Unit 4

Pre-production
Pre-production is when the film producers figure out all the details of the movie they are creating
before they make it. This is done because if while they’ll filming they don’t know what to do, they’ll
take longer and waste money on resources they either don’t need or can’t use however, is they get
it all right the filming will be easy and they won’t go over budget or waste money in the budget or
have to re-shoot certain scene because they either don’t fit/work or there are complications filming
there e.g. sound being off or can’t film there.

https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-pre-production-checklist/#Lock-Shooting-Script

15 Steps of pre-production:
Lock Shooting Script: Fully understand what the script is e.g. what needs to be there and what
doesn’t need to be there, if it doesn’t fit in or doesn’t have to be there to get the message across. If
this is not done correctly people will either be confused about what they are shooting or learning
lines they don’t need.
Finalise The Budget: The budget is how much money they are allowed to spend on the production
of the movie, so finalising it is when they list all the props and costumes they need, and its price, and
how much they’re paying the people working on the movie. If this is done wrong then they will
either go over budget or not take advantage of it which will affect the quality of the movie
Start Your Business: This is when the producers and the people working on the movie create a
proposal to get the money they need to be able to make the movie. If this is not done they will need
to make the movie using their own which would be difficult if it is a big production.
Hire Key Production Heads: This is when they go through the process of hiring the essential
people they need to be able to make the movie e.g. a costume designer or a camera crew. If this is
not done correctly then you won’t be able to do the things that they want too unless they want to
do them themselves.
Breakdown the Script: This is when they get the props they need to work with the budget and the
script together and see if they actually need them or not. If this is not done then they will either not
have the props they need or buy them and not need them or then going over budget.
Create the Storyboards: This is a way of visualising the script and if some scene that work on
paper but not visually. If this is not done the movie can suffer in quality.
Scout and Secure Locations: This is when the people making the movie go out and find locations
that fit with the movie. If this is not done the movie will suffer as they will not know where they are
filming.
Cast Your Talent: This is when they find the cast and crew to be able to do the job they need to do
and if they can actually do the task rather than saying they can but can’t in real life. If this is not done
then you can get some bad actors that can’t get the vision right or other parts of the crew that don’t
know what they are doing.
Rev Up the Art Department: This is when they let the art department know what they’ll need
from them e.g. what scenery they need or what backgrounds they need so they can get it to the
producers on time and let them know how much time they’ll need. If this is not done they will either
not be able to have the scenery or it will be rushed and bad quality.
Permits and Insurance: This is when they go to the location they scouted and see if they can
actually film there and if they get permits to film there. If this is not done then they will try to film
there and maybe be kicked out and then have to change the script quite a lot.
Schedule you’re Shoot: This is when they set a time for when they are going to start filming. If this
is not done the team either won’t be ready or they need to hire a team in that time so it is easier to
film the movie or edit it in post-production.
Crew Up: This is when they get hire everyone they need and make sure that everyone is ready to
shoot the film. If not done then a lot of people can suddenly get a tonne of work when not prepared
and then the movie will not be as good as it could’ve been.
Create a Shot List: This is when they go and plan out what they are shooting and when. If this is
not done then they won’t know what they are filming that day and it will cause a lot of confusion
and they’ll lose money from people still needing to be paid.
Tech Scout: This is when they find all the people that they need for post-production. If this is not
done the editing won’t be up to standards or the after effects won’t be seen as good by today’s
standards causing them to not making any money from people giving it bad reviews.
Gear Up: This is when they get everything together to film to the movie. If this is not done then
they may need a piece of equipment but not have it when filming causing them to lose money as
time goes on as the people working on the movie still need to be paid.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c1/29/71/c129713bacc979e58c944f766d990f56.jpg
This is a picture if a flow chart of the pre-production process and its 15 stages. It also shows how
each step can affect one another.
It all starts with an idea of which movie you want to make, including the name of it and if it is based
off of another series or if it is an original idea. If this is not done then you can’t make the movie.
It then goes onto talking about checking if you have enough money, if yes then start hiring a team to
help you with the movie, and if not, you need to find a producer to invest into your idea. Hiring a
team is good as you then get to spread out the work and make it easier on yourself if you plan
everyone’s job correctly. If they aren’t planned correctly then you there will be a lot of mix up later
down the line and confusion so people won’t know what they are doing and it will waste time and
money.
It then goes onto preproduction and the considerations, that take place, when shooting a movie e.g.
if the main actress has agreed to be naked in the movie, this is important as a person either needs to
agree or they get a body double to fill in and if this is not done then they have to cut the scene. This
is also when the 15 stages of preproduction take place, which will plan out the entire production so
there is no confusion or time wasted when making the movie to make the most out of the money
given as they can lose a lot when two people are doing the same job or when no job is done at all. It
also goes on about the set and what they’ll need for it e.g. where it is set and if they’ll need after
effects or not. This is important to plan because otherwise they could hire an after effects team and
not need it or not hire one but need it.
It then goes onto talking about what is needed to take place in post-production what soundtrack the
movie will use, as in if it is original or one used before, and also if they have enough money for
editing, if they do they then can edit the movie and make it better but if not “a short movie is nice.”
However, this should’ve been planned before in the planning stage of the production otherwise they
could mess up a big part of the movie.
It then talks about theatrical release and how to promote it through media e.g. newspaper,
billboards, or trailers on social media. It also talks about reviews and if they are good then you can
make a sequel but if bad then make something else e.g. a theatre production. The final this it talks
about is box office and if you make a loss, small profit or a large profit and what your option are if
they happen e.g. profit, you make another movie, loss you try something else e.g. theatre.
Finance:

