Mom Chapter 13 PDF

BUCKLING OFofCOLUMNS
13. Buckling Columns

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Discuss the behavior of columns.

• Discuss the buckling of columns.
• Determine the axial load needed to buckle
an ideal column.
• Analyze the buckling with bending of a
column.
• Discuss inelastic buckling of a column.
• Discuss methods used to design
concentric and eccentric columns.
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Critical Load
2. Ideal Column with Pin Supports
3. Columns Having Various Types of
Supports
4. The Secant Formula
5. Inelastic Buckling
6. Design of Columns for Concentric
Loading
7. Design of Columns for Eccentric Loading
CRITICAL LOAD
• Long slender members
subjected to axial
compressive force are
called columns.
• The lateral deflection that
occurs is called buckling.
• The maximum axial load a
column can support when
it is on the verge of
buckling is called the
critical load, Pcr.
buckling
CRITICAL LOAD
• Spring develops
restoring force
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F = k 4
CRITICAL LOAD
• Applied load P develops two
horizontal components,
Px = P tan 
which tends to push the pin
further out of equilibrium.

• Since  is small, tan  ≈  and
 =  (L/2).
• Thus, restoring spring force
becomes
F = kL/2
and disturbing force is 2Px = 2P.
CRITICAL LOAD
• For kL/2 > 2P,
kL
P stable equilibriu m
4
• For kL/2 < 2P,
kL
P unstable equilibriu m
4
• For kL/2 = 2P,

kL
Pcr  neutral equilibriu m
4
IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS
• An ideal column is perfectly straight before loading, made of
homogeneous material, and upon which the load is applied
through the centroid of the x-section.
• We also assume that the material behaves in a linear-elastic
manner and the column buckles or bends in a single plane.

• In order to determine the critical load and buckled
shape of column, we apply Eqn,
d 2
EI 2
M 13 - 1
dx
• Summing moments, M = P, Eqn
becomes
d 2  P 
    0
 EI 
2
dx
• General solution is
 P   P 
  C1 sin  x   C2 cos x 
 EI   EI 
• Since  = 0 at x = 0, then C2 = 0.
Since  = 0 at x = L, then
 P 
C1 sin  L  0
 EI  9
• We only get  = 0 if C1 = 0 or
 P 
sin  L  0
 EI 
• Which is satisfied if
P
L  n
EI
• or n 2 2 EI
P 2
n  1,2,3,...
L

n 2 2 EI
P 2
n  1,2,3,...
L

• Smallest value of P is obtained for n = 1, so critical
load for column is
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
this load is also referred to as the Euler load.
• The corresponding buckled shape is defined by
x
  C1 sin
L
• C1 represents maximum deflection, max, which
occurs at midpoint of the column.
• Buckling equation for a pin-supported long slender
column,

• A column will buckle about the

principal axis of the x-section having
the least moment of inertia (weakest
axis).
• For example, the meter stick shown
will buckle about the a-a axis and not
the b-b axis.
• Thus, circular tubes made excellent
columns, and square tube or those
shapes having Ix ≈ Iy are selected
for columns.

• Expressing I = Ar2 where A is x-sectional area of
column and r is the radius of gyration of x-sectional
area.


• The geometric ratio L/r is known as the

slenderness ratio.
• It is a measure of the column’s flexibility and will
be used to classify columns as long,
intermediate or short.

FAILURE LIMIT
If cr < Y
The largest axial load capacity is Pcr. Hence,
the column will start to buckle if P > Pcr
Py
If cr > Y , and y 
A
The largest axial load capacity is Py. Hence,
the column will start to yield if P > Py

EXAMPLE
A 7.2-m long A-36 steel tube
having the x-section shown is to
be used a pin-ended column.
Determine the maximum
allowable axial load the column
can support so that it does not
buckle.

EXAMPLE
Use Eqn Pcr to obtain critical load with Est = 200 GPa.
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2
 20010  
 70 4 1 m / 1000 mm 4
2 6 21
kN/m
 4
7.2 m 2
 228.2 kN

EXAMPLE
This force creates an average compressive stress in
the column of
Pcr 228.2 kN1000 N/kN 

 cr 
A

 
 752   702 mm2
 100.2 N/mm2  100 MPa
Since cr < Y = 250 MPa, application of Euler’s eqn

is appropriate.

EXAMPLE
The A-36 steel W20046
member shown is to be used as
a pin-connected column.
Determine the largest axial load it
can support
before it either begins to buckle
or the steel yields.

EXAMPLE
From table in Appendix B, column’s x-sectional
area and moments of inertia are
A = 5890 mm2, Ix = 45.5106 mm4 and

Iy = 15.3106 mm4
By inspection, buckling will occur about the

y-y axis.

EXAMPLE
By inspection, buckling will occur about the y-y axis.

