Issue-SEP 2009

Test Procedure for

Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields

from Base Station Antenna
(For Telecommunication Sector)'

No: TEC/TP/EMF/OOl/Ol.SEP 2009

©TEC

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CENTRE

KHURSHID LAL BHAVAN, JANPATH

NEW DELHI-IIOOOI

INDIA

l rights reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrIeval
:tem or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
Jtocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without written permission from the
lecommunication Engineering Centre New Delhi.
 Contents

EMF
Computation
References
The
Calculation
TheCheck
Field
Field
Exposure exclusion
Prediction
Measurement
Calibration
Calculation
Determination Methods
installationof
TERMS
EMF
points
Measurement
Accessibility
Functional
Test
Scope
CI. regions
exposure
Topic
Procedure
Compliance Level
Equationsfor
Instruments
Antenna
evaluation
No. RFof
of
zones.
tests
Examples
for
areaCompliance
classification
Fields
Results
ofAssessment
instruments
Exclusion
AND
E1RPth
MEASUREMENTS
before
Requirement
determining
for scheme
Zone
Measurement
Approaches
categories
Predicting
for
directivity
with
DEFINITIONS
installation
measuring
Required
techniques
of RF
categories
EIRP fields
Exposure8712
Distance
class
instruments
th calculation 17
15
11 712
21
20
23 57
24
37
294Page
318
1
, 9
9.1.4 No.
 Test Procedure for Measurement of Electromagnetic Field Strength
from Base station Antennas

1. Scope

The document describes the test procedure for the measurement of electromagnetic fields
from telecom base stations in GSM, CDMA, W-CDMA, 3 G and Wi-Max etc.
environment. The main aim of the measurement is to confirm the compliance of base
station installation as per ICNIRP guidelines limits. Hence the measuring instruments
shall have the capability to average the measurements over any period of six minutes and
also other conditions as per the ICNIRP guidelines. This document aims to help with
compliance of telecommunication installations with safety limits for human exposure to
electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produced by telecommunication equipment.

The test procedure will comply with ITU-T Recommendations K.52 (2004): "Guidance
on complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields" and K.61 (2003),
"Guidance to measurement and numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for
compliance with human exposure limits for telecommunication installations". Each
service provider will establish necessary infrastructure for self- monitoring, self-testing
and for auditing of EMF measurement for complying with emission limits as per
ICNIRP guidelines.

2. References
The following ITU-T Recommendations:

ITU-T Recommendation K.52 (2004), Guidance on complying with limits for

human exposure to electromagnetic fields.
ITU- T Recommendation K.61 (2003), Guidance to measurement and numerical
prediction of electromagnetic fields for compliance with human exposure limits
for telecommunication installations.

3.. Compliance Requirement

The Government has adopted ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying
electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in telecom sector in India. The values of
EMF exposure limits to be complied with are provided in Table. 1
 Table 1 - ICNIRP reference levels (unperturbed rms values)
2xl0:l
2x104
24.4
0.073
0.36
20000
20000
10000
Electric
520/f
1-8 -861
range
0.025-0.82
0.16
Strength -500/f
-10
87
610
61
1.375f
137
Hz
587/f 610
250/f
50 -Hz
7-f/200
y,-field
2-(Aim)kHz
Type of 0.73/f
Up 4/f
1.6/f
2x105
2xl04 250/f
610/f
5000/f
1.6/f
2x104 8-25
10000
0.008f to
0.73/f
Frequency
Strength
Magnetic 128
If'
If
Wave3f
If-
f/40
Equivalent
0.0037(/· Yl Hz y.power
y,field Plane
Density Seq(W 1m2)
table.
the
NOTE
by
that rms 2-
4
the
density,
should 5-
frequencies
3- For
For
field frequencies
frequencies
exceeding
-Between
value
interpolation by..J2
from
strength
GHz). beascalculated
averaged as 100 10
(=1.414).
over kHz
the does
f = thebetween
exceeding
MHz,
up and
to it100
For
1.5-fold
not
1/(2pulse10
tp). is100
10kHz
pulses
kHz,
peak
exceed GHz,
suggested
MHz, of
at
width, and
peak
the
the 10GHz,
the
that
duration
peak
100 MHz
field
does averaging
notthe
values
values
strength
exceed
tp, the
peak
tofor the
can
the
the averaging
time
equivalent
field
be obtained
32-fold
equivalent
exposure
1000 peak
times time
isstrengths is
plane-wave
68/f atbySeq
frequency
levels
the
1.05 10 6MHz.
are minutes.
minutes (fFor
to power
obtained
multiplying
given apply
in
limits, in
the
or

2
4. EMF exposure zones.
EMF exposure assessment is made if the intentional emitters are present, and conducted
for all locations where people might be exposed to EMF in course of their normal
activities. All such exposures to EMF pertain to one of these three zones (See Figure
below):
I) Compliance zone: In the compliance zone, potential exposure to EMF is
below the applicable limits for both controlled/occupational exposure and
uncontrolled/general public exposure.
2) Occupational zone: In the occupational zone, potential exposure to EMF is
below the applicable limits for controlled/occupational exposure but exceeds
the applicable limits for uncontrolled/general public exposure.
3) Exceedance zone: In the exceedance zone, potential exposure to EMF
exceeds the applicable limits for both controlled/occupational exposure and
uncontrolled/general public exposure ..

Compliance zone

Figure 1 - Figurative illustration of exposure zones

5. Exposure level assessment

The assessment of the exposure level shall consider:
• the worst emission conditions;
• the simultaneous presence of several EMF sources, even at different frequencies.
The following parameters should be considered:
• the maximum EIRP of the antenna system (see definition: Equivalent Isotropic
Radiated Power (EIRP));
NOTE - Maximum EIRP should be calculated for mean transmitter power. For
the majority of sources, the mean transmitter power is the nominal (rated)
transmitter power.

3
• the antenna gain G (see definition: antenna gain) or the relative numeric gain F
(see definition: relative numeric gain), including maximum gain and beam width;
• the frequency of operation; and
• various characteristics of the installation, such as the antenna location, antenna
height, beam direction, beam tilt and the assessment of the probability that a
person could be exposed to the EMF.

To manage the procedure and these parameters, the following classification scheme is
introduced.