The consideration of finance takes place throughout the filming process but mainly at the start just
after they have made the script and they need to know how big of a budget they need and what
props/personnel they need.
It must be done early on so they have a clear idea of the size of the budget needed or how much
they can pay the personnel that is being hired.
Finance is obtained through either pitching there idea to investors that will pay them so they can get
money or just paying for it by themselves if they have enough money.
Public finance is normally when a publicly funded agency funds your production through the general
public’s money. An example of these agency’s Kickstarter where they make a video pitch and then
ask the public to help fund them to a general budget they need. An advantage of this is you can get
more than you asked for if the public really like it and go over the asked amount but a disadvantage
is that it could take a while to get the money and the public may not want to pay for it so you may
not get the money you need to make it.
Private finance is when you pitch to investors your idea and then they give you the money. This will
more likely give you a profit as public funding normally just pay the required amount but not go over
but if the investors think it will work, they will give you more money to be able to make the
production better. You also need to upfront with them so they can fully understand what they are
investing into and it gives them a better idea of how much money they want to give. However if you
are not clear with what you’re doing then they will either not invest or not invest as much and if they
think you are not doing what you said you would then they’ll take their money back.

London to Brighton:
This is about a 12 year old called Joanne, played by Georgia Groome, being lured by a prostitute
called Kelly, played by Lorraine Stanley, into having sex with a mobster called Duncan Allen, who is a
pedophile, and then after the mobster dies his son called Stuart, played by Sam Spruell, then tries to
find Joanne and Kelly and then they are on the run for the rest of the movie. At the end Kelly Helps
Joanne find her grandma and it ends with Kelly walking back in London.
There was a lot of problems with reshooting the film as the Director Paul Andrew Williams, kept
changing his mind about what they were shooting and where to maximise the budget, which made
the crew not normally know what they were doing that day. This made them waste money on what
they were filming just to change it, which just made them lose money in the process.
The timescale added pressure as Williams wanted the editing to be done in a certain way, but the
way is normally done with big-scale productions that span over a period of time that they didn’t
have because the investors wanted it at a certain time so they were rushed which added pressure.
Williams wanted to make a movie rather than being an actor and was given a 72hour period of
writing it and then he presented it to the investors/producers which like the idea of it and let him do
it on a small budget.
Producer’s remarks:
“Well, we just made it because we wanted to make it. That was the only impetus for us.”
“To be honest, I know I’m where I am through hard work and tenacity, and never giving up. But (the
success) freaked me out a lot. I still am a bit humbled by it. I find it a bit uncomfortable.”
“There (the Edinburgh Film Festival) we started to realise that people liked the film.”
Private Financing Example:

Great things can be done on a small budget an example is Life in a day.

Life in a Day Case Study

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/07/life-in-a-day-macdonald

Life in a day is an unscripted documentary that was made in 2010 and set on the 2th of July. The
documentary is about what happens in a day around the world. It was thought of by Kevin
Macdonald and he pitched the idea to Ridley Scott who like the idea and was the executive producer
of this documentary.
They got the clips through sending out around 400 cameras to the general public in the developing
world, and let them keep the cameras, and let the people in 1 st or 2nd world countries with cameras
just use theirs to film and then send in their clip, and asked three questions “What do you love?
What do you fear? What's in your pocket?” They asked these vague questions to see what they
would get sent back and if they could use it. They got around 80,000 clips and over 4,500 hours of
footage to watch. However they got a lot of interview like videos sent back to them, which is not
what they wanted as they wanted something unscripted and more natural. They had this problem
because the idea of a documentary wasn’t that well herd of in the developing countries so they
thought that it was an interview rather than a look into their life.
Most of the planning for Life in a Day was done before hand with planning what day they wanted the
clips to be filmed, when they were premiering it and when they had to finish and edit it by. They
chose 24th of July randomly but made it so the day was after the world cup, so it wasn’t focused on
that, and before Sundance, because they wanted to premier it there, and on a weekend so the
people filming the clips were most likely not going to be working. They did this rather than the
normal way of going to each country and filming each clip personally as that would cost a lot of
money and it would seem less genuine and more scripted. However this was it was cheap(ish).

