Ll s RICATION AND LL'BRICA~t S

2l 1

(Tlrarau \ cl) lesser t~!.!th in mesh for ,, 3 'h , 1

Cl' .
thC automobile engines . "l rc \O u- lion · BL'1..' ....' U,. 1.:' 1..)f th 1:' ~1.:, <1, d vantage:,, lls u~c.: 1-, on 111,.:rc,,~c
111

16.J. Plunger Pump (Fig. 6.21)

Thi~ 1s reciprocating type of pum · ·h· ·h ,
--s
u :ti Jn and pr"' .. P In \\ ic lht: oil gets commun1ca1ed from the inlet tP the outlet h,
11cnialc l ' c:>!:lure created by a , · . ·
J ·h lubrication fo r tilling ti I rcc1pr01.:at111g plunger. TlllS wa!, lincc u~cd 111 engine!- u:-rn~
~rl:i~ __ _ ~ le 0 1 troughs, but ts obsolete now. - -·- - • - -- -- ---
-----
OUTLET CONTR O L AINC,
POAT
SLIDING VANE 7
0

OUT IN

SPRING

...
OU Tl E. T
0 0

PUMP
HOUSING

Fig. 6.21. Plunger pump Fig. 6.22. Vanc pump

16.5. Vane Pump (Fig. 6.22)
This type consis~ of a cyli.n.d,ricalhouslni1 wi!_hin_~Jli~h _is_el:~cntrj~~IJ.y f!l..Q!!!llC<!_~ driven rutur. The
rotor contains a number of vanes in the rotor slots equally spaced aruunJ its paiphcry. These vanes can
slide back and forth into these slots. lhc movem~_Q( ~tiding vanes is guided by means of a control ring
as shown. ·
When the pump is operating. the vanes arc press~ outw~rJs ag_ain~! the _housing QY Jheir centrifug_al
force. The oil enters the inlet port and is swept by the vanes tu the outlet port. This type of pump has an
a~age of a continuous oil Oow compared to the pulsating oil llow jo case of gear QU!!!Q..
General Motors is to use a new computer-controlled variable displacement vane type oil pump with
two operating stages in their Gen-III Ecotec 2.5 litre naturally aspirated in-line four cylinder engine with
new modular 14 architecture to be employed in their 2014 Chevrolet Impala. In this pump, the computer
uses an algorithm based on engine load and coolant temperature for calculating oil temperature and adjust-
ing the oil pressure accordingly. .It is to replace the greater type oil pump in the older Gen-II 2.4 L engine.
~~t FILTERS / __ ,
As discussed earlier, the lubricating oil with use, is deteriorated resultin in the formation of-~-1Jcts2
las.q,u_cr and carbon. Further, it is contamma e y various y-products of cambustioo o.fl.u.cl..._}j;:., _wa,t.cr,
acids and unburnt fuel. In addition to these the fine particles of metal due to wear, especially during the
r - r t i c l e s of rust formed in the engine are the other impurities presents in the oil. It is
therefore, absolutely necessary to remove these impurities to avoid permanent damage to any or more
runnings parts of the engine.
 'I.! A l/fr >M()IJII LI u, I'
' I1 I lq•~

It Ii,,., l,1I fl h 11111tl 11,,111 ' , ,,, 11,1111' ll n,1 illlj/lllll Y

1•1111 1< I, , , ,t •, 111 I •; 1111, 11111-. dJt1111• l1.i1 Ull' 111or,1
.l,1111,11''''f • 1,1 I 1111 I 1111 ,,i i 111111 ~., , ,. l 'l ' '' l'J" I 1111111 rl1 i1J
d11, (11 wl11i 11 , 1,1,dl, , p,111 11 h 1 111 , , , , 1,11,1 11111111111111.1 I
\\ ''" 1111 l!11illllf' 11 1111 ,H 1 'l ~, 1111111111 d l1y 111 1 ·, 1,,
1'111 111 I, ., l ln" I
1 1111111 111, .. ~1,, WH1 tld lw ld t1•1n l 11111 I \ , 111,1{
111111 \\ ,111 ,t11 1,, ,.i,1,, ,, , , 111, ~, 111,v 11,11111•v,1 1111 111 11 It 1, '" I
1
•.i•1•11 1111", \1 ' 1 II HII 111 1111,d,·1n • 11H1,11 , . 1111 1111111111u111