6. The installation classification scheme

Each emitter installation should be classified into the following three classes:

1) Inherently compliant: Inherently safe sources produce fields that comply with
relevant exposure limits a few centimetres away from the source. Particular
precautions are not necessary.
2) Normally compliant: Normally compliant installations contain sources that
produce EMF that can exceed relevant exposure limits. However, as a result of
normal installation practices and the typical use of these sources for
communication purposes, the exceedance zone of these sources is not accessible
to people under ordinary conditions. Examples include antennas mounted on
sufficiently tall towers or narrow-beam earth stations pointed at the satellite.
Precaution may need to be exercised by maintenance personnel who come into
the close vicinity of emitters in certain normally compliant installations.
3) Provisionally compliant: These installations require special measures to achieve
compliance.

7. Procedure for determining installation class

It is expected that operators providing a particular telecommunication service use a
limited set of antennas and associated equipment with well-defined characteristics.
Furthermore, installation and exposure conditions for many emitter sites are likely to be
similar. Therefore, it is possible to defme a set of reference configurations, reference
exposure conditions and corresponding critical parameters that will enable convenient
classification of sites.

A useful procedure is as follows:

I) Define a set of reference antenna parameters or antenna types. These categories

can be customized to the types of emitters used for the particular application.
2) Define a set oLaccessibility conditions. These categories depend on the
accessibility of various areas in the proximity of the emitter to people. These
categories can be customized to the most commonly occurring installation
environment for the particular service or application.

4
3) For each combination of reference antenna parameters and accessibility
condition, detennine the threshold EIRP. This threshold EIRP, which will be
denoted as EIRPth, is the value that corresponds to the exposure limit for the
power density or field from the reference antenna for the accessibility condition.
The determination may be performed by calculation or measurements.
4) An installation source belongs to the inherently compliant class if the emitter is
inherently compliant (as defined above). There is no need to consider other
installation aspects.
NOTE - An inherently compliant source for ICNIRP limits has EIRP less than 2
W.
5) For each site, an installation belongs to the normally compliant class, if the
following criterion is fulfilled:

LI.
EIRP;
EIRP.th , i ~l
where EIRPj is the temporal averaged radiated power of the antenna at a
particular frequency i, and EIRPth,iis the EIRP threshold relevant to the particular
antenna parameters and accessibility conditions. For a multiple-antenna
installation, the following two conditions need to be distinguished:
• If the sources have overlapping radiation patterns as determined by
considering the half-power beam width, the respective maximum time-
averaged EIRP should satisfy the criterion.
•If there is no overlap of the multiple sources, they shall be considered
independently.
6) Sites that do not meet the conditions for normally compliant classification are
considered provisionally compliant.

For sites where the application of these categories is ambiguous, additional calculations
or measurements will need to be performed.

8. EMF evaluation techniques

Evaluation of EMF for telecommunication installations can·be done by following
techniques:
(i) Calculation Method
Following two methods are being prescribed. Either of which could be used
for predicting compliance to the radiation limits.
(a) Prediction ofRF Fields.
(b) Calculation Method for determination of EIRPth
(ii) Field Measurement Approach.

A flow chart of the exposure assessment for single EMF source of a telecommunication
installation is given in Figure 2.

5
 Assessment
Inherently procedure not
Comoliant
required

Exposure Measurement
Procedure

Determine the appropriate

EMF limits. Freauencv

Determine Accessibilitv

EIRPth
Directivitv

Protection measures or
further measurement
Normally
Compliant not required

Provisionally
Compliant

Analytical Methods,
Determine exposure zone. Numerical Methods,
Field Measurements

Yes Mitigation
Techniques

No further precautions are

needed

Figure 2 : Flowchart of assessment of EMF exposure

as per ITU- T K.52
6
 ,r

9. Calculation Methods
The material in this section is designed to provide assistance in determining whether a
given facility would be in compliance with ICNRlP guidelines for human exposure to RF
radiation. The calculation methods discussed below should be helpful in evaluating a
particular exposure situation. '

9.1 Prediction ofR.F. Fields

9.1.1 Equations for Predicting RF fields. ,

The geometry for calculating exposure at the ground level due to an elevated antenna is shown in
Figure 3.

2m

Figure 3: Sample configuration for calculating exposure at ground level

An antenna is installed so that the centre of radiation is at the height habove the ground.
The goal of the calculation is to evaluate the power density at a pOInt 2 m above the
ground (approximate head level) at a distance x from the tower. In this example the main
beam is parallel to the ground and the antenna gain is axially symmetrical
(omnidirecti anal).

t13 simplify the foregoing, define h' = h - 2 [mJ. Using trigonometry,

, 'R2 = h,2 +x2

e=tan-t~)
Taking into account reflections from the ground, the power density becomes:

S = 2.56 F(B) ElRP

41l' x2+h'2

The factor of 2.56 may be replaced by 4 considering 100 % reflection. F(e) is relative gain of
antenna at a given angle. This parameter should be obtained from Antenna Data Sheet, In the
absence of this parameter value, it may be taken as 1. The equation is thus modified as below:

7
9.1.2 Field regions
The properties of EM Fields need to be taken into consideration for their measurement
and evaluation. For example:

.• measurement of both the electric and magnetic components may be necessary in

the non-radiating near field region;
• for numerical prediction: the far-field model usually leads to an overestimation of
the field if applied in near field regions.

Therefore, it is important to be aware of the boundaries of each field region before

starting a compliance procedure..

9.1.2.1 Near Field Region

i) Reactive near-field zone: It is immediately surrounding the antenna where
reactive field predominates and typically extends to a distance of one wavelength
from the antenna. For compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement of
both E & H components, or evaluation of SAR is required in this region.

ii) Reactive - radiating near-field region' .

The transitional.region wherein the radiating field is beginning to be important
compared with the reactive component. This outer region extends to a few (e.g.,
3A.) wavelengths from the electromagnetic source. For compliance with the safe
exposure limits, measurement of both E & H components or evaluation of SAR is
required in this region.

iii) Radiating near-tield (Fresnel) zone

The region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-field and the far-
field region and wherein the radiation field predominates. Here, the electric and
magnetic components can be considered locally normal; moreover the ratio E(H
can be assumed constant (and almost equal to 20, the intrinsic impedance of free
space). This region exists only if the maximum dimension D of the antenna is
large compared with the wavelength A.. For compliance with the safe exposure
limits, measurement of only E component is required in this region.