Mari synopsis:
http://filmlondon.org.uk/mari

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8917964/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtpLHAdciLU

This is a drama/music movie about two sisters having to deal with the eventual passing of their
mother and grandmother. To add drama one of the sisters is a successful dancer and then finds out
she is pregnant and she wants to get rid of it, but the decision gets harder as the movie goes on.

https://www.screendaily.com/news/first-look-at-film-london-microwave-feature-mari-starring-
dancer-bobbi-jene-smith-exclusive/5127526.article

“It was commissioned through Film London’s Microwave scheme, the low-budget feature initiative
which is backed by the BFI and BBC Films, with support from Creative Skillset. Further backing came
from Intermission and Boudica Films.”
Microwave Funding:
Pros:
This is a very good scheme as if you’re organized it can be done very well and be successful. If it is
successful the actors/directors have then proved themselves to show that they can work under
pressure and on a low budget. The Money, for the budget, is also not yours, it is a grant, so you don’t
have to pay it back if the movie fails. It can be done with a small crew as it has a small budget and a
small time frame to film but it would probably be easier with a large crew but you would need to
plan a lot more to make sure everyone knows what they are doing.

Cons:
However, you only have 18 days to film so this can cause a lot of stress and if you fail the plan then
the movie has pretty much failed as they don’t have enough time to mess around. Also you can’t go
for anything to big as the movie has a budget of £150,000. So you can’t go for big explosions or
ground-breaking CGI.

Inbetweeners case study:

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_inbetweeners

This is a movie about 4 students going on holiday to Malia and what “shenanigans” they got up to
there.

This was more of a successfully funded movie than veronica mars as it was a well-planned
production and planned its distribution effectively, as in release more in the cinemas where the
more loyal fans will watch. Where veronica mars was thought not to be successful so they didn’t
fund it to start off with. They also had a better marketing strategy so it got more PR than the
veronica mars movie.

They were backed by Young Films who were a producer of the TV show. Entertainment Film
Distributors, distributed the film in the UK to make it more successful. They also rented the rights of
The Inbetweeners so they could get the cast and crew working on the show to work on the movie
which made it be a lot like the TV show as they know what they are doing.

Legal Considerations:

This are a set of laws that need to be followed when making a movie to make sure everyone
is equal and if you don’t you can be sued.

The Equality Act:

“This was made to amend the Civil Rights Act to “prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual
orientation, gender identity, or pregnancy childbirth or a related medical condition of an individual.”
This means that everyone has to be payed the same amount which some movie companies have
problems with.
https://www.google.com/search?
source=hp&ei=SWMpXuqNPMqKaommsfgK&q=the+equality+act&oq=the+equality+&gs_l=psy-
ab.3.1.0j0i131j0l8.1689.5005..6330...0.0..0.166.1629.2j11......0....1..gws-
wiz.xDGR9nw7ELs&safe=active&ssui=on

An example of this is the case of Mander v royal borough of Windsor and maidenhead.
The Manders, who are British of Sikh Indian heritage, took legal action when they were denied being
able to adopt. the reason was that, even though they were suitable, they were not white and as
there were only white children available, they would not be given priority and advised to try
adopting from India. The country court ruled in their favour as the council should not have barred
them from applying because of where their parents were born.
https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/legal-casework/legal-cases

Slander:
“The action of crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation.”
This means that the movie has to be respectable to religions, races or lifestyles. Which is becoming
more and more popular as movie companies are getting a lot of hate for it.
https://www.google.com/search?
ei=UWMpXtjFG_OJ1fAPlaOvkAs&q=slander&oq=slander&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0i131i67j0i67j0i131i67j0i67j0i131i67j0i67l2j0l3.177686.178754..179014...0.1..1.330.1787.1j3j4
j1......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i273j0i131.CMvZKrmK3Oc&ved=0ahUKEwiYsua9sJnnAhXzRBUIHZXRC7IQ4dUDCAs&ua
ct=5&safe=active&ssui=on