\ ,,I I \
("' l'IIMI' '
\\111l1 11r 1111 11 1111 11111 ~Ill .... I ti.II 111 '"' 111111ill 11'1 I IP /
111 1, jllf11,, ll11 .. 1,111 ti I ''"''f"' li111tl 1111111( 1, ,. l11,y1·,
I ',
111,111 ,111,,u1 I 1,11111111•, 11•111 Ii ti,, h1 u1111ut-, tl lt'y ,,111 y I
' I
11111'H' n, t •, ~l h ' 1111J ,,,ptd Wt' tll t, TUAINl H ',, I ,., y J
il1lk1 ,· 111 I Yl'l' '• 111 1111 lllti1, •1y1d1· 111 11 1111· 1111 If' ~ 'I' I
t t~,,
1\,11
• t• 11ltt ,, 2 l I )1 , lc 1111g 1-y.,lc111•,
1111· 1,,. I'"'•'• •n d1 •111 ,111d ll tr' 11111 llu w •iy•.11 ltl ll ·•f!
11
· (11)
• 11 (t'J) Full lluw 'Y ' I '
11 y JIG'i/, '1J 1'1Cl , :-" " , CHI
<• .' It 111 tlw h 1 1•11•,•, •,y•.11·111 tlw wh11k 111 ti,, '"' d11r 1, ..

11111 p ,,,,, 111111111th 1lw lill1•1 111 tl w •1111111· 1i111,•/ M111-1 of tlae Pil without bci11~ lillcrcd ¥UCS lo the hc<1rmi,
w lH'H' ,1•, th,· 1,••.1 1111•,1111 10',, l p111,1,111H 1l1111uHl1 Ilic flltc, rn t..lcimcd nut umJ II) returned lo the -. urnr In 1h,,
•, , , ll' III , dtt 11111• 111 11d 1111\\ 1h11111r lt 1l w ltlt n , ,, 1,l11 w ~" 111 ,11 vriy 1111c filtcnnj f'l crrn: 111 Lt1 n he 11,cd
ll11\\ 1' \1' 1, 1111•, •, v •. 11· 111 i•i 1111w 1111•,ok t,· ~Hi l t' It l11u11d 11111111,tkully irnp01,,i blc lo r ka11 lhe whnlc rjjf
l111 i. ti,·,·11
, ,111trn1 ,,f lht• 1< \' •.t1•111 hy 1h11. 11 wt l11ul ( )111111' 1111t,•r h1111d full I I, ,w NYhic m provide.'> a more <.:ertui11 filtcr,111011

111 tlw 111II IIPw .,v,, 1rn1. lutw,·w, , ull 1hr oil which ~Ul'," to lhc hearings musl puss through 1hc filter
111 .. 1 '11111,, , ii 1111y 11111L' 111,· ltltr, ,~ hl114•h·d In lhc l'ull llow 11y~tc111 the oil llow woulJ be 1>toppcd and the
h \.'111111~~ w1111hl lw , iurved, To 11vu1d lhi~ 111 l111ppc11, u spti11g-louJc<.l relie f va lve ,~ 1m:uqx1rutcd in the liltcr,
wl11d1 hyp1..,,1•, 1111 1· 11 11· 1~:1·111 y <iupply ul 11111'ilh·1cd uil lo the r o ENGIN E
lw,11111~·~. tl111, '11\' III H tlit· 111 11,1111 nil Sll!f'Vllli1111 llllll ('(lfl.'>c4uc111 SEARINGS ETC
da1111t>:l' It i, tki.if111·d 111 11p1·11 111 ,10 to IOO ~ l'u , the nct.uul value FILT ER
F il TE'. ~ ~
d1•pe11d1111-11111 lh,· 1' 11/' llll' 111rnll'I 11 11d 1111: 11111111111 prrssurc drop ucross BY - PASS -
VALV E
&Ill' lill,·1 '111b H' lid va lw " 111 uJdlt11111 lo the 111u i11 relief vulvl·
( h g ,,,N ), ll11"wv1..•1, si 11r r the c1111n: nil hus lo he liltc,nl, !he rule
MAIN - - PUMP
ul lh1w i11 this 1,r.tt·111 hu'l 111 he q11 i1c hl11h Jue lo which. the R £ LIU
llllctl11~ 1: ll-111~111:-. u:-.nJ urc i..:u1111H11utivdy '-=1JUIJ1cr. VALV E