9.1.2.2 Far Field Zone-Radiating

The region of the field where the angular field distribution in essentially independent of
the distance from the antenna and the radiated power density [W1m2} is constant. The
inner boundary of the radiating far-field region is defined by the larger between 31.. and.
2rYrA in most of the technicalliterature(i.e., the limit is 2IY/A if the maximum dimension

8
D of the antenna is large compared with the wavelength A). In the far-field region, the E
and H field components are transverse and propagate as a plane wave.

For compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement ofE or Power (S) is required
in this region.

The above regions are shown in Figure 4 given below (where D is supposed to be large
compared with the wavelength A).

Reactive- Radiating
Reactive radiating (Fresnel)
! near-field i near-field ! near-field Radiating far-field

I
•. c •.

r
EM ~
sourc:J [ ; r
1
Distance from the source

,1 : 'A. in 2D2/).. K.61]Ol

Figure 4 - Field regions around an EM source

(the antenna maximum dimension D is supposed to
be large compared with the wavelength A)
In the case of EMF exposure assessment, however, a large phase difference and thus a
shorter distance marking the beginning of the far-field zone is acceptable. A realistic
practical distance from a large antenna, where the far-field begins is:

Where Rf= distance which marks the beginning of the far-field region
D= the maximum dimension of the antenna
A= wavelength, in metres (m)

?1.3 Computation for Compliance with Exposure Limits

-Example 1:
After time spatially averaged measurements, the electric fields to which general public
are exposed are found to be 10 Vim, 20 Vim and 15 Vim at 20 MHz, 90 MHz and 150
MHz, respectively.

For general public exposure, taking the ICNIRP reference levels of electric field = 28
V 1m in the 10-400 MHz frequency range, the relative values with respect to the exposure
limits in the frequency bands of concern are given as follows: / .

• R1= (10/28i = 0.13 for 20 MHz ( in the frequency band 10-400 MHz)
• R2 = (20/28i = 0.51 for 90 MHz ( in the frequency band 1O-400MHz)
• R3 = (15/28)2 = 0.15 for 150 MHz (in the frequency band 10-400 MHz)

9
From above Rl+ R2 + R3 = 0.79, which is less than unity and therefore the combined filed
strength confOffilS to the Safe Limit.

Example 2:
Assume that a worker is exposed to RF fields at three different frequencies. Exposure
measurements were performed, which were time and spatially averaged, producing the
following condition:
• 0.1 AIm at 27 MHz
• 70 Vim at 915 MHz
• 25 W/m2 at 10000 MHz

For occupational exposure, taking the ICNIRP reference levels of magnetic field = 0.16
Nm for the 10-400 MHz, electric field = 3f \I, = 3x (915) \/, = 90.75 AJm for 400-2000
MHz and power density =50 W/m2 for 2-300 GHz frequency range, the relative values
with respect to the exposure limits in the frequency bands of concern are given as
follows;

• Rl = (0. 110.16i = 0.39 for 27 MHz (in the frequency band 10-400 MHz)
• R2 = (70/90.75i = 0.59 for 915 MHz (in the frequency band 400-2000 MHz)
• R3 = (25/50) = 0.5 for 10000 MHz (in the frequency band 2.;300 GHz)

From above Rl + R2+ R3 = 1.48, which is more than unity and therefore the combined
field strengths and power density does not conform to the Safe limit.

Example 3: Far field (FF) Power density calculation for compliance with limits

(I) A realistic practical distance from a large antenna, where the far-field begins is given
by:
Rf = 0.5D2/,}"
Where
Rf = distance which marks the beginning of the far-field region
D = the maximum dimension of the antenna
A. = is the wavelength in meters (m) (A. = 300/f, where f is in Megahertz.

The far-field (FF) formula is used to check that the safe distance calculated is valid. The
validity is dependent on the maximum dimension of the antenna being greater than the
wavelength being analysed.

(II) Calculations can be made to predict RF field strength and power density levels
around typical RF sources. For example, in the case of a single radiating antenna a
prediction for power density in the far-field of the antenna can be made by using equation
at page 7. This equation is generally accurate in the far-field of an antenna but will over-
predict power density in the near field, where they could be used for making a "worst
case" or conservative prediction.

10
9.1.4 Calculation of Exclusion Zone Distance
An illustrative example of calculating the exclusion zone is given below:

An antenna measuring at (0.25 x 0.25 x 0.22) metres, operating at 2000 MHz with an
EIRP of 50 W is to be installed. What is the minimum distance from the antenna where
the exposure does not exceed the limits for the general public?

i) Calculate the maximum power density exposure limit for the general public (as per
ICNIRP Limits).
Slimit == f 1200 = 2000/200 == 10 W/m2

ii) Calculate the minimum safe distance by rearranging the equation,

S = EIRPI (n R2)
= PTG 1 ( n R2)
For the distance from the antenna, Rmin:

Rmin= " [EIRP/(n SlimiD}

=...j (50.0/(3.14 x 10]
= 1.26 m

iii) Check to make sure that the minimum distance calculated above is in the far-field
zone where equation Slimit is valid):

First calculate the wavelength:

= 300/f (f in MHz)
=300/2000
=0.15 m

As this antenna's maximum dimension (i.e. 0.25 m) is greater than the wavelength (0.15
m), it may be considered a large antenna. Now calculate the realistic practical distance for
this antenna, where the far-field begins i.e.;

Rf= O.SlY/A
Rf = 0.5 (0.25)2/ (0.15)
Rf= O.21m

Since the minimum distance calculated above, is in the far-field zone of the antenna, the
basis for the calculation is valid and the exclusion zone is to be marked at 1.26 m.

Note:
The above illustration for reference purpose is based on exposure at the same level as the
antenna on the main beam direction e.g. on a roof top or in a building directly across
from and at the same height as the ante1ll1a.For directions other than the main beam
relative gain with respect to the main beam may be taken.

11
 9.2 Determination of ElRPth
The procedure is the following:

1) Determine the field or the power density for each point 0, where exposure can
occur, for the particular antenna
2) Find the maximum power density Smax within the exposure area from this set.
3) The condition Smax = Slim gives the EIRPth where Slim is the relevant limit given by
the EMF exposure standard at the relevant frequency.

