶
∂Hy ∂Hx I0 dl e−jkr 1 2 2
− = − jk + sin θ
∂x ∂y 4π r r
µ ¶Ã ! #
1 2 sin2 θ sin2 θ
+ −jk − − + 2
r r r r
Further, we can write the derivatives of Hx and Hy with respect to z as
" µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hx I0 dl e−jkr 1 zy 1
= −jk − −jk −
∂z 4π r r rr r
µ ¶ µ ¶#
e−jkr yz 1 e−jkr y z
− −jk − +
r r3 r r r r3
" µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hy I0 dl e−jkr 1 zx 1
= − −jk − −jk −
∂z 4π r r rr r
−jkr µ ¶ −jkr µ ¶#
e xz 1 e x z
− 3
−jk − +
r r r r r r3
which can be written as,
" µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hx I0 dl e−jkr 1 1
= −jk − cos θ sin θ sin φ −jk −
∂z 4π r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
−jkr −jkr
e 1 1 e cos θ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ sin φ
r r r r r2
" µ ¶ µ ¶
∂Hy I0 dl e−jkr 1 1
= − −jk − cos θ sin θ cos φ −jk −
∂z 4π r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
−jkr −jkr
e 1 1 e cos θ
− sin θ cos φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ cos φ
r r r r r2
The electric field is given by
" Ã !#
1 ∂Hy ∂Hx ∂Hy ∂Hx
E = −ax + ay + az −
jω² ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y
12 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
( " µ ¶ µ ¶
I0 dl 1 e−jkr 1 1
= ax −jk − cos θ sin θ cos φ −jk −
4π jω² r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
−jkr −jkr
e 1 1 e cos θ
− sin θ cos φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ cos φ
r r r r r2
" µ ¶ µ ¶
e−jkr 1 1
+ay −jk − cos θ sin θ sin φ −jk −
r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
−jkr −jkr
e 1 1 e cos θ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ sin φ
r r r r r2
"µ ¶
e−jkr 1 2 2
−az jk + sin θ
r r
µ ¶Ã ! #)
1 2 sin2 θ sin2 θ
+ −jk − − + 2
r r r r
The components of the electric field in spherical coordinates can be written as
Er = sin θ cos φEx + sin θ sin φEy + cos θEz
Eθ = cos θ cos φEx + cos θ sin φEy − sin θEz
Eφ = − sin φEx + cos φEy
Substituting the expressions for Ex , Ey and Ez , and simplifying
½ ·µ ¶ µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1 1
Er = sin θ cos φ −jk − cos θ sin θ cos φ −jk −
4πjω² r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ cos φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ cos φ
r r r2
·µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
+ sin θ sin φ −jk − cos θ sin θ sin φ −jk −
r Ã
r !#
µ ¶
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ sin φ
r r r2
"µ ¶
1 2 2
− cos θ jk + sin θ
r
µ ¶Ã ! #)
1 2 sin2 θ sin2 θ
+ −jk − − + 2
r r r r
(
−jkr µ ¶2 µ ¶
I0 dl e 1 1 1 1
= jk + sin2 θ cos θ + jk + sin2 θ cos θ + 2 sin2 θ cos θ
4πjω² r r r r r
µ ¶2 µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 1 1 1
− jk + sin2 θ cos θ + jk + cos θ − jk + sin2 θ cos θ
r r r r r
¾
1
− 2 sin2 θ cos θ
r à !
I0 dl k e−jkr 1 1
= 1+ cos θ
2π ω² r jkr r
à !
I0 dl cos θ e−jkr 1
= η 1+
2πr r jkr
 13

½ ·µ ¶ µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1 1
Eθ = cos θ cos φ −jk − cos θ sin θ cos φ −jk −
4πjω² r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ cos φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ cos φ
r r r2
·µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
+ cos θ sin φ −jk − cos θ sin θ sin φ −jk −
r Ã
r!#
µ ¶
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ sin φ
r r r2
"µ ¶
1 2 2
+ sin θ jk + sin θ
r
µ ¶Ã ! #)
1 2 sin2 θ sin2 θ
+ −jk − − + 2
r r r r
(
−jkr µ ¶2 µ ¶
I0 dl e 1 1 1 1
= jk + cos2 θ sin θ + jk + cos2 θ sin θ + 2 cos2 θ sin θ
4πjω² r r r r r
µ ¶2 µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 1 1 1
+ jk + sin3 θ − jk + sin θ + jk + sin3 θ
r r r r r
¾
1 3
+ 2 sin θ
r "µ #
¶ µ ¶ µ ¶µ ¶
I0 dl sin θ 1 e−jkr 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
= jk + + jk + − jk + + 2
4π jω² r r r r r r r
" ¶#
−jkr µ ¶2 µ
I0 dl sin θ 1 e 1 1 1 1
= jk + − + jk +
4π jω² r r r r r
" #
I0 dl sin θ 1 e−jkr jk 1
= (jk)2 + + 2
4π jω² r r r
" #
−jkr
I0 dl sin θ e 1 1
= jη 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2