A11 oil lillr, 111.11st l111v,• lhc f'ollowln~ ..:h111uctctistks.

\ '
I lli~l, tlltr, 11111111 cfndcucy. SUMP

.l. l.1•11~ p1e.:ss11rc los~. faccs:-.ivc pressure loss m:n,rs due to

hi~h 1ri-1.,11111rr 1111hr IHLcr clcmc11t, prcvc11tl11g oil from rcuching all STRAINER
&he c11gi111· p1111 i- l'l'quiiin►1 luhrirn1i1111
Fig. 6.24. Full-llow filtcralion 1.y,tcm.
I , I ,111t; l1fr

Oil llltl·, :-. till' h11skally of two 1ypt'~, 1·h.. the crimary urn.J the secondary. A primar}'. filter ls also known
11, .i111/111 ·r /tllt'I' si11cc the i111p111 i1i1·~ arc l'l'lnincd un the outer Mlac;-;.,f
the filter. It u~cs coarse filter
11,_,,1l·11 ,d .1111d in 111:-.11111'-d 1111 1hr inlc1 siJc of the oil pump. The scc<muary filler is installed un the outlcl ~iclc
11
1 &ht: 11 11 p11111p 1111J si ne~ the i111purilil'S in this arc rc1ai11cd progressively along the depth uf the ·m1cr
m,llrn,11, 11 1i. 11ls1i cu lkJ ilrtlfh Jilw:

I', 111 rn 1~ 1ihrr i~ 11~, H'C r 11111m,~ ly ~nown us strainer and is fonncd from wire gau1.c of 40-60 µrn. Toe
1111
'l·,· dury lihns u,l·d m 1hr uu111111nhilc engines 11rc of various kinds, the important ones out of them being:
I l'a111 i1lj.tl' Iypt· 2. &Jgc type.
l ( \ •111111'11~111 type
t..C ARICATION AND LUBRICANTS

Jua' ourpose n ,, e ·uoo1:, • __..

Gd~tt" f l J ":'1'),Jf t., ~ .,.Ji..... l '-':1' ng
,3,ve 01e11ents m i ,ng ol f •lerec ard - - ~
- - - betw~n ttie el'lg l'\e':,loc< a"<l •"e
_ , 1 iterta o.l dlso pre\enrs o,I dra,n
l o'ter Mad, ;)f t;Jre r tr .; •ut:.oe·

H1gh-strengtn seam oetween 1ne

F'edoratt>d m( tal11c sneet z,nc oowl and retainer pI3te made to
eiectroplilted and soot ""elded
s:ro• y enough to w•thstand h,g" -
r w,rhstand ~,,gh O'eSSures 1.,p\r
' 20 ~g CfT']
vessure d1tfererti~l5 without
,c~laps•ng

znc elec1r0plated ~pr,ng ioa'.leo re: ei Superior qualit~ res1n-1mpregna1ed

vdlve opens up when pres~ur~ Hter paper of high f1ltera11on
d,ffµ,r<>ntialis reached r n r -,n ,.,. .., )' I eff,c1enc\ and low resistance which
•in n1 errupti>d flow of o•I ensures absolutely tree ard clean
l ov.. JI 0,1 for lonae• " " '; r.~, le

Fig. 6.25. Section of a cartridge typ<! 0 11 filler.