This procedure may be performed by calculations methods or by measurements. If

measurements are used, it is necessary to perform them at a number of representative
locations for each accessibility configuration and anteD?a type.

9.2.1 Accessibility categories

These categories, which depend on the installation circumstances, assess the likelihood
that a person can access the exceedance zone of the emitter are given in Table 2 below:

Table 2 - Accessibility categories

A for
circular
rectangularthe
areaexclusion
with area
radius aareb defined:
aaccessible
xsurrounding - the antenna; Figure
or Figure 5
Accessibility structure area
building or of size to
accessible
structure the in front
general of
to the the
public antenna.
and
general of approximately
public and ofFigure
Figure 98 67
Figure reference
d the centre
from
along
h above the
of432
the antenna
direction -
h>3m.
structure.
of
aAntenna
along
Antenna
Antenna
thehis (h
propagation.
radiation
is height
an is
exclusion at>a3area
above
direction
installed
is
There
height
m)
is installed at
installed
h
is
above
ground
ofat a
ground
on ground
Relevant
on
constraint
above
associatedground
level.
propagation.
a
ground
with
There
level-
a structure
level-
h
level.
the
is>
installation
publicly
-level.
an
the
at athe 3 m.
accessible
There There
antenna.
adjacent
centre
height
centre is
of
h (h> an
Two
circumstances
is a
structure
constraint
adjacent
geometries
building
radiation or
is
3 m). There
of radiation
(such
at
is at
as a

12
h

Figure 5 - Illustration of the accessibility category 1

Figure 6 - Illustration of the accessibility category 2

13
 Figure 7 - Illustration of the accessibility category 3

Figure 8 - Illustration of the accessibility category 4, circular exclusion area

14
 II

Figure 9 - Illustration of the accessibility category 4, rectangular exclusion area

9.2.2 Antenna directivity categories

Antenna directivity is important because it determines the pattern of potential exposure.
High directivity means that most of the radiated power is concentrated in a narrow beam
which may allow good control of the location of the exposure zones.

The antenna pattern is a major determinant and a frequently varying factor in determining
the field. Table 3 presents a description to facilitate classification of antennas into generic
categories. The most important parameter for determining the exposure due to elevated
; antennas is the vertical (elevation) antenna pattern. The horizontal (azimuth) pattern is
• not relevant because the exposure assessment assumes exposure along the direction of
, maximum radiation in the horizontal plane.

Note, however, that the vertical and horizontal patterns determine the antenna gain, and
that horizontal pattern determines the exclusion area for accessibility category 4.

15
 Beam
Maximumtilt:
Vertical aside-lobe
half-power
Table3-A
beamwidth:
amplitude with ·direct" .
• orrespect ~ t
reless
on or earth,
as those ·
See Figure
See Figure
1 11.
Half-wave
Broad
High-gain
11.
dipole
coverage
antennaantenna (omnidirectional
8bw a "pencil"
producing Relevant
Antenna description
None parameters
See to
respect Figure
to the 10
the maximum:
maximum: ASI
Asl

'90·
Figure 10 - Verticalpattern for a half-wave dipole in vertical polarization

16
 -90"
OdB

-3 dB
\
.-\ \
Constant
sideband
envelope
\\ \

Beam
tilt

Half-power
beamwidth

90· Constant
sideband
envelope
Figure 11 - Illustration of terms relating to antenna patterns

9.2.3 The exclusion area

This clause describes the exclusion areas for accessibility category 4. The exclusion area
depends on the horizontal pattern of the antenna. The relevant parameter is the horizontal
coverage of the antenna. Table 4 presents the exclusion areas for a few typical values of
the horizontal coverage of onmidirectional, sectional or narrow-beam antennas.

Table 4 - Exclusion area as function of horizontal coverage

Horizontal Rectangular
areaarea
Rectangular
Circular b =4)0.707a
b= 0.866a
0.259a
0.5a
Exclusion
(Figure
(Figure
(Figure
area 5) area
O.09a
5)
Omnidirectional

17
10. Field Measurement Approach.

As per ITU-T rec. K.52, a series offield-strength measurements shall be made throughout a height of
2.0 m, corresponding to the position of interest to be occupied by the body, but with the body absent. In
the presentation of the results, the average value shall be stated together with the maximum value
measured.

Before beginning a measurement it is important to characterize the exposure situation as

much as possible. An attempt should be made to determine:

(i) The frequency and maximum power of the RF source(s) in question, as well as
any nearby sources.

(ii) Areas those are accessible to either workersor the general public.

(iii) The location of any nearby reflecting surfaces or conductive objects that could
produce regions offield intensification ("hot spots").

(iv) If appropriate, antenna gain and vertical and horizontal radiation patterns.

(v) Type of modulation of the source(s).

(vi) Polarization of the antenna(s).

(vii) Whether measurements are to be made in the near-field, in close proximity to a

leakage source, or under plane-wave conditions. The type of measurement
needed can influence the type of survey probe, calibration conditions and
techniques used.

(viii) If possible, one should estimate the maximum expected field levels, in order to
facilitate the selection of an appropriate survey instrument. For safety purposes,
the electric field (or the far-field equivalent power density derived from the E-
field) should be measured first because the body absorbs more energy from the
electric field. In many cases it may be best to begin by using a broadband
instrument capable of accurately measuring the total field from all sources in all
directions. If the total field does not exceed the relevant exposure guideline in
accessible areas, and if the measurement technique employed is sufficiently
accurate, such a determination would constitute a showing of compliance with
that particular guideline, and further measurements would be unnecessary.

(ix) When using a broadband measuring instrument, spatially-averaged exposure

levels may be determined by slowly moving the probe while scanning over an
area approximately equivalent to the vertical cross-section (projected area) of
the human body. An average can be estimated by observing the meter reading
during this scanning process or be read directly on those meters that provide
spatial averaging.

18
 (x) In many situations there may be several RF sources. For example, a broadcast
antenna farm or multiple-use tower could have several types of RF sources
including GSM, COMA, W-CDMA, 3 G and Wi-Max etc and microwave
antennas. Also, at rooftop sites many different types of cellular base station
antennas are commonly present. In such situations it is generally useful to use
both broadband and narrowband instrumentation to fully characterize the
electromagnetic environment. Broadband instrumentation could be used to
determine what the overall field levels appeared to be, while narrowband
instrumentation would be required to determine the relat~ve contributions of
each signal to the total field.