An example of this is Wolf of Wall street was sued for 25 million as they portrayed a Black Character
as a person fixated on drugs and sex. This is an ongoing case that is amongst numerous lawsuits that
are being brought against the film.
A stockbroker, Andrew Greene, who worked at the brokerage firm that is said that film is based on,
is claiming that he is the inspiration so one of the characters as it is he who is mentioned in the
memoirs on which the script is supposed to be written from.
The film character also has the nickname “Rugrat” which is similar to Andrew’s nickname in the
memoir of wigwam. Andrew Greene is claiming that he does not recognise the character as he is
portrayed as a criminal, drug user, degenerate, depraved and/or devoid of any morality or ethics.
I believe this shows how maybe the situation can be misconstrued when a movie script is supposed
to be based on a real-life place and people.
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/20/wolf-of-wall-street-martin-scorsese-defamation-
lawsuit

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988:

“It gives the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works the right to control the ways in
which their material may be used.”
This is so that no-one can copy their work or use there footage without their permission.
https://www.google.com/search?ei=NWQpXt_lGdCR1fAPtuax2Ao&q=Copyright
%2C+Designs+and+Patents+Act+1988&oq=Copyright
%2C+Designs+and+Patents+Act+1988&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0l10.34013.34013..34385...0.1..0.75.75.1......0....2j1..gws-
wiz.......0i71.aIEL6ZIu_ek&ved=0ahUKEwif1MCqsZnnAhXQSBUIHTZzDKsQ4dUDCAs&uact=5&safe=ac
tive&ssui=on

An example of this was when two brothers got convicted for streaming copyrighted movies illegally.
The two brothers, Fraraz and Ayaz Saddiq had set up two websites which redirected users to the
location of where they could find illegal copies of movies and TV programmes. However, this
material was subject to copyright and no permission had been given be the relevant copyright
holders to distribute said material in any way. The police investigation proved that the brothers had
been sent “cease and desist” notifications which were ignored and warned the were committing a
crime. The brothers removed the mentioned films from the e-mail. However, they still kept
numerous other similar content on their websites.
The brothers were eventually sentenced to nine-moved, suspended for two years, as well as
receiving 150 hours unpaid work.
https://www.fact-uk.org.uk/brothers-sentenced-for-copyright-offences/

Libel:
“A published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation; a written deformation.” This
is like slander but written instead of spoken.
This is so that everyone is respected no matter what religion, race or lifestyle. Which is needed
because they get a lot more positive publicity if they do.
https://www.google.com/search?ei=WWQpXsy1FuGd1fAPkKeSiAk&q=Libel&oq=Libel&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0i273j0i67l2j0i131i67j0i67l3j0j0i67l2.223027.223027..223402...0.1..0.75.75.1......0....2j1..gws-
wiz.......0i71.JxudAHz1mnE&ved=0ahUKEwiMxtK7sZnnAhXhThUIHZCTBJEQ4dUDCAs&uact=5&safe=a
ctive&ssui=on

An example of this was in 2019 when Elon musk called a diver a “pedo guy” on twitter and he was
taken to court for damaging the diver’s reputation. Vernon Unsworth sued Elon Musk for $159
million un punitive damages and $40 million for assumed and actual damages as his ife had been
ruin by the public row.
The inflammatory tweets were deleted before the court case happened and Elon Must apologised
on twitter and in court.
Vernon seems to be explaining the exaggerated circumstances and Elon is playing down the
comments, saying they have been misconstrued.
Vernon also seems to be asking for a lot of money as Elon is a billionaire. The court case is ongoing in
this article.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-50694074?
intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cxwke9d43kkt/defamation-
cases&link_location=live-reporting-story

Intellectual Property Act:

This is a legal concept which lets the person that thought of the concept have legal right of the
concept so no-one can use it except for the person that thought of it or they give permission for
others to use it. This includes intangible assets such as musical, literary, artistic works, discoveries,
inventions, words, phrases or symbols/designs.
They need to do this so no-one can take their idea and make it better without permission.
http://millets.res.in/books/chapter/Intellectual_Property_Act_in_India.pdf

An example of this was in 2000 where A&M Record Inc, and other “superstars”, sued a company
called Napster Inc for sharing their mp3 files unlawfully, as it came under the copyright law of peer-
to-peer file sharing of the creators/owners of original artistic content. Napster’s software allowed 20
million users to freely share MP3 files which A&M Records Inc and superstars claimed was unlawful.
The controversial case led to the end of the Napster company and precedent being set in 21 st
Century Copyright law.
https://www.edology.com/blog/law-criminology/4-famous-intellectual-property-cases/

Data Protection Act:

“The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how your personal information is used by organisations,
businesses or the government.”
This means that no-one can take the personal information of the general public and use it in their
production.
https://www.gov.uk/data-protection

An example of this was when Sony was fined for £250k as they got hacked and personal information
got released such as names, addresses, DOB and credit card info. Back in 2011, hackers were able to
breach the Sony website due to a serious lack of security measures that should have been in place.
After being fined, Sony has to re-build it’s website, from the ground up, in order for it to be more
secure.
https://www.thedrum.com/news/2013/01/24/sony-fined-250k-over-serious-data-protection-act-
breach

