CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Statistics is widely used in many areas such as agriculture, education, business, medical,
engineering, administration, sciences and information technology. Statistics deals with
making decisions on the basis of empirical data. The proper usage of statistical technique
will enable the decision maker to extract useful conclusion from a set of data.

Statistics is a science of collecting, simplifying and describing data as well as making

inferences (drawing conclusion) based on the analysis of data. It is a systematic study of
identifying patterns in a data set, measuring, displaying, summarizing and modelling in order
to gain new knowledge.

Background of study

For this project, we were required to submit a data. The data that have been submitted is the
data temperature versus heart rate and were accepted and the report can be proceed. The
data is to study about temperature and heart rate. Whole body immersion (WI) is one of the
oldest therapeutic concepts of medicine and still constitutes a significant role in the area of
CAM as well as in rehabilitation facilities. Medical baths have strong effects on the
cardiovascular regulation and the autonomic nervous system, mainly mediated by buoyancy,
hydrostatic pressure and water temperature. However, scientific literature with respect to this
medical practice is limited. In particular, little is known about the effects of different water
temperatures on heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and body core temperature.

The result of the study taken as a secondary data because

data are obtained from the internet. The type of variable is continuous quantitative variable
and types of scale is interval scale.

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 Temperature (°C) Heart Rate (bpm)
25 104
23 124
10 88
23 100
25 124
27 144
29 148
31 152
33 156
35 164
Table 1: Table of temperature vs. heart rate

Objectives

1. To describe the information of descriptive statistic for the temperature of

surrounding and heart rate.
2. To determine the relationship between the temperature of surrounding and heart
rate.
3. To investigate the strengthness of the relationship between temperature of
surrounding and heart rate.
4. To find the simple linear regression equation of temperature of surrounding and
heart rate.
5. To estimate the heart rate when the temperature of surrounding is already
known.

Significance of Study
The study of temperature versus heart rate can be a learning paradigm in the secondary
level and university level to enhance the students’ knowledge. From the data, we learn about
how the temperature effect heart rate. Some descriptive statistics of each (X, Y) is presented
via descriptive statistics. For the data in table 1, X is the temperature in degree Celsius and
Y is heart rate in beat per minute (bpm).The mean for temperature in table 1 is 26.10 and for
heart rate is 130.40. Using a scatter plot, we can see the relationship of temperature versus
heart rate.

Limitation Of Study

Time constraint is one of the limitation of the study.Because of the time constraint,there is
not enough time to collect the data and or performed the experiment.Hence this study used

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secondary data collected from other source.The two weeks given to finish this study was not
enough to conduct primary data.

CHAPTER 2

Description of Data

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“Descriptive Statistic is a study that deals with a set of procedures of collecting, summarizing
and presenting data in a convenient and informative way. It uses graphical technique such
as charts, graphs and tables to present data, and numerical calculations such as averages
and percentages to summarize the data.” – Statistic and Probability Edition 2018

“Inferential Statistics is a study that deals with making a decision or arriving at a conclusion
about the population of interest based on the properties obtained from a sample. It focuses
on technique used to draw conclusions about a population from sample data.” – Statistic and
Probability Edition 2018. For example, to measure the diameter of each nail that is
manufactured in a mill is impractical. You can measure the diameters of a representative
random sample of nails. You can use the information from the sample to make
generalizations about the diameters of all of the nails

The data that we used for this project is the effect of temperature on the heart rate. The table
shows set of data obtained from the experiment at different temperature and the heart rate
that was affected by it.

Graphical Technique

Graphical methods are typically used with quantitative statistical evaluations. Graphical
methods provide information that may not be otherwise apparent from quantitative statistical
evaluations, so it is a good practice to evaluate data using these methods prior to performing
statistical evaluations. Graphical technique that used in this project is tables and graph to
present the data. The data obtained is tabulated and a graph is plotted. Graph used in this
project is scatter plot.

“Scatter plot is a first step in describing relationship between dependent (Y) and independent
(X) variables. The purpose is to illustrate diagrammatically any relationship that may occur
between the X and Y.” –Statistic and Probability

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Numerical Technique

There are many ways in Numerical Technique to describe the data. For example:

 Mean: “Mean is the average of a set of measurement” –Statistic and Probability

Data for mean is obtained by adding all the data and divided by the number of the data.

 Median: “Median is the value that exactly in the middle position of the list when the
data values are ranked (ascending or descending)” – Statistic and Probability

Data for median is obtained by arranged the data in ascending or descending order and take
the middle data. If the data is even the two middle data is added and divided by two.

 Mode: “The observation that occurs most often or has the largest frequency in a data
set” – Statistic and Probability

Data for mode were obtain by looking for the largest number in the frequency table or for
ungrouped data is when the number repeated the most. The mode is a way of expressing, in
a (usually) single number, important information about a random variable or a population.