(xi) In many situations a relatively large sampling of data will be necessary to

spatially resolve areas of field intensification that may be caused by reflection
and multipath interference. Areas that are normally occupied by personnel or
are accessible to the public should be examined in detail to determine exposure
potential. If narrowband instrumentation and a linear antenna are used, field
intensities at three mutually orthogonal orientations of the antenna must be
obtained at each measurement point. The values of E2 or H2 will then be equal
to the sum of the squares of the corresponding, orthogonal field components. If
an aperture antenna is used, unless the test antenna responds uniformly to all
polarizations in a plane, e.g., a conical log-spiral antenna, it should be rotated in
both azimuth and elevation until a maximum is obtained. The antenna should
then be rotated about its longitudinal axis and the measurement repeated so that
both horizontally and vertically polarized field components are measured. It
should be noted that when using aperture antennas in reflective or near-field
environments, significant negativeerrors may be obtained.

The measurement problem typically approaches one of the following cases

1. The source of the EMF and at least some of its characteristics are known. The
EMF from other sources is negligible for compliance considerations. The
objective is to determine the compliancezones for this known source.
2. The sources of the EMF are not known. The objective is to determine compliance
in a particular location, or to survey the EM fields in the out-band region to
confirm that other EM sources can be neglected.
3. The objective is to determine compliance in a particular location, and if non-
compliance is found, to determine the relative contribution of the sources to the
non-compliance.

In Case 1, the transmitting frequency band should be known precisely. The

transmitted power, polarization and the antenna pattern may be known approximately.
.Thus, the measurements can focus onto the frequency range of interest. ITU-T Rec.
K.52 should be used to obtain an estimate of the field strength in order to determine
appropriate instrumentation.

19
 In Case 2, a survey of the entire frequency spectrum may be required. An alternative
is measurements with wideband probe that integrates various frequencies.

In Case 3, is an extension of Case 2. If the initial measurement indicates non-

compliance, frequency selective measurements, using an antenna and spectrum
analyzer for example, are needed.

To make meaningful near-field measurements, the following conditions shall be met.

a) The probe shall respond to particular parameter and not have significant spurious
responses (e.g. respond to an E-field without any spurious H-field response).
b) The dimensions of the probe sensor shall preferably be less than IJIO in its
surrounding medium at its highest operating frequency.
c) The probe shall not produce significant scattering.
d) The probe response shall be isotropic (i.e. non-directional and non-polarized).
e) Any leads from the sensor to the meter shall not significantly perturb the field at
he sensor or couple energy from the field.

10.1 Test Instruments Required

Instruments used for measuring radiofrequency fields may be either broadband or

narrowband devices. A typical broadband instrument responds essentially uniformly and
instantaneously over a wide frequency range and requires no tuning. A narrowband
instrument may also operate over a wide frequency range, but the instantaneous
bandwidth may be limited to only a few kilohertz, and the device must be tuned to the
frequency of interest. The choice of instrument depends on the situation where
measurements are being made.

All instruments used for measuring RF fields have the following basic components
covering the frequency range of interest.
i) Field Strength Meter or Spectrum Analyzer
ii) H-field measuring instrument
iii) an antenna or probe to sample the field. Isotropic, shaped isotropic and directional
both.
iv) Laptop to process the measured results.

The antennas most commonly used with broadband instruments are either dipoles that
respond to the electric field (E) or loops that respond to the magnetic field (R). Surface
area or displacement-current sensors that respond to the E-field are also used. In order to
achieve a uniform response over the indicated frequency range, the size of the dipole or
loop must be small compared to the wavelength of the highest frequency to be measured.
Isotropic broadband probes contain three mutually orthogonal dipoles or loops whose
outputs are summed so that the response is independent of orientation of the probe.

All measuring instruments as required to be available for the measurements and display
of results.

20
The instruments and accessories shall have the capability to measure in the frequency
range of interest.

Field Strength Meter of required capabilities to measure

• E-field
• H-field
• Power density

in the specified frequency range in V 1M,NM, W/square meter as p~ ICNIRP guidelines

limits. The instrument should preferably be portable and battery operated for carrying to
roof-top and various accessible places easily.

Field strength measuring instruments shall have facility to display spectrum and present
results in anyone unit.

(i) Field Strength Meter of specified frequencies.

(ii) Isotropic Probe for E-field and H-field measurement with facility for direct
connecting to the meter. Shaped probe weighted as per ICNIRP guidelines limits
shall also be available.

(iii)Directional Antennas of various frequencies to identify the source of emission.

The directional may be of various types.

(iv)Connecting cable (CXL/Optical).

(v) Lap-top PC to perform necessary measurements and display results in case field
strength meter is not integrated with calculating the results and displaying in
desired units.

10.2 Calibration of instruments

It is outside the scope of this standard to detail methods of calibration for the various
measuring instruments described above but, for safety reasons, it is important that they be
recalibrated at regular intervals by an accredited calibration laboratory .
.A list of simple routine functional checks to be carried out before and after undertaking a
measurement survey.

10.3 Check points before Measurement

Before making a survey of potentially hazardous electromagnetic fields, it is important to
determine as many characteristics of the source of these fields as possible and their likely
propagation characteristics.

21
This knowledge will facilitate better estimation of expected field strengths and a more
appropriate selection of test instruments and test procedures.

(a) A check-list of source and characteristics may include the following:

(i) type of generator and generated power;
(ii) carrier frequency or frequencies;
(iii) modulation characteristics;
(iv) polarization;
(v) duty factor, pulse width and repetition frequency, if relevant;
(vi) type of antenna (unless a leakage source) and such properties as gain, physical
dimensions and radiation pattern, etc.
(vii) number of sources, including any out-of-band signals that might affect the
measurements.

(b) A check-list on propagation characteristics may include:

(i) distance from source to test site or measuring point;
(ii) existence of absorbing, scattering or reflecting objects likely to influence the
strength at the measuring point.

Measurement procedures may differ, depending on the source and propagation

information that is available. If the information is well-defined, then the surveyor, after
making estimates of expected field strengths and selecting a suitable instrument, may
proceed with the survey using a high-power probe, to avoid inadvertent burnout.