Regulation:

ASA
Role/Purpose: This is to make sure that all advertisements whether on television, radio,
newspapers or billboards are made to be both honest and decent to everyone that will look at them.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4091481/The-ASA-How-it-works.html
Legal Powers: They can change or remove ads if they either get enough complaints or are not up to
their standards of being honest or decent
www.asa.org.uk
Media Aspects Covered: Television, radio, newspapers or billboards
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: The production has to follow a set of
rules made by the ASA. An example of a rule is “Marketing Communications must not materially
mislead or be likely to do so.” This means that their production can’t show something that would
mislead the audience into thinking that it is something better.
https://www.asa.org.uk/codes-and-rulings/advertising-codes/non-broadcast-code.html

BBFC
Role/Purpose: They help people “choose age-appropriate films, videos and websites, wherever
and however they watch or use them.” They also classify films and giving age ratings.
https://bbfc.co.uk/about-us
Legal Powers: They have the powers to “seize illegal video works including DVDs, Blu-rays and
video games. The BBFC is designated by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport to provide
evidence to help secure convictions under the terms of the Video Recordings Act (VRA) 1984.”
https://bbfc.co.uk/industry-services/law-enforcement
Media Aspects Covered: DVDs, Blu-rays, video games and cinemas
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: They make sure all the content in the
movie is suitable for kids. They do this by having a list of what can and can’t be in the movie e.g.
drugs or nudity. If it is not in the guidelines then they will tell them and either shut it down or
change the rating.
https://bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/rating-process/issues
https://bbfc.co.uk/

OFCOM
Role/Purpose: “Ofcom is the regulator for the communications services that we use and rely on
each day.” “It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting
competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.”
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/what-is-ofcom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom
Legal Powers: If it is not up to standards then they can take down the content.
Media Aspects Covered: Television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: The company has to make sure to
follow the rules set by OFCOM otherwise it won’t be allowed to be shown to the general public. An
example of a rule is “Material that might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development
of people under eighteen must not be broadcast.” This means that they must make sure that the
content in the production is safe for anyone to watch.
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/section-one-
protecting-under-eighteens
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/home

MPA
Role/Purpose: This is an association in the industry trade of multi-platform magazine companies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPA_–_the_Association_of_Magazine_Media
Legal Powers: They decide what gets distributed and what doesn’t with the companies that they
own.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPA_%E2%80%93_the_Association_of_Magazine_Media
Media Aspects Covered: Newspapers, magazines
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: They own a lot of magazine
companies so they decide what does and doesn’t get distributed. Also they also do conferences to
decide where the future of magazines is going, so if going down in popularity they’ll change
something to boost their sales.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPA_%E2%80%93_the_Association_of_Magazine_Media
https://www.magazine.org/
IPSO
Role/Purpose: Regulates the news and magazine industry in the UK. Hold them account for their
actions, protect individual rights, uphold high standards
https://www.ipso.co.uk/what-we-do/
Legal Powers: They investigate complaints, and if they breach the code then they can remove
either remove the part that got a lot of complaints or take down the entire thing
https://www.ipso.co.uk/what-we-do/
Media Aspects Covered: Newspaper and magazines
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: The company has to make sure that
they follow a strict set of rules so they can keep printing the product rather than having it removed.
An example of a rule that they set is “They must not be approached or photographed at school
without permission of the school authorities.” This means that they need to ask permission to take a
picture of someone and if they didn’t then they can’t use the picture.
https://www.ipso.co.uk/editors-code-of-practice/
https://www.ipso.co.uk/what-we-do/
https://www.ipso.co.uk/

PACT
Role/Purpose: They represent indie producer’s interests within the industry
www.pact.co.uk/membership.html
Legal Powers: They protect the indie producers using contracts, guidance notes and updates on
legislations to make sure that what they are doing is legal
Media Aspects Covered: “Film, television, animation, children’s and digital media”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Alliance_for_Cinema_and_Television
How They Impact on the Production of a Media Product: They keep the production inside the
legal boundaries so the production can keep going. A rule that they have set for the terms and
conditions of their membership is “use or share information to cause harm or offence, insult,
mislead, discriminate or defame, promote pornography, tobacco or weapons, put children at risk,
anything illegal such as using hate speech, inciting terrorism or breaking privacy law, anything that
could bring Pact or its employees into disrepute.” This means that they cannot share/show anything
that will damage their image towards the public.
http://www.pact.co.uk/about-us/terms-conditions.html
http://www.pact.co.uk/