½ ·µ ¶ µ ¶
I0 dl e−jkr 1 1
Eφ = − sin φ −jk − cos θ sin θ cos φ −jk −
4πjω² r r r
µ ¶ Ã !#
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ cos φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ cos φ
r r r2
·µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
+ cos φ −jk − cos θ sin θ sin φ −jk −
r Ã
r !#)
µ ¶
1 1 cos θ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ −jk − + sin θ sin φ
r r r2
= 0

These are the expressions for the components of the electric field in spherical coordinate
system as given by Eqns (1.64)-(1.66).
14 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Solution 1.11 Substituting ω = 2πf and f = v/λ,

v
ωµ = 2π µ
λ
√
Using k = 2π/λ, and v = 1/ µ², we get
r
1 µ
ωµ = k √ µ = k = kη
µ² ²

Solution 1.12 The electric and magnetic fields in the far-field region of a Hertzian dipole
can be written as
e−jkr
Eθ = E0 sin θ
r
E0 e−jkr
Hφ = sin θ
η r
where E0 is a complex constant. Taking the curl of the electric field,
¯ ¯
¯ ar raθ r sin θaφ ¯¯
1 ¯¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
∇×E= 2 ¯ ∂r ∂θ ∂φ ¯
r sin θ ¯¯ −jkr ¯
¯
0 rE0 sin θ e r
0
Since the electric field is independent of φ, differentiation with respect to φ yields a zero.
Thus, the determinant can be expanded to get,
( )
1 ∂
∇×E= 2 r sin θaφ (E0 sin θe−jkr )
r sin θ ∂r
Differentiating with respect r,
e−jkr
∇ × E = −aφ jE0 k sin θ
r
ωµ e−jkr
= −jaφ E0 sin θ
η r
" #
E0 e−jkr
= −jωµ aφ sin θ
η r
= −jωµH
Similarly,
¯ ¯
¯ ar raθ r sin θaφ ¯
¯ ¯
1 ¯¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
¯
∇×H =
r2 sin θ ¯¯ ¯
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
−jkr ¯
¯ 0 0 r sin θ Eη0 sin θ e r
¯
−jkr
1 E0 e 1 E0
= ar r 2 sin θ cos θ − 2 raθ sin2 θ(−jk)e−jkr
r2
sin θ η r r sin θ η
E0 e−jkr E0 e−jkr
= ar 2 cos θ 2 + aθ j sin θk
η r η r
 15

At large distances, we can ignore the term containing 1/r2 and using the relationship
k/η = ω², we can write
( )
e−jkr
∇ × H = jω² aθ E0 sin θ
r
= jω²E

Solution 1.13 Assuming far field condition, from Eqn (1.69),

kI0 dl sin θ e−jkr

Eθ = jη
4π r
kI0 dl sin θ
|Eθ | = η
4πr
In the x-y plane θ = 90◦ . Substituting dl= 1 m, I0 = 10 A, f =1 MHz which corresponds
to λ = 300 m, and k = 2π/λ = 2π/300 and η = 376.73Ω we get
2π 1 6.279
|Eθ | = 376.73 × × 10 × 1 × 1 × = = 1 × 10−3
300 4πr r
Therefore, we get
r=6279 m

Solution 1.14 The magnetic vector potential for a y directed Hertzian dipole is given by