On the other hand, if the information is not well-defined, then it may be necessary to
make a number of exploratory measurements around the test site, scanning a broad
frequency spectrum until some positive response is found.

The test procedures will differ depending on whether the radiation source is an
intentional radiator or a leakage source. If an intentional radiator, the surveyor can
proceed progressively and knowingly toward the main beam and the antenna. In the case
of a leakage source, the surveyor shall start first with low-level probe and range settings
as the approach is made cautiously towards the likely sources of leakage, i.e. , first at a
distance along the exterior surface of the equipment. The instrument is then switched to
higher range settings after the location of the leakage is confirmed and a closer approach
made. For leakage measurements, a non-directional and non-polarized sensor is desirable
because of its ability to respond to signals of arbitrary direction and. polarization.
However, in cases of strong fields where the source of leakage is uncertain, initially a
directional probe may be found helpful in locating the actual source.

22
10.4 Functional tests for measuring instruments

Before commencing a measurement survey it is strongly recommended that some simple

functional tests be made on the measuring instruments to confirm that they function correctly.

Such a check-list could include the following:

a) Take a suitable far-field reading on a known radiation source.

b) If the probe is isotropic, check that the reading is largely independent of probe
orientation.
c) Change the direction of the sensor leads whilst keeping the probe stationery to check
for undue pickup on the leads.
d) If a second instrument is available, compare their readings.
e) If possible, compare the reading with the expected (or calculated) field strength.

Repeat the above tests after the survey has been completed, in order to check there has been no
inadvertent damage to the measuring instrument during use.

10.5 Measurement Results

The measurement at site shall be performed based on the following procedures:

(i) Digital map of the area indicating the BTS site for the measurement to be
available for the purpose of identification.
(ii) All the necessary tools with valid calibration to be made available for the
necessary measurement.
(iii) All measurement data shall be collected using automatic test setup. Wherever it
is not possible to carry the instruments, GPS enabled walk test kit or hand held
device to be used. The total field strength will be recorded for particular BIS
location. There may be multiple antennas. Cumulative strength will be seen and
recorded.
(iv) The electromagnetic fields being measured shall use isotropic probes because
the EMF are usually from multiple sources and from various directions.
(v) The duration of the readings taken shall be averaged over 6 minutes per location
or as per actual requirements.
(vi) All radio channels should be occupied during the measurement. In case the
measurements with all channels occupied are not possible, then the
extrapolation procedure as per ITU-T Rec. K.61 to be used.
(vii) Due consideration be taken of other effects such as reflection, scattering,
standin& waves, grounding while taking measurements.
(viii) The measurement should be performed from near the base of the tower and at
various distances going around the tower (360 degree). The maximum readings
will be recorded. In case· it is not possible to go around the tower, take the
possible movement and record the maximum level received as given in the table
as per Appendix-'A'

23
 Appendix- 'A'
EMF MEASUREMENTS

In the far field anyone parameter i.e. E-field or H-field or Power density can be
measured whereas in near field both E-field and H-field will be measured.

S.No. 20
73.0
15
2.0
10Meters
5.0
WorstMeters
Meters
Meters
Distance
30
4.0
Nearby
Any scenario
accessiblefrom
Field!
maximum
ElectricAzimuth
thewith
Angle
Power limits
Density
Field! Magnetic
Compliance
785
426
areas311
10
12
1 l.
2.
location
4.
3.
5.
horizontal
vertical
field
(Max. strength
strength) or
direction
in height
field
at 2.0 Meter
9

Note: Measurement for 10 meters beyond the distance at which the ICNIRP limits
are met can be dispensed.

24
 The measurement shall also be recorded in vertical direction going to the various
nearby buildings in aU the directions wherever possible and the places exposed for
the movement of general public.

S.No.Magnetic ofIn
Electric
the
towerAnyfrom
Worst
strength) Field/
Field!with(Max.
In maximum
Distancescenario
Compliance Power
field Density
limits
or vertical direction
field
strength location
12 24679
853

NOTE:
(a) Maximum possible readings will be taken to record the maximum signal covering
all possible accessible points.
(b) All measured data will be recorded in CD and submitted with hard copy of the
results.
(c) The readings should be taken at the site's busiest period of the day, which is
defined as the site's busy hour. A site's busy hour can be determine from daily
traffic recordings commonly obtainable from the operator's mobile switch.
(d) Annex B gives about the exclusion zone and accessibility criterion.
(e) Due consideration be taken of other effects such as reflection, scattering, standing
waves, grounding etc. while making measurements.

25
SAFETY SIGNS:

The warning sign indicates that restricted occupancy is allowed for RF and microwave
exposed workers within its boundaries. This zone indicates an area where the RF field or
power density exceeds the limits prescribed for the general public but is less than the
limit for workers/ occupancy exposure. A warning sign should be placed at the entrance
of such zone, wherein the survey has shown that RF levels are within the aforesaid values
specified in Annex A.

A Danger sign indicates a denied access zone where the field or power density is even
more than the maximum limit for RF workers/occupancy exposure.
A radio site's exclusion zone is determined based on theoretical calculations. However
actual site measurements using field strength and power density meters could be used to
verify the accuracy ofthe theoretical calculations.

The sign board should be clearly visible and identifiable and may contain the following
or other similar text:

1) Danger! RF radiations, Do' not enter!

2) Restricted Area

The colour code may be as follows;

Symbol and text - red, against white background

In certain places such as where mobile antennas are installed inside the building, signage
is not necessc;rry as RF safe level distance does not normally exceed 10s of centimetres
from the antenna and is moreover installed at ceiling height.

In summary the signage placement rules shall be as follows;

a) At the boundary of the exclusion zone.
b) If signage is placed on an ante~a mounting structure, the signage needs to be
clearly readable at the boundary of the exclusion zone.
c) The operators can, at their own discretion, implement additional measures as
necessary for the safely of workers and public at the site.