Ethics

https://bbfc.co.uk/case-studies/evil-dead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Dead#Rating
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVoAxh22yl8&list=LLg2PH0xBJYd2PAmCxuWPOsg&index=473
The evil dead had a lot of controversy on release in cinemas. This is due to the pornographic scene
where one of the characters of the movie was sexually assaulted by a demonic tree. This was added
because Sam Raimi was told to and he then filmed it without warning and there was also a lot of
gore throughout the movie. This led to the BBFC giving it a rating of x as it was a new genre of horror
and they didn’t know if they would allow it to be seen or not by non-adults.
This was an ethical issue as it was sprung onto the actor and it didn’t have to be shot to still get the
point across in the movie.
I think it is very well-made scene from a film-making prospective with the giant moon and smoky
floors to create good scenery and create tension through not knowing what’s not that far ahead of
her. Then when the first-person view of the trees being knocked down also creates tension really
well as you know it’s coming for her. Also, the shots of the vines and branches wrapping around her
creates a horrific position that no-one wants to be in and her clothes being torn off makes her feel
vulnerable. But in my opinion when they strip away the clothes, I think they make her feel too
vulnerable and let’s the audience realise it’s going to be a lot darker than expected.
I do understand that Sam Raimi wrote this scene to terrify the audience and show that the
characters where now at the mercy of the evil spirit in the woods. However, I think the moaning and
the couple of shots of Sheryl’s exposed breast is incongruous with the rest of the movie and is not
needed.
Sam Raimi regrets putting that scene in and didn’t mean to offend people that way and in an
interview he explains that “it was unnecessarily gratuitous and a little too brutal” and this was one of
his first movies so I didn’t think he knew where the boundaries were and I personally don’t mind it
that much compared to others.

https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/human-centipede-horror-sequel-banned-195526
The human centipede 2 had a very controversial release leading it to be banned in multiple
countries. A reporter from the BBFC said that this was due to the central character doing very
questionable things that may mentally harm the viewers these things include “With scenes of
masturbation with sandpaper, defecation into mouths and barbed wire wrapped rape of the woman
at the end of Centipede no amount of cuts could render the DVD classifiable.” However, they could
not cut out any of these scenes as they take up quite a lot of the movie and the plot wouldn’t make
sense so they had to keep most of them in.
This was an ethical issue as some scenes include rape and it is seen as morally wrong to rape
someone in the general society’s outlook on rape.
In my opinion I just think this movie shouldn’t of been made, the first one was weird enough and if
they have to leave most of the creepy and ethically wrong things in for it to make sense, it probably
shows you’ve made the wrong movie.

1917 case study

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8579674/

This is a movie about two soldiers delivering a message to stop 1,600 men from walking into a trap.
It has gotten several rewards due to its cinematography choices, including the choice of having the
entire movie made to look like it was 1 entire shot. The director of 1917, Sam Mendez, wanted it to
be done this way to show the passage of time properly and to make it more immersive to help show
what soldiers had to go through in that time as they felt a duty to properly represent the soldiers
and what their lives were like.
The movie had a budget of, roughly, $90 million but made $200 million in the worldwide box office
showing how much people liked it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oq4t3f6LmDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZjQROMAh_s
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8579674/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypvd2LJCJHg

1917 is a movie with a lot of hard work put into it in the preproduction and when they were actually
filming it seen as they had to make it seem like a 1 shot film when there was actually hidden cuts.
They would mainly disguise this through hidden cuts with either the camera having an object go past
it and then change to a new shot as they went past or though having the camera stop and resume
shots in the exact same spot.
When planning the movie sets they built models to show everything that they needed to help
understand how big the sets would be and how much that it would cost to make it to make sure that
they didn’t go over the budget. They also used the models to figure out scale of buildings and other
scenery in the scene and they also used the models to figure out where the camera could go in the
scene to give the best angle.
When building the sets, they would do rehearsals of all the dialogue. This let them see how long
each scene would take e.g. how long it takes to say each line in the situation that they are in, how
fast that they move through the scene. They would also do this to see if they either have enough
room to move around in the right way or if the scene is big/small enough for the movie as they had
to save the most amount of money that they can. This led them to building over a mile of trenches
to get each scene right.
There were a few drawbacks when filming. One of these is the fact that to keep continuity they had
to wait for clouds to cover up the sun if that happens when filming the previous shot. Another one is
the fact that they were filming the movie in “360 degrees” so they couldn’t have lighting in the scene
as the camera would see it at one point or another.
The final drawback was the fact there was a scene where they were using flares to light the scene at
night and they had to use a lot of flares to figure out their usual path and where the shadows would
be, so they could know they best place to put the camera for better shots.