EXAMPLE
A = 5890 mm2, Ix = 45.5106 mm4 and
Iy = 15.3106 mm4
By inspection, buckling will occur about the y-y axis.
 EI 2
Pcr 
L2

      
 2 200 106 kN/m2 15.3 104 mm 4 1 m / 1000 mm 4
4 m 
2
 1887.6 kN

EXAMPLE
When fully loaded, average compressive stress in
column is
Pcr 1887.6 kN1000 N/kN 
 cr   2
A 5890 mm
 320.5 N/mm2
Since this stress exceeds yield stress (250 N/mm2),

the load P is determined from simple compression:
P
250 N/mm  2
2
5890 mm
P  1472.5 kN
FACTOR OF SAFETY
If P = p kN, determine the factor of safety with
respect to buckling about each of axes.
Pcr
FOS 
Pdesign
Pcr

p

COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS
• From free-body diagram, M = P(  ).
• Differential eqn for the deflection
curve is

• From free-body diagram, M = P(  ).
• Differential eqn for the deflection curve is
d 2 P P
2
  
dx EI EI
• General solution
• Since  = 0 at x = 0, then C2 = - 
• Also
• Solving by using boundary conditions

and integration, at x = 0, dv/dx = 0 so that C1 = 0
we get
  P 
   1  cos x 
  EI 
• At the top of the column is  . Since  =  at x = L,
we require
• We only get  = 0 at the support if
OR

n=1
n=2
• Thus, smallest critical load occurs when n = 1, so

that
 EI
2
Pcr  2
4L
• By comparing with Eqn above, a column fixed-
supported at its base will carry only one-fourth the
critical load applied to a pin-supported column.
Effective length
• If a column is not supported by pinned-ends,

then Euler’s formula can also be used to
determine the critical load.
• “L” must then represent the distance
between the zero-moment points.
• This distance is called the column’s effective
length, Le.

e
Effective length, L

Effective length
• Many design codes provide column formulae that use a
dimensionless coefficient K, known as thee effective-
length factor.
Le  KL
• Thus, Euler’s formula can be expressed as
 EI
2
Pcr 
KL  2
 E 2
 cr 
KL r  2
36
Effective length
• Here (KL/r) is the column’s effective-

slenderness ratio.

EXAMPLE
A W15024 steel column is 8 m
long and is fixed at its ends as
shown. Its load-carrying capacity
is increased by bracing it about
the y-y axis using struts that are
assumed to be pin-connected
to its mid-height. Determine the
load it can support sp that the
column does not buckle nor
material exceed the yield stress.
Take Est = 200 GPa and Y = 410 MPa.

EXAMPLE
Buckling behavior is different about the x and y axes
due to bracing.
Le =
Le =

EXAMPLE
The effective length for buckling about the x-x axis
is
(KL)x = 0.5(8 m) = 4 m.
For buckling about the y-y axis,

(KL)y = 0.7(8 m/2) = 2.8 m.
We get Ix = 13.4106 mm4 and Iy = 1.83106 mm4

from Appendix B.

EXAMPLE
Applying Eqn Pcr,
 Pcr x 
 2 EI x

     
 2 200 106 kN/m2 13.4 106 m 4
 KL 2x 4 m 2
 Pcr x  1653.2 kN
 Pcr  y 
 EI y
2

2
  
 200 10 kN/m 1.83 10
6 2
  m
6 4
 KL 2y 2.8 m 2
 Pcr  y  460.8 kN

EXAMPLE
By comparison, Pcr x  Pcr y buckling will occur

about the y-y axis
Area of x-section is 3060 mm2, so average

compressive stress in column will be
 cr 
Pcr 460.8 103 N
 
 
150.6 N/mm 2
A 3060 m2
Since cr < Y = 410 MPa, buckling will occur before
the material yields.

EXAMPLE
NOTE: Buckling always occur about the column axis
having the largest slenderness ratio. Thus using
data for the radius of gyration from table in Appendix
B,
 KL   4 m1000 mm/m   60.4

 
 r x 66.2 mm
 KL   2.8 m1000 mm/m   114.3
 
 r y 24.5 mm
Hence, y-y axis buckling will occur

EXAMPLE
The A992 steel bar AB has square cross section. If it
is pin connected at its ends, determine the maximum
allowable load P that can be applied to the frame. Use
a factor of safety (FOS) with respect to buckling of 2.

EXAMPLE
FBC
FA

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

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BUCKLING OFofCOLUMNS

13. Buckling Columns

• Discuss the behavior of columns.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1

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• For kL/2 = 2P,

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• A column will buckle about the

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• The geometric ratio L/r is known as the

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Pcr 228.2 kN1000 N/kN 

Since cr < Y = 250 MPa, application of Euler’s eqn

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A = 5890 mm2, Ix = 45.5106 mm4 and

By inspection, buckling will occur about the

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Since this stress exceeds yield stress (250 N/mm2),

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• Solving by using boundary conditions

• We only get  = 0 at the support if

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• Thus, smallest critical load occurs when n = 1, so

• If a column is not supported by pinned-ends,

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• Here (KL/r) is the column’s effective-

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For buckling about the y-y axis,

We get Ix = 13.4106 mm4 and Iy = 1.83106 mm4

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By comparison, Pcr x  Pcr y buckling will occur

Area of x-section is 3060 mm2, so average

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 KL   4 m1000 mm/m   60.4

Hence, y-y axis buckling will occur

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