26
 SUMMARY REPORT FOR EMF MEASUREMENT
Measurement of Electro-magnetic Fields from Base Station Antennas

Name of the Service Provider:

Address of the Service Provider:

l. Date -------
Measurement
of
Antenna
theofmeasurement
Test instruments
Location
Address
Technology of BTSParticulars
BTS2 used
Type ofBTS (GSM, CDMA, Antenna 1 .'
3. Name
based ofInstrumentimake/calibration
antenna
W-CDMA,3 G and Wi-Max etc) date.
65
4.
2. vii)
vi)
iii) Roof top
v)Latitude
ix) Antenna
iv)Longitude
Whether
viii)Antenna Height
ofBTS
height
of
Roof BTS
single
height for
top
or ground
Multiple
antenna
above based
or antenna
antenna
RoofTop ground

27
7. I Maximum Field Strength measured at
different horizontal distance and height

A) E-Field (VIm)

B) H Field( AIm)

C) Power density (W/m2)

Anyone of the above can be measured

preferably and recorded for Far Field
measurement.

8. I Whether fencing provided for restricted area.

Whether

Danger!

RF radiations Do not enter!

sign for safety displayed

9 I Any other remarks

10. I Conclusion

28
 Appendix -'B'
Example of EIRPth calculation
The EIRP th values
Tables B.1 to B.3 show the expressions for EJRP'h values based on the ICNIRP limits for
various frequency ranges, accessibility conditions and antenna directivity categories.
It is necessary to point out that the radiated density power can be used only in far-field
conditions, when it is representative of the electric and magnetic fields. This represents
the limit of validity of the proposed assessment procedure for normally compliant
installations. Where the procedure is not applicable (e.g., low frequencies or exposure in
near-field conditions), then the installation shall be considered provisionally compliant.
The ICNIRP guidelines define three frequency ranges to which correspond different limit
values of equivalent plane wave power density. For frequencies. above 100 MHz the
limits are:
10 2 10 S/im(f) (W 1m2)
501/40
Occupational
1/200
/ (MHz)
General public

The E1RPth values are given as functions of antenna height and other relevant parameters
such as accessibility, directivity and frequency.

NOTE - In the following Tables a, d, h and hI are in metres.

Table B.l - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based

on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 100-400 MHz
8n(hor_2)2
or - of:
Lesser EIRPt/,(W)
Directivity d category
Accessibility
8n(h Occupational
lOnd2
_2)2
40n(h-2)2
40n(h-
General 2)2
public
Lesser of:
IOn .
[d' + (h-h')' r

29·
 Table B.1 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based
on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 100-400 MHz
As! 21t (h-2)2ar
oroor Lesser of:
4categorybility
Accessi Lesser of: ora .d EIRPth (W)
Occupational
Directivity 1011: or
General
211:(h As!
As!
101td2
_ As!
As!
2)2 _ 2)2
2)2+ {If
or
public
4011:(h-
h-2 (h-2)2
hsin(a
1011:(h_2)2
1011: a < (h - 2)}
.1.1290bw)
1. 1290bw)
290bw)
f a < (h - 2)}
-2)2 [
10,[
2. a'
10,[
10'[ +(;_2)'
h')'JJ
d'a'+(h-2)'J
[d' +(h-
+(h-h')' J]'
(h-2)'J

30
 Table B.1 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based
on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 100-400 MHz
As! d As! 2n
1 of (h _aLesser
or2)2 of:
N/A EIRPth (W)
Directivity category
Accessibility
(Line - sight
General Occupational
As!
required)
As!
or(Line
is usually a is usually
oforsight
public
IOn . h-2
IOn
lOn(h_2)2
(h-2)2 2As!
l.I298bw) d
sin(a ++I.I298bw)
IOn h-2
[[
10"[a'
sin(a
2.5"[d'+(h-2)']'
--,,--[a' (h-h')'
++(h- Hi rrr

Table B.2 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based

on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 400-2000 MHz'

Directivity I
category Occupational EIRPth (W)
10
fit (h-2)2
Accessibility
General public
fit (h-2)2

31
 Table B.2 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based
on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 400-2000 MHz
1 50
Directivity 4category
1 fit or or
40
10
or(h10
Accessibility
fit_200As1
40 2)2
Lesser of:or+
Occupational
40
40As1 sin(a ah-2 E1RPth (W)
d 1. 1298bw)
Generalfie
fie
~(h-2)2
fir. (hpublic
d2
d2 _ 2)2 {If a < (h- 2)}
(h-2)2
.
98bw)
a2)2
_<2)2
2)2 (h - 2)} [ Jit[d2
Jit[ a2+(h-z)'J
+(h-h')2J ]2

32
 Table B.2 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based
on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 400-2000 MHz
200Asl fn (h
Ire (h-2)2
or a_2)2
DirectivityIre 2category
1 of sight
Accessibility
(h-2l (Line or N/A
Lesser
fir
40Asl
40Asl
(Line
40
lOAsl
General ofof:
Occupational
is N/A
usually
required) h-2
orsight
sin(a + usually (W)
dadisEIRPth
1.1298bw)
~(h-2)2public

'
40 sm(a + 1.1298bw)
A[
~[[~[d'
. ~[d'
fi< [d'
h
(h-h')'
fi<[ a'+(h-Zl']' J]'
d' ++(h-h')']'
+(h-h')']'
+(h-h')']' r

33
 Table B.2 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based
on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 400-2000 MHz
200Asl
ora
Directivity Lesser
category fir
Accessibility40
40Aslsineof:
a +
Occupational 1.1298
h-2 bw) (W)
aEIRPtll
' General public
298bw)
~[[ a'+(h-2)']' r
+(h-2)']'

Table B.3 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based on ICNIRP limits for
frequency range 2000-300 000 MHz
401t(h-2/
4category orSOn
or EIRPth (W)
Directivity Accessibility
401t(h- Lesser
501td2 -of:
dOccupational
2)2public
2001t(h-2)2
2001t(h
200n(h {If a < (h - 2)}
200n(h
General - 2)2 of:
Lesser
< (h - 2)}
h{If- a2)2
50{ h(~-2)'J
J
[ d' +(h-h')'

34
Table B.3 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based on ICNIRP limits for
frequency range 2000-300 000 MHz

Dil'ectivity Accessibility E1RPtll (W)

category category
General public I Occupational
Lesser of: Lesser of:

IOn (h _ 2)2 50n (h _ 2)2

As! As!
or or

IOn h-2 50n h- 2

[ sin(a + 1.1298bw) ]2 [ sin(a + 1.12gebw) ]2
Lesser of: Lesser of:
2
(determined by: h' >
h -d tan(a + 1.1298bw» or
107td2

