Koya University

Faculty of Science and Health

Biology Department

Report Title : Plant Organ

Student Name : Rayan Ali Hussen

Stage :First
Subject : Plant Science-Lab
Lecturer Name :

Marking :

Theory :

Practical:

Total Mark :

Date :

(2019-2020)
Contents :-

Contents
Contents :-........................................................................................................................................1
Plant Organs.....................................................................................................................................2
Abstract :-.........................................................................................................................................3
Plant organ :-...................................................................................................................................3
1-Root...........................................................................................................................................4
Types of root system :-...........................................................................................................4
1-Tap root system :-..................................................................................................................5
2-fiberous root system:-............................................................................................................6
2-steam :-......................................................................................................................................7
Stem Anatomy:-........................................................................................................................7
3- leaf :-........................................................................................................................................8
Leaf Anatomy :-.......................................................................................................................8
4-Flower:-.....................................................................................................................................9
Parts of Flower :-......................................................................................................................9
................................................................................................................................................10
................................................................................................................................................10
5-Fruit :-......................................................................................................................................11
6-Seed :-......................................................................................................................................12
Seed Production:-...................................................................................................................12
Conclusion :-..................................................................................................................................13
References :-...................................................................................................................................14

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Plant Organs

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Abstract :-

Plant science encompasses the study of the life and development of edible, ornamental and native
vegetation, including grasses, vines, shrubs and trees. Undergraduate, master's and doctoral
degrees are all available in plant science and include labs and field work in addition to classroom
studies. Undergraduate degree programs often cover broad topics such as plant diseases and
pathogens, horticulture, botany, plant pathology and landscape design. Graduates are prepared for
a wide range of careers, such as landscape design, greenhouse management, and biotechnology

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research. Farms, zoos, botanical gardens, and national parks also have a need for individuals
trained in plant science.

Plant organ :-

1-root

2-stem

3-leaf

4-flower

5-fruit

6-seed

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1-Root

The root system begins its development from the embryonic root (radicle), which grows out of
the seed after the seed has absorbed water. This is the primary root of a new plant. The tip of the
root is covered by a mass of loose cells called the root cap. Just beneath the root cap is the region
of cell division of the root. Epidermal outgrowths just above the root tip are root hairs that are
active in water and mineral absorption.

Types of root system :-

1-Tap root system for (Dicots)

2- Fibrous root system for (Monocot)

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1-Tap root system :-
Taproot, main root of a primary root system, growing vertically downward. Most dicotyledonous
plants (see cotyledon), such as dandelions, produce taproots, and some, such as the edible roots of
carrots and beets, are specialized for food storage.

Carrot

The tops of the orange taproots of

carrots (Daucus carota) emerging from
the soil

herbarium sheet
Herbarium sheet of a white tufted evening primrose (Oenothera caespitosa variety marginata).

2-fiberous root system:-

are composed of large numbers of roots nearly equal in size; root systems of this type are found,
for example, in the grasses.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera )

Desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum)

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2-steam :-
Stem, in botany, the plant axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots.
The stem conducts water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant; it may also store food,
and green stems themselves produce food. In most plants the stem is the major vertical shoot, in
some it is inconspicuous, and in others it is modified and resembles other plant parts (e.g.,
underground stems may look like roots).

Stem Anatomy:-
The stem and other plant organs arise from the ground tissue, and
are primarily made up of simple tissues formed from three types
of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cells
Collenchyma cells are elongated cells with unevenly thickened
walls
Sclerenchyma cells also provide support to the plant, but unlike
collenchyma cells, many of them are dead at maturity.

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3- leaf :-
he term leaf refers to the organ that forms the main lateral appendage on the stem of vascular
plants. In general, leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for the photosynthesis of the plant. ...
Leaves are typically oriented on a plant to avoid blocking the sunlight of the leaves situated
underneath.

Leaf Anatomy :-
A leaf is made of many layers that are sandwiched between two layers of tough skin cells (called
the epidermis). The epidermis also secretes a waxy substance called the cuticle. These layers
protect the leaf from insects, bacteria, and other pests. Among the epidermal cells are pairs of
sausage-shaped guard cells. Each pair of guard cells forms a pore (called stoma; the plural is
stomata). Gases enter and exit the leaf through the stomata.

Most food production takes place in elongated cells called palisade mesophyll. Gas exchange
occurs in the air spaces between the oddly-shaped cells of the spongy mesophyll.

Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the
plant.

Cross-section of a Ligustrum Leaf (Found in Sunny

Yards)

Cross-Section of a Nerium Leaf (Found in Dry

Environments)

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4-Flower:-

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in

flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological
function of a flower is to affect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of
sperm with eggs

Parts of Flower :-

Structure Function

Sepals Protect the unopened flower

Petals May be brightly coloured to attract insects

The male parts of the flower (each consists of an anther held up

Stamens
on a filament)

Anthers Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)

Stigma The top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains

Ovary Produces the female sex cells (contained in the ovules)

Nectary Produce a sugary solution called nectar, which attracts insects

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11
5-Fruit :-

Fruit is found on all angiosperm plants and are produced following the pollination of flowers.
They come in a huge variety of colors, shapes and sizes and only a tiny fraction of all fruits are
commonly eaten by humans. They are the product of swollen ovaries and other floral parts inside
which the seeds of the plant are grown and stored. Fruits can be fleshy, such as apples and
peaches, or they can be dry, for examples fruits such as beans, acorns and walnuts.

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6-Seed :-

A seed is a part of a flowering plant involved in reproduction. It consists of three major parts: the
embryo, endosperm, and testa. The embryo is produced when male and female elements are
combined during reproduction. It will eventually grow into a new plant.

Seed Production:-

Seeds are produced when pollen is released from the male (stamen) part of a plant. That pollen
comes into contact with the ovules of the female (pistil) parts of a plant. Some kinds of plants
contain both male and female organs on the same plant. In that case, self-fertilization can occur
when pollen from one part of the plant fertilizes ovules on another part of the same plant.

BARLEY SEED CROSS-SECTIO____________

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Conclusion :-

I conclude in this report what is the plant science and also what is the plant organ, and how much
plant body consist so I also lerned the impotent each part of the plant and also their function , and
I know some parts of the plant in some picture and cross section .

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 References :-

i. https://study.com/directory/category/Agriculture/Plant_Science.htm
ii. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/root
iii. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/roots
iv. https://www.britannica.com/science/fibrous-root-system
v. https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-plants-that-have-fibrous-roots
vi. https://www.britannica.com/science/stem-plant
vii. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-bio1-1/chapter/stems
viii. https://biologydictionary.net/leaf
ix. https://www.scientistcindy.com/microscopic-plant-adaptations.html
x. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs7thyc/revision/1
xi. https://www.sciencefacts.net/parts-of-a-flower.html
xii. https://basicbiology.net/plants/angiosperms/fruit
xiii. https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/seed

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