Script
The media industries that use scripts are:
 Theatre: This is so they know what they are doing and saying in the production and what
scenery may be included or built in preparation for the production.
 Film: This need one so each team can know what they need in each scene and what the
actors need to say/do in the scene. It can also help the post-production team know what to
include e.g. a sound effect or after effects that need to be added into the scene.
 Television: For news outlets it’s because they don’t get the time to memorise all the
news/lines before they go live it so they show them what they need to say on a
teleprompter to display what they need to say. And for TV shows they have a script so each
person on the team knows what they are doing/saying and what props/scenery is going to
be in the scene.
 Radio: They have scripts so they know what to talk about on the live feed and it decreases
the chance of messing up and making it flow nicer so the audience will keep listening.
However they will not have a script maybe just bullet points of what to ask when talking to
another person that they are interviewing.
What’s the generic uses of a script in pre-production?
The generic uses of a script is to tell everyone working on the production what the basic idea of the
production is going to be e.g. tone of the production (comedic, horror, drama), the storyline
(where/when it is set, what characters will be in it, if there is a twist, if so what is it), what the
scenery will look like and what props are going to be used.

What can the script identify/What is the Purpose of a script?

The script can identify where (location and if it is inside or outside) and when it takes place and what
parts of the storyline takes place at that location and when in the movie (using scene numbers).
It can also identify who (characters) is in the scene and what they’ll say or what they’ll do, using
parentheticals (information on how the actor should say the line of dialogue or move) e.g. give
exposition, or have a gun fight.
It can also sometimes say what kind of shot they want e.g. medium, long, close, tracking, panning,
sweeping or a Dutch tilt.
It can also say when to cut to a different angle so that they can get a certain characters reaction or if
they want to show a different angle of the scene to give a better perspective.

Why is a script a suitable production for a television drama?

A script is a suitable production for a television drama because it lets everyone working on the
production know what is happening in that episode through dialogue and what they are doing in
that scene in a short notice seen as it is normally 1 episode every week, so they need fast production
process, and a script is an easier way of telling everyone what they need to do and when compared
to other methods. They can also be easily changed, in case someone doesn’t like a certain piece of
the production, as most of the time they are drafts.
It can also be used by everyone working on the production e.g. it can display what kind of shot the
camera crew needs to do, or if they’ll need after/special effects and what they’ll roughly need to do
for that certain shot, or if the editing team need to cut certain things out or add music to a certain
scene.

Radio Script:
1 INT. Car – Night

Starts with the wind screen wipers *slapping* on the screen in time to the *upbeat music* coming
from the car radio. *click* (from car radio as it is turned off by mum). The rain takes over nearly all
the sound (but not the windscreen wipers, as it is the only thing that the characters would be able to
hear).

Mum
(Agitated)
I don’t know why you had to take so
long, I waited half an hour!

Naomi
*Sighs*
They didn’t have my size on the shelf,
and the woman took ages searching in
the stock room.
 Mum
We wouldn’t have got stuck in all this
traffic if you’d just made your mind up
quicker. We won’t be eating tea until
late at this rate.
*huffs*
Today of all days!

There is a silence between them. (Rain and windscreen wiper noise still happening).

Mum
What’s wrong with the mobile phone
I spent a fortune on?
I wouldn’t have rushed away from
work to get there if you’d called.

Naomi
I forgot to charge it, the battery’s dead…

Mum
More like you wasted it playing
stupid games.

Naomi
(Quietly)
Sorry

The car carries on, on its journey home

2 EXT. Driveway – Night

The wind *howls*, pushing the leaves around making a *rustling* noise. *Booming* thunder in the
distance. Car slowly comes into the driveway with a *crunching* (as the gravel being pushed around
by the weight of the tires).

3 INT. Car – Night

The car stops and the engine is turned off (the windscreen wiper noises stop due to this).

Mum
(Muttering, sarcastically)
Oh, that’s just brilliant!
No lights on. It must be a power cut.
How am I going to cook with no
electricity?

4 EXT. The Driveway – Night

The clock on the church tower *struck* six. The storm rages above them as Mum opens the door to
the car, then *slams* it shut and then Hurried up the driveway with a *crunching* (from her feet
pressing on the gravel). There’s a *jangling* from the keys being fumbled with, by the mum hurrying
to get in. There was an opening and closing of the door in the short distance as Naomi gets out the
car to hurry into the house with her feet *splashing* (in the small puddles). She shuts the door
behind her with a *slight creak* then a *slam* of the door slamming shut and blocking all of the
previous background noises, of the rain and the thunder.

1. State one purpose of a scripts. (1)

To provide all the dialogue for the actors in that scene.

2. State three items that could be included on a script. (3)

Scene number, character name, type of camera shot.

3. Explain why a script is a suitable pre-production document when creating a Radio or

TV or Film production. (2)
Allows the production team (e.g. director or actors) to know what narrative is taking place
throughout the production.