Lesser of: Lesser of:

2
IOn (h-2)2 50n (h _2)2
3 As! As!
(determined by: h' < or
h--d tan(a + 1.1298bw»

Asl
50n[d2 d
+(h_h')2]2
Lesser of: Lesser of:

As!
lon[a2 a
+(h_2)2]2 As!
50n[a2 a
+(h_2)2]2
4
or or

IOn h-2 SOn. h-2

[ sin(a + 1.1298bw) ]2 [ sin(a + 1.12gebw) ]2
Lesser of: Lesser of:

. IOn (h-2)2 50n (h-2)2

As!
3 I or
As!
or

IOn h-2 SOn h-2

[ sin(a + 1.1298bw) ]2 [ sin(a+1.1298bw) ]2
N/A N/A
3 2 (Line of sight is usually (Line of sight is usually
required) required)

35
 Table B.3 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based on ICNIRP limits for
frequency range 2000-300 000 MHz
As/ a
101C(h_2)2
category or Lesser of: EIRPt/l (W)
to the maximum. To convert: As/Accessibility
Directivity sf
Occupational
As/
= 10 General
sin(a
As/
50
SOn (h
+ 1.
_ or
• public
ah-2
d
1298bw)
2)2
bw) NOTE 32 - .Asl
All should
angles be expressed
should as aA numerical
be expressed [dB]1l0
factor. However, usually, it is given in dB with respect
in radians.
1[
5Ox[ a' ++
12.5,,[d' (h- h')'r]2r
(h-2)2
2.5"[ d' +(h-h'J'r
2)' r

36
 Appendix-'C'

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

1. antenna gain: The antenna gain G (8, ~) is the ratio of power radiated per unit
solid angle multiplied by 41t to the total input power. Gain is frequently expressed in
decibels with respect to an isotropic antenna (dBi). The equation defining gain is:

where:

8, ~ are the angles in a polar coordinate system

Pr is the radiated power along the (8, ~) direction
Pin is the total input power
Q elementary solid angle along the direction of observation
2. average (temporal) power (Pavg): The time-averaged rate of energy transfer
defined by:

Pavg = -- I
/2 -/}
Jirt2
t1
P(t)dt

where /1 and /2 are the start and stop time of the exposure. The period /1 - t2 is the
exposure duration time.

3. averaging time (Tavg): The averaging time is the appropriate time period over
which exposure is averaged for purposes of determining compliance with the limits.

4. continuous exposure: Continuous exposure is defined as exposure for duration

exceeding the corresponding averaging time. Exposure for less than the averaging time is
called short-term exposure.

5. contact current: Contact current is the current flowing into the body by touching
a conductive object in an electromagnetic field.

6. controlled/occupational exposure: Controlled/occupational exposure applies to

situations where persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment and in which
those persons who are exposed have been made fully aware of the potential for exposure
and can exercise control over their exposure. Occupational/controlled exposure also
applies where the exposure is of transient nature as a result of incidental passage through
a location where the exposure limits may be above the general population/uncontrolled
limits, as long as the exposed person has been made fully aware of the potential for

37
exposure and can exercise control over his or her exposure by leaving the area or by some
other appropriate means.

7. directivity: Directivity is the ratio of the power radiated per unit solid angle over
the average power radiated per unit solid angle.

8. Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP): The EIRP is the product of

the power supplied to the antenna and the maximum antenna gain relative to an isotropic
antenna.

9. exposure: Exposure occurs wherever a person is subjected to electric, magnetic or

electromagnetic fields, or to contact currents other than those originating from
physiological processes in the body or other natural phenomena.

10. exposure level: Exposure level is the value of the quantity used when a person is
exposed to electromagnetic fields or contact currents.

11. exposure, non-uniform/partial body: Non-uniform or partial-body exposure

levels result when fields are non-uniform over volumes comparable to the whole human
body. This may occur due to highly directional sources, standing waves, scattered
radiation or in the near field.

12. far-field region: That region of the field of an antenna where the angular field
distribution is essentially independent of the 'distance from the antenna. In the far-field
region, the field has a predominantly plane-wave character, i.e., locally uniform
distribution of electric field strength and magnetic field strength in planes transverse to
the direction of propagation.

13. general public: All non-workers (see definition of workers in 3.27) are defined as
the general public.

14. induced current: Induced current is the current induced inside the body as a
result of direct exposure to electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields.

15. intentional emitter: Intentional emitter is a device that intentionally generates

and emits electromagnetic energy by radiation or induction.

16. near-field region: The near-field region exists in proximity to an antenna or other
radiating structure in which the electric and magnetic fields do not have a substantially
plane-wave character but vary considerably from point-to-point. The near..;field region is
further subdivided into the reactive near-field region, which is closest to the radiating
structure and that contains most or nearly all of the stored energy, and the radiating near-
field region where the radiation field predominates over the reactive field, but lacks
substantial plane-wave character and is complicated in structure.

38
NOTE - For many antennas, the outer boundary of the reactive near-field is taken to exist
at a distance of one-half wavelength from the antenna surface.
17. power density (S): Power flux-density is the power per unit area nOffi1alto the
direction of electromagnetic wave propagation, usually expressed in units of Watts per
square metre (W/m2).

NOTE - For plane waves, power flux-density, electric field strength (E), and magnetic
field strength (ll) are related by the intrinsic impedance of free space, TJo = 377 Q. In
particular,

E2 2
S=-=TJoH =EH
T)o

where EandHare expressed in units ofV/m and Aim, respectively, and S in units of
W/m2 . Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actual
quantlti~§iJ:l'lcrfl-Spredare E or H.

18... :i~~"~"~lllopulation/uncontrolled exposure: General population/uncontrolled

expo~ll?~'~I:ipliesto situations in which the general public may be exposed, or in which
persR~:~~~tCll"eexposed as a consequence of their employment may not be made fully
awareo.ftliepotential for exposure, or cannot exercise control over their exposure.

19. Workers: Employed and self-employed persons are tenned workers, whilst
followIng their employment.

20.. unintentional emitter: An unintentional emitter is a device that intentionally

generates electromagnetic energy for use within the device, or that sends electromagnetic
energy by conduction to other equipment, but which is not intended to emit or radiate
electromagnetic energy by radiation or induction.

39