 Skewness: A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-

valued random variable about its mean. The skewness value can be positive or
negative, or undefined.

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Skewness can be calculated using mode, median and mean. If positive value it is skewed to
the right. If the data is negative, it is skewed to the left. If the data is equal to zero, it is
symmetry.

Negative skew: The left tail is longer; the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the right
of the figure. The distribution is said to be left-skewed or skewed to the left, despite the fact
that the curve itself appears to be skewed or leaning to the right; left instead refers to the left
tail being drawn out and, often, the mean being skewed to the left of a typical center of the
data. A left-skewed distribution usually appears as a right-leaning curve.

Positive skew: The right tail is longer; the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left
of the figure. The distribution is said to be right-skewed or skewed to the right, despite the
fact that the curve itself appears to be skewed or leaning to the left; right instead refers to the
right tail being drawn out and, often, the mean being skewed to the right of a typical center of
the data. A right-skewed distribution usually appears as a left-leaning curve.

 Correlation: “The strength or the degree of relationship between variables is

measured using a coefficient of correlation, r.” – Statistic and Probability

Correlation is any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence, though

in common usage it most often refers to how close two variables are to having a linear
relationship with each other. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the
correlation between the physical statures of parents and their offspring, and the correlation
between the demand for a limited supply product and its price.

 Regression: “The relationship between Y and X is determined and expressed in a

simple mathematical linear equation Y= a+bx

Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among
variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when
the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent
variables (or 'predictors'). More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how
the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'criterion variable') changes when any one of
the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed.

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CHAPTER 3
Data Presentation

Scatterplot of Heart Rate (bpm) vs Temperature

180

160

140
Heart Rate (bpm)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature

Figure 3.1.1: Scatter plot of Heart Rate versus Temperature

The diagram above show the relationship between the heart rate versus temperature. The
plot shows that, the heart rate tend to increase as the temperature increase. Therefore, there
exist positive linear relationship between these two variables.

Descriptive Statistics Analysis

Table 3.2.1: Descriptive Statistics: temperature, heart rate

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Variance CoefVar Minimum Q1

temperature 10 0 26.10 2.21 7.00 48.99 26.82 10.00 23.00
heart rate 10 0 130.40 8.33 26.34 694.04 20.20 88.00 103.00

N for
Variable Median Q3 Maximum Range IQR Mode Mode Skewness

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temperature 26.00 31.50 35.00 25.00 8.50 23, 25 2 -1.24
heart rate 134.00 153.00 164.00 76.00 50.00 124 2 -0.38

Table 3.2.1 shows data of descriptive statistics about heart rate and temperature. The
average of temperature is 26.10 °C, while heart rate is 130.40bpm. Besides, 50% of
temperature is less than 26°C while other 50% is more than 26 °C. 50% of heart rate is less
than 134bpm while another 50% is more than 134bpm. Moreover, the range of temperature
is 25°C while heart rate is 76bpm. Then, majority of temperature is 23°C and 24°C while
heart rate is 124bpm. The skewness of heart rate is -1.24 which is the graph is skewed to
the left, while skewness of temperature is -0.38 which is skewed to the left too.

Correlation and Regression Analysis

Table 3.3.1: Regression Analysis: Heart Rate versus Temperature 

The regression equation is

Heart Rate = 42.9 + 3.35 Temperature

Predictor      Coef  SE Coef     T      P

Constant      42.93    16.32  2.63  0.030
Temperature  3.3513   0.6058  5.53  0.001

S = 12.7205   R-Sq = 79.3%   R-Sq(adj) = 76.7%

Analysis of Variance

Source          DF      SS      MS      F      P

Regression       1  4951.9  4951.9  30.60  0.001
Residual Error   8  1294.5   161.8
Total            9  6246.4

Table 3.3.1 shows the data of regression analysis between heart rate and
temperature. The independent variable is temperature, while the dependent variable is heart
rate. Therefore, the regression equation is y=42.9 + 3.35X. From the equation, the
regression coefficient are a=42.9 (When the temperature is zero, the heart rate is 42.9 bpm)
and b=3.35 (When the temperature increase by 1°C, the heart rate is expected to increase
by 3.35 bpm). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (CoD) is 79.3%. So, 79.3% total
variation of heart rate depends on temperature and other 20.7% depends on other factors.

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CHAPTER 4
Report Summary
From the results, we can conclude table 1 purpose of experiment is to determine the
relationship between temperature and heart rate. The temperature is an independent
determinant of heart rate, causing an increase of approximately beat per minute and Celsius.
This analysis shows that with a mean of table 1 for temperature is 2.21 and for heart rate is
8.33. . In conclusion, both the data and the graphical analysis support the objective
statements.