Edupiter.com Er.

Irfan Pathan

EDUPITER
CLASS-11

PHYSICS

CHAPTER-01

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PHYSICAL WORLD
What is Physics?
The word physics originates from a Greek word which means “nature” and in Sanskrit the equivalent word is
“bhautiki”.
Physics is the study of basic laws that govern and control nature and natural phenomenon.
For example:- If we through a stone upward it returns back towards the earth surface, why? There is law
regarding this phenomenon (Newton’s law of Gravitation), that explain this.
There are two main aspects of science one is theory and other is experimentation.
For knowledge of any phenomenon we take scientific approach along with scientific attitude.

Scientific Attitude:- It means while solving any problem one must be flexible, open minded and other
important point of view are not neglected without any reason.

Scientific Method:- As we all know, science is the gaining knowledge in systematic way. Here in scientific
method we go step by step to understand natural phenomena and establishing laws which govern these
phenomena is called scientific method.
The basic steps that generally involved are,
 Observation:- the very first step to observe the phenomena, repeat the observation in different cases.
 Controlled Experiment:- repeat the same phenomena in laboratory, make a layout and do the
experiments and observe what’s going on….
 Qualitative Reasoning (verbal reasoning):- Give a best explanation for that phenomena as per the
observation
 Quantitative Reasoning (mathematical reasoning):- by arranging all observed data explain the reason in
mathematical way.
 Suggesting Formula:- after giving explanation, deduce the formula that controlling the phenomena.
 Predict new phenomena:- predict new phenomena as per your formula and then prove that
experimentally.
 Falsification/verification:- if your predictions is as per your formulas then good, else you need to repeat
the processes and modification needed,
 Modification

Scientific Theory:- Theory is the set of some laws that explain the behavior of a system, a good theory not only
explain the previous existing theories but also predict new and explain new phenomena.
For example:- we studied the plum pudding model of an atom, this the theory. In this theory it is explained how
an atom is neutral despite there is positive and negative entities.
Need for Modification:- In science no theory is final. A theory must explain the model time to time.
For example:- Plum pudding model was correct till we were not much aware about atom, in later time when
find that electrons revolved around the nucleus this theory failed, and new modified theory given by Rutherford
and then Bohr’s model……….
So modification is needed for best explanation of any model.
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Two basic Quests in Physics:- 1. Unification and 2. Reductionism

1. Unification:- In physics we always tries to explain various physical phenomena in terms of few
laws and concepts. For example:- Newton’s law of gravitation not only explain the motion of
freely falling object towards the earth but also explain how moon revolving around the earth, and
so many other phenomenon.
2. Reductionism:- In physics we explain a macroscopic system by breaking it in different parts.
Reductionism helps us to understand complex systems.
According to reductionism, by analyzing the behavior and properties of smaller parts of some
bigger system, we can predict the behavior and properties of bigger system also.

Scope of Physics:- The scope of physics is extended to all domains, as we see the phenomena happening
around us is governed by some laws of physics.
In physics we study about an electron whose mass is 10 -30kg to universe having mass 1055kg, in case of length
the size of nucleus is order of 10-14m to size of the universe 1026 m.
To feel the scope of physics, look at its various sub-disciplines.
Branches of Physics:- physics broadly divided in two parts one is Classical physics that deals with
macroscopic phenomena and the other is Quantum Physics that deals with microscopic phenomena at the
minute scale of atom, nuclei.
Main Sub – disciplines in Physics:-
1. Mechanics:- branch of physics that deals with forces applying on system and behavior of the system
along with that. For example:- a ship not sinking in water, we launches the satellites that revolves around
the earth etc are explain by mechanics.
2. Optics:- deals with the nature of light and related phenomenon. For example:- we use mirror in torch to
focus the light, we use lens in spectacles to correct our eye vision, microscope, telescope, different colors
etc all these explain by optics.
3. Thermodynamics:- it study about the properties of system and its changes like temperature, pressure,
volume etc. engines of vehicles, refrigerator, heat pump etc all these explain in thermodynamics.
4. Electrodynamics:- it deals with electric and magnetic phenomenon associated with magnetic and charged
bodies. Electric motor, electric generator, MCB (miniature circuit braker) etc all these explain in
electrodynamics.
5. Quantum mechanics:- It deals with the behavior of sub microscopic particle.

Excitement of Physics:- the study of physics so exciting, for example-

1. It’s really exciting that we can explain so many phenomena just by few laws, though physics is such vast
and along with complexity.
2. Its great excitement to reveal the mysteries of nature and falsifying/ verifying existing theories.
3. Excitement of physics endless as with the help of physics technologies get developed and hence society.
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Physics in Relation to other Sciences:-

1. Physics in Relation to Biology:- Optical microscope widely used to understand the life science,
electronic microscope helps to understand the structure of cells and other parts of the cells. Radioisotopes
are used in radiation therapy for the cure of disease like cancer.
2. Physics in Relation to Chemistry:- In physics we study the structure of atoms and various properties
and these studies used by chemist to arrange the elements.
3. Physics in Relation to Astrology:- astronomical telescope are used to study the motion of planets and
other heavenly bodies, Dopler’s effect predict the big bang theory of the universe.

Physics in Relation to Society:- the discoveries in physics always effect the society that might be positive or
negative effects. Laws and theories helps to make new equipments or can say in the development of technology,
technologies developed help the society. For example:-
1. The development of alternative source of energy
2. Development of advance communication system
3. Development of fast easy travelling
4. Satellites to improve the knowledge about weather and communication

Fundamental Forces in Nature:- In macroscopic world,

1. Gravitational forces(FG) 2. Electromagnetic(FE) forces
In microscopic world
1. Strong nuclear forces(FS) and 2. Weak nuclear forces(FW)
25 36 38
FG : FW : FE : FS = 1 : 10 : 10 : 10

Relation between Conservation Laws and Symmetries of Nature:- Conservation of energy, momentum,
angular momentum, charge, mass etc are considered as fundamental laws in physics. These laws are in strong
connections with symmetries of nature. The symmetry of nature has played an important role in developing the
modern theories of fundamental forces.
Phenomenon may differ from place to place in universe but laws of nature are same everywhere.