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Lecture 4

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Lect 4

Performance
of a
basic Jet engine

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Simple single spool turbojet engine


Single shaft

Axial Compressor Comb. Chamber Turbine Nozzle

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Single Spool Turbojet Engine


COMBUSTION
CENTRIFUGAL CHAMBER

JET
EXHAUST

INJECTOR

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Single Spool Turbojet Engine with Reheat

Jet Pipe C-D Nozzle

Cold
Air Reheat
zone

Flame Holders

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Consider the Thrust Equation

Fn= m
 .Ve - m
 .Va + Ae.(Pe- Pa)
• By Reheating it is intended to increase magnitude
of the exit velocity Ve by employing Convergent-
Divergent nozzle which can produce supersonic exit
velocity
• Increased Ve would decrease Pe and take it below Pa
• This would result in a negative pressure thrust
• Hence, it is necessary that a reheat engine has
sufficient pressure after the turbine to create high
velocity jet. For this a larger compressor is required.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Compressors 9 stages Jet Pipe Nozzle system

A modern afterburning very low bypass turbofan engine

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Thrust of a basic turbojet engine (momentum thrust)

Fn=(m
 a+ m
 f)Ve-m
 a.Va
Where, m
a is the air mass flow
through the engine
m  f is the fuel mass flow injected
in to the engine
Ve , Va are the air velocity into the
engine and the same exiting
the engine
Ve is dependant on ηenergy
Ve is also dependant on ηpropulsive

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Thrust of a reheat turbojet engine (momentum thrust)

 a+ m
Fn=(m  f-CC+ m
 f-Rht)Ve- m
 a.Va

Where m
 f-Reheat is the fuel input during
the reheat or afterburning
process
Ve is dependant on ηenergy ,
and ηpropulsive

Hence unless the fuel is burn efficiently and


then energy is converted efficiently to Ve
thrust production will not be efficient
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

The overall engine efficiencies are given by

η m .Va .( Ve − Va ) η η
O = = p. e
m f .Q 
fuel

η m .Va .( Ve − Va ) η η
O - reheat =

= p - AB . e - AB
[m f -cc + mf -rht ].Q fuel
Specific fuel consumptions m f −cc
SFC =
Fn
m f −cc + m f − rht
SFCReheat =
Fn − reheat
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

• For jet engines with reheat or afterburning, the


fuel consumption would be quite high, and SFC
would show up as high value.

• In such operation sheer thrust requirement


outweighs the high SFC.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

M=1.0

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Thrust of a bypass engine

Fn=[(m  f)Ve-hot-m
 a+ m  a.Va]hot-jet

+ m
 a-bypass [Ve-bypass– Va]

SFC of a bypass engine


m f −cc
SFC =
Fn−hot + Fn−cold

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Overall Efficiency of Bypass Jet engine


η m
 .Va .( Ve − Va ) η η
O = = p. e
m 
 f .Q fuel
Exhaust Jet waste
mhot .( V e -hot − Va ) + mcold .( V e -bypass − Va )
 2
 2

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Propulsive Efficiency of the bypass jet engine

[m
 a .V a .( V e − Va ) ]
hot + [m
 a .V a .( V e − Va ) ]
bypass
η =
p m
hot ] + ma -bypass [V a .( V e − Va ) ] bypass +
 a - core .[Va .( V e − Va ) 

2 2
( Ve -hot − Va ) ( Ve - cold − Va )
m
 a - core + m a-bypass
2 2

2
m
 .V +m .V
a - hot e - hot a - bypass e - bypass
= where, V =
Ve e - average m +m
− average a - hot a - bypass
1+
Va

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Single Spool Turbofan engine


Cold Bypass

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect 4

Next class :

Multi-spool Turbojet and Turbofan engines

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay

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