Film Script:
This is a picture of a film script we did an analysis on. They have slight differences with how
they present things e.g. instead of giving the scene in a story-like manner they give it in an
analytical one for the scene directors to get the right image in their head that the director
wants.
Storyboards

This is a picture of a storyboard we did an analysis on

What could be improved in this storyboard?

The scene number,
When the shot will cut to a different one and how,
How long a shot will last,
What the type of shot is,
If any sound effects are included if so, what are they,

Why is this a bad storyboard?

The storyboard given is a bad storyboard because it’s only talking about the plot, which can be
interpreted through the drawings, and nothing else.
It doesn’t name the character so there is nothing to make the user connect with the character so if
anything happens to them, the reader/audience won’t really care.
It doesn’t say anything to help with post-production so they won’t know what exactly they are
meant to be doing, leading them to do mostly guess work on what the director’s vision is and they’ll
probably get it wrong.

Why is a storyboard a suitable pre-production document especially in TV and film

production?
A storyboard is a suitable document for pre-production because it can be used to illustrate/help
explain what the director/production team wants from the other teams of people working on the
production in a quick way. Examples include: if they want a close up shot, what position they want
the actors to be in, where the camera should be, how long a shot lasts.
It can also be used as a checklist, mid-production to make sure that they have every shot that they
want done because all the shots are shown to them in the storyboard so if they miss one the
production won’t flow as well.
It can also be made quite quickly as they only need basic drawings to convey what shot they want
and all the information to go with it in quick notes so they post-production team know what they are
doing.

What’s the generic uses of a storyboard in preproduction?

The generic uses of a storyboard is to convey what the director/producers want from the production
team e.g. what shots they want, what positions they want the actors and camera to be in and what
type of shot they want. To tell the post-production team if they want sound effects in a certain shot
or how long a shot should last. It can also display what the timeline of the movie could be if there is
any confusion about the plot.

What is the purpose of a storyboard?

The purpose of a storyboard is to display what the production will look like on a timeline, to
illustrate what scene will look like through drawings, to provide information on to tell the post-
production teams what each shot needs to appeal to the producers/director’s vision e.g. what type
of shot and where the camera is located or what sound effects are included.

State four things you expect to see on a storyboard?

Shot length
Any sound effects
Type of shot
Scene numbers

Why is a storyboard a suitable document for a production of an animated film?

It helps to visualise the characters design e.g. appearance of the character or what they are wearing,
where the characters are positioned in each shot that they are going to make/work on. It can
provide information of when to change shot/cut to a different angle so the animation team aren’t
doing unnecessary work and they get everything done on time so there is no money wasted on
doing things that don’t need to be done.

RECCES
This is costumes and locations filming when on set.
The costumes relevant for them would be more cloaked ones or ones with a bit of bagginess on
them e.g. a vampire or a ghost. It would have to be homemade because all store brought costumes
are made to fit a size and getting bigger sizes than needed isn’t really a good idea.
The make up for a vampire would be to make them pale or to add blood to the side/around their
mouths. It would also have a cape so it could be used to hide something.

The costumes I designed for Jess, Tony and Abby are a Bird costume for Jess, a Vampire Hunter
costume for Tony and a Plague Doctor costume for Abby. I did a bird costume for Jess because I
drew birds for my GCSE art work and I so I thought that it would be the easiest thing to start off with
seen as I am so familiar with them and I haven’t drawn in a while. I drew a vampire hunter for Tony
because they were my favourite things to dress up as when I was young and I drew a plague doctor
costume for Abby because the name Abby reminded me of a character I used to watch in a TV series.
These designs are relevant to the script because it’s a Halloween, fancy dress, party and the way I
thought of each character is the way thought that they would dress up for fancy dress. So, Abby
wants to be an ornithologist so she would dress up as a bird, Tony is into goth culture and doesn’t
really like being fancy so he would dress up as Van Helsing as he is his favourite fictional character,
and Abby is shy but she likes history so she went as something historical and she can hide her face
with.

Risk Assessment and Release Forms

1. A risk assessment in a form that shows all the dangerous things that could happen, who it
could happen too and the level of risk that it may happen during a production
2. Its purpose it to be shown to the producer/director to show all the risks that will take place
during production and what they need to be cautious about and what they need to warn
people about
3. It includes what the risk is, who will be at risk, chance of injury what you are going to do as
control measures and what the chance of risk is then
4. Examples:

Production Schedule/ Camera Shot List

A production schedule is a plan of what scene will be shot in what order. It also shows who is in the
scene, where it is, props needed, date of filming and timeframe of being able to film that scene.

A camera shot list is what shots will be included in the scene. It also
shows shot
number, camera
angle, camera
move, audio, subjects of the shot, so who is included and what the scene is, and a description of the
shot.