µ0 e−jkr
A = ay I0 dl
4π r
Expressing ay is spherical coordinates,

µ0 e−jkr
A= I0 dl (ar sin θ sin φ + aθ cos θ sin φ + aφ cos φ)
4π r
The magnetic field is given by
¯ ¯
¯ ar raθ r sin θaφ ¯¯
1 1 1 ¯¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
H = ∇×A= ¯ ∂r ∂θ ∂φ ¯
µ µ r2 sin θ ¯¯ ¯
Ar rAθ r sin θAφ ¯
( " Ã ! Ã !#
1 I0 dl ∂ e−jkr ∂ e−jkr
= 2 ar r sin θ cos φ − r cos θ sin φ
r sin θ 4π ∂θ r ∂φ r
" Ã ! Ã !#
−jkr −jkr
∂ e ∂ e
−raθ r sin θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
∂r r ∂φ r
" Ã ! Ã !#)
−jkr
∂ e ∂ e−jkr
+r sin θaφ r cos θ sin φ − sin θ sin φ
∂r r ∂θ r
( " #
−jkr −jkr
1 I0 dl e e
= 2 ar r cos θ cos φ − r cos θ cos φ
r sin θ 4π r r
16 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
" #
e−jkr e−jkr
−raθ −jkr sin θ cos φ − sin θ cos φ
r r
" #)
−jkr
e e−jkr
+r sin θaφ −jkr cos θ sin φ − cos θ sin φ
r r
I0 dl e−jkr
= {aθ cos φ(jkr + 1) − aφ cos θ sin φ(jkr + 1)}
4πr r à ! à !
jkI0 dl e−jkr 1 jkI0 dl e−jkr 1
= aθ cos φ 1+ − aφ cos θ sin φ 1+
4π r jkr 4π r jkr
The electric field is given by,
¯ ¯
¯ ar raθ r sin θaφ ¯¯
1 1 1 ¯¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
E = ∇×H= ¯ ∂r ∂θ ∂φ ¯
jω² jω² r2 sin θ ¯¯ ¯
0 rHθ r sin θHφ ¯
jkI0 dl 1 1
= 2
4π jω² r sin θ
( " Ã Ã !! Ã Ã !!#
∂ e−jkr 1 ∂ e−jkr 1
ar −r sin θ cos θ sin φ 1+ − r cos φ 1+
∂θ r jkr ∂φ r jkr
" Ã !#
−jkr
∂ e 1
−raθ −r sin θ cos θ sin φ 1+
∂r r jkr
" Ã !#)
−jkr
∂ e 1
+r sin θaφ r cos φ 1+
∂r r jkr
k I0 dl 1
= 2
ω² 4π
( " r sin θ Ã ! Ã !#
2 e−jkr 1 e−jkr 1
ar −r cos θ sin φ 1+ + r sin φ 1+
r jkr r jkr
" ( Ã ! Ã !)#
−jkr 1 −jkr −1
+raθ sin θ cos θ sin φ −jke 1+ +e
jkr jkr2
" Ã ! Ã !#)
1 −1
+ r sin θaφ −jke−jkr 1 + + e−jkr
jkr jkr2
The components of the electric field are,
à !
−jkr
I0 dl 1 2 e 1
Er = η 2
r sin φ sin θ 1+
4π r sin θ r jkr
à !
−jkr
I0 dl e 1
= η sin θ sin φ 1+
4πr r jkr
" #
I0 dl −jk −jkr 1 1
Eθ = η r sin θ cos θ sin φe 1+ −
4π r2 sin θ jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl e−jkr 1 1
= −η cos θ sin φ 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl e−jkr 1 1
Eφ = −η cos φ 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2
 17

Solution 1.15 The electric field, Ez at (0, 100, 0) is the same as −Eθ (r = 100, θ = π2 , φ =
π
2
), and from Eqn (1.65)
" #
kI0 dl e−jkr 1 1
Eθ = jη 1+ −
4π r jkr (kr)2

Comparing i(t) = 2 cos(6π × 106 t) with i(t) = I0 cos(ωt) we get, I0 = 2 A, ω = 6π × 106

6
and k = ωv = 6π×10
3×108
= 0.0628 rad/m. From the data given in the problem, we have
dl = 0.5 m and r = 100 m. Therefore,

0.0628 × 2 × 0.5 e−j0.0628×100

Eθ = j376.73
à 4π 100 !
1 1
× 1+ −
j0.0628 × 100 (0.0628 × 100)2
1 1
= j0.0188e−j6.28 (1 + −
j6.28 39.438
= j 0.0188(0.9746 − j0.1592)
= j0.0188 × 0.98756 − 9.28◦
Eθ = 0.018566 80.72◦ V/m

Since az Ez |θ=90◦ = −aθ Eθ ,

Ez = +0.018566 (80.72◦ − 180◦ ) = 0.018566 − 99.3◦ V/m

If the dipole is oriented along x direction, the field also gets oriented along the x
direction. Therefore,
Ex = 0.018566 − 99.3◦ V/m
18 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION