Opamp

The 741 Op-Amp Circuit

• Schematic diagram of OP-AMP consists:
• The input stage
• The intermediate stage
• The output stage
• The biasing circuits
Schematic diagram of lm741
 General Description

• 24 transistors, few resistors and only

one capacitor
• Two power supplies
• Short-circuit protection
 The Input Stage

• The input stage consists of transistors Q1

through Q7.
• Q1-Q4 is the differential version of CC and
CB configuration.
• High input resistance.
• Current source (Q5-Q7) is the active load of
input stage. It not only provides a high-
resistance load but also converts the signal
from differential to single-ended form with no
loss in gain or common-mode rejection.
 The Intermediate Stage
• The intermediate stage is composed of
Q16, Q17 and Q13B.
• Common-collector configuration for Q16
gives this stage a high input resistance
as well as reduces the load effect on
the input stage.
• Common-emitter configuration for Q17
provides high voltage gain because of
the active load Q13B.
 The Output Stage

• The output stage is the efficient circuit called class

AB output stage.
• Voltage source composed of Q18 and Q19 supplies
the DC voltage for Q14 and Q20 in order to reduce
the cross-over distortion.
• Q23 is the CC configuration to reduce the load
effect on intermediate stage.
 The Output Stage

(a) The emitter follower is a class A output stage.

(b) (b) Class B output stage.
The Output Stage
Wave of a class B output stage
fed with an input sinusoid.
Positive and negative cycles are
unable to connect perfectly due to
the turn-on voltage of the
transistors.
This wave form has the nonlinear
distortion called crossover
distortion.
To reduce the crossover
distortion can be implemented by
supplying the constant DC voltage
at the base terminals.
The Output Stage

QN and QP provides

the voltage drop
which equals to the
turn-on voltages of
QN and QP.
This circuit is call
Class AB output
stage.
 Short-circuit protection

• Short-circuit protection circuitry

Forward protection is implemented by R6 and
Q15.
Reverse protection is implemented by R7, Q21,
current source(Q24, Q22) and intermediate stage.
 The Biasing Circuits

• Reference current is generated by Q12, Q11

and R5.
• Wilder current provides biasing current in the
order of μA.
• Q13B provides biasing current for intermediate
stage, Q13A for output stage.
• Q5, Q6 and Q7 is composed of the current
source to be an active load for input stage.
Ideal Opamp
Equivalent Circuit of the
Ideal Op Amp
 Characteristics of the Ideal Op
Amplifier
The ideal OPAMP has the following
OP AMP is a direct characteristic :
coupled high gain
amplifier to which Differential Input resistance Ri= ∞
feedback is added to Output resistance Ro = 0
control its overall
response Differential voltage gain Av=- ∞
characteristic
Bandwidth = ∞
Offset voltage and current is zero.
A a) No difference voltage
between inverting and
noninvertying terminals.
Vo = (A V+ -A V )
-
b) No input currents.
= A (V + - V )
-
 Operational Amplifier (OP AMP)

Basic and most common circuit building

device. Ideally,
1. No current can enter terminals V+
A
or V-. Called infinite input
impedance.
2. Vout=A(V+ - V-) with A →∞
Vo = (A V+ -A V )
-

= A (V + - V ) 3. In a circuit V+ is forced equal to

-

V-. This is the virtual ground

property
4. An opamp needs two voltages to
power it Vcc and -Vee. These are
called the rails.
 OPAMP: COMPARATOR

Vout=A(Vin – Vref)
If Vin>Vref, Vout = +∞ but practically hits
+ve power supply = Vcc

A (gain) If Vin<Vref, Vout = -∞ but practically hits

very high –ve power supply = -Vee

Compare the voltage of one input with the voltage with other input
Two types:
inverting comparator when the reference voltage apply to the inverting
terminal
non inverting comparator when the reference voltage apply to the non
inverting terminal
 OPAMP: VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

V+ = VIN.
By virtual ground, V- = V+
Thus Vout = V- = V+ = VIN !!!!
(a) The unity-gain buffer or follower amplifier.
(b) Its equivalent circuit model. 24
OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

The inverting closed-loop configuration.

Virtual ground.

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OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

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OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

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 OPAMP: INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1. V- = V+
2. As V+ = 0, V- = 0
3. As no current can
enter V- and from
Kirchoff’s Ist law,
I1=I2.
4. I1 = (VIN - V-)/R1 = VIN/R1
5. I2 = (V- - VOUT)/R2 = -VOUT/R2 => VOUT = -I2R2
6. From 3 and 5, VOUT = -I2R2 = -I1R2 = -VINR2/R1
7. Therefore VOUT = (-R2/R1)VIN
8. Gain = V /V =-R /R
OPAMP: The Non Inverting
Configuration

The noninverting configuration.

Series-shunt negative feedback.

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OPAMP: The Non Inverting
Configuration

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 OPAMP: NON – INVERTING
AMPLIFIER

1. V- = V+
2. As V+ = VIN, V- = VIN
3. As no current can
enter V- and from
Kirchoff’s Ist law,
I1=I2.
4. I1 = VIN/R1
5. I2 = (VOUT - VIN)/R2 => VOUT = VIN + I2R2
6. VOUT = I1R1 + I2R2 = (R1+R2)I1 = (R1+R2)VIN/R1
7. Therefore VOUT = (1 + R2/R1)VIN
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Recall inverting
If
amplifier and
If = I1 + I2 + … + In

VOUT = -Rf (V1/R1 + V2/R2 + … + Vn/Rn)

Summing amplifier is a good example of analog circuits serving as analog

computing amplifiers (analog computers)!
Note: analog circuits can add, subtract, multiply/divide (using
logarithmic components, differentiate and integrate – in real time and
continuously.
SUMMING AMPLIFIER

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 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Ra Rc Ra Rc Rc Rc
vo = v1 ( )( ) + v2 ( )( ) − v3 ( ) − v4 ( )
R1 Rb R2 Rb R3 R4

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 Difference AMPLIFIER

•This type is of the same characteristic of the

inverting and non inverting OPAMP.
•Vo is the differences between the two inputs
• Rf
Rin in both inputs must be
V2 Rin
equal, and equal to Rf
Rin
V1 Vo Vo = Rf (V1 –V2)/ Rin

Rf
Difference AMPLIFIER

Linear amplifier.
Theorem of linear
Superposition.

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Difference AMPLIFIER

Application of superposition
Inverting configuration

R2
vo1 = − vI 1
R1

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Difference AMPLIFIER

Application of superposition.
Non inverting configuration.

R2 R4
vo 2 = (1 + )( ）v I 2
R1 R4 + R3

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 Integrators AMPLIFIER

The inverting configuration with general impedances in the

feedback and the feed-in paths.

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The Inverting Integrators
AMPLIFIER

The Miller or inverting integrator.

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