(Courtc..,y-Elofic Industries Pvt. Ltd., lnd1a1
17.1. Cartridge type oil filter
This type 1s u~ed on mo.-.t automobile engines and it consists
FROM Oil. PUMP
of a tillering clement placed in the metallic casing (Fig. 6 25). The
FILTU EUMCNT P£RFOAATED
impure luhricating otl 1s made to pa-;s through th1.: ti lti.:rm~
METAL TUK
clement, which takes up all the impuritic:-.. The clement is given a
pleated form to maximize the !)Urfacc area of the filter I'm a giv1.·n
siLc of clement. t urrently filter clement), with fine pore!- have
h_cen employed_ w~ich has ~ade it pra~ticah.!f to arr:.),t purt1ck~ ,_ ,r
me down to within the region of 5_mic!:S!J~ln the filter shown 111
Fig. 6.26 the oil enters the filter at the lop and pas!.e:-. through the
filter elements as shown hy arrows. The pure oil then goc!) to the
porous metallic tube from where it goes to the outlet for
circulation. A drain plug is also provided as shown.
Q'he filtering clements of two types arc available, i.e., the
ones which can be cleaned and those which have lo be replaced
after certain intervals, say, 10000 km]
/commonly used materials for filtering are wire gauze,
cot~, fcit, paper. plastic-impregnated paper et'f) The filtering
element must let the oil pass through without must resistance, but
TO 0a. GAU.ERV
~hould pr~vcnt the undesirable particles from entering the oil
galleries. ~ he resistance to flow offered by a new tilter clement is Fig. 6.26. Cartridge type oi I filter
 2I ,I /\ I/ n JMCIIIII I. I 1J1 ol l 1
I l'l(l'-J
11h11u1 0 ., Ill 0,5 bul',flll1w1•vr1 , w1lh ll\ r thl' ll'S \Sl11111•,· it11'H'11s1•1, d1w h 1 1'1 11g g111g nl llw lilt,·, 1·'1 ·,, 11,
IIHl\111111111 p ,·11111 s~ n1~(' l'C ',i~tlllll'\.' is nhoul ,) h111 ~}
111
'n.
17.2. Ecl.a:;t' oil fl Un
l)1pl'
It is also 1.::tlkd thr !lli,U.:"- lyt,ll' , 111 this 1hc oil 1.11 11111dc lo puss 1h11111gh u 1111111h1: r 111 du~d y f,p,1, •·d di
(Fig. <i.2 /). Thr 11lln 1111tt· dbrs 111 c 11101111tt•d 4wr II Ct' ntrnl 1'pi11dlc. whlk llw dls('S 111 lwlw1:1·11 1111.~c ..
all a1..· h1·d Ill 11 M' p :11·111t lixcd spi11dk 11s sl111w11{Jh0 1· k111·u11l·0 lw1wrll11 lw11 s11c1·1·1-1slvL1d1 1,1' /l I~ 11 Inv 111 ,i re,..
:l I A YIONA II V II Of (J A CA•, t Hr,

CE NTHr
C~~INO"~ ~d!IM01r
S OIIAH C
Oil
_J~'NDL L r 4 F =i ' RO 0
"l'"\:-n ~

.. ll
IN ll 1)1 $ C
11 ATTA CII UO
11 ro CLNTR C
1I SPINOL. €
1 I
l
11 J
I I

.j
c:-::- -
l
ll
c:- - - 1r · UI S C
L - ATTACHED ~
TO SQUAR E
ROD
OIL J(J --=:::-- - ~ ''
__.. ,._~B'-'-"'"'n,U-
OUTLET

Fig 6.~7. EJg~ typl! oil fihl!r Fig. 6.28. Cl!nlrifugnl type oil lillcr
Thi.' oil 1~ made to llow lhrough the spaces between these discs and because of the very small spaces
in\'olvcd the it,!lpuritil:s an~ left on the disc pcri~ ies from where these arc periodically removed hy
~,mply operating rhc ccniral knoh. 111is may he done ether manually or the knuh may he conncctl'd to 1hc
duti.:h system and operated periodically by means of clutch action.

17.3. Centrifugal type oil filter

In this the impure or dirty oil from the engine enters the hollow central spindle having holes arounu rL~
periphery us shown in Fig. 6.28. The dirty oil comes out of these holes and fills the rotor casing after which
it passes down the tubes A al the ends of which jets arc attached. The oil under pressure passes throurh
these jets. the reaction of which gives the motion to the rotor cas_ing in the opposite direction so that it slurt,
rotating. [!1c oil impinges on the outer stationary cusing-"Undcr heavy pressures, where the impurities arc
retained and clean oil falls below from where it is taken out. The worldng speed of the rotor is usually
between 2000 and 7000 rpm, depending upon the oil pressure c irculating the oil. Force of upto 2000 time~
the gravity are produced which arc quite effective in throwing the impurities, including very fine ones, out
of the oil system. 111c filter walls have to be cleaned at intervals of about 70,000 kmJ
17.4. Performance curves of filters
A comparison of the performance of the cartridge type and the centrifugal type of oil filters has brcn
shown in Fig. 6.29. It is seen that in an unfiltered system, the accumulated impurities increase in JircLI
proportion to the operating time. With the conventional cartridge type filter,' the accumulation rises 111~1
with the unfiltered curve and then decreases to the firsl tilter cartridge change. After changing the ca, triJgc.
rat1: of accumulation again rises and then falls uplo the second cartridge change point anJ this continue,
 1,UBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS 21.'i

further. If the cartridge is not changed, the

acc umulation of impurities continues to
J
,_
,ncrease at about the same rate as unfiltered 0
system. However, it is seen that in contrast to
z
the cartridge type, the rate of accumulation in
1/'1
the centrifugal filter is similar to the unfiltered UJ

system initially, but then later it levels 11ff

once the oil circulation through it reaches the
minimum design level. Fig. 6.30 shows the
variation of cumulative efficiency curves of UJ

the two types of filters . ::::

~
<
18. OIL COOLERS J
::::,

In all heavy duty engines the engine ~ CENTRIFUGAL FILTER

temperature and hence the temperature of oil u
becomes quite high{A..s the viscosity of lubri-
cating oil decreases with temperature rise, at o P E: RAT I N c, TIM E:
higher temperatures the oil film in the
·
beanngs · ht b rea k and th e con d"t"
mtg 1 1ons_ o
f Fig. 6.29. Variation of cumulative dirt in oil in d ifferent fillers.
boundary lubrication may be created instead of fluid lubrication which is desired] To avoid such thing from
happening, the heavy engines are provided with oil coolers.
Qil coolers are nothing but simple heat exchangers. Either the cold water from the radiator or the air
stream is ~sed to cool the oil. The water type coolers are, however, more common because they can be use}

100
Fl LT ER

~
('
u
>-
z
"1~,. ,, ,,, ~
' '
w
- ,. I
u WAT
-
FJU!LJ
'
-
I!. l"r -· OIL
/I T UBe
~
I!.
w
w '
ltO '
->
~
~

r P,00'{
< R CXJT
_J

::)
l:
:::,
u
20

711 -
,, I'- "'-
I -
0 100
__ __i_ __

200 300 c.oo 500 HOURS OIL OUY

i
I

OPE?ATING TIME

Fig. 6.30. Comparison of perfonnance of the cartridge Fig. 6.31 . Oil cooler.
type and the centrifugal type filters .
as reversible coolers, i.e. at the start when it is desirable that the oil sho uld not be coo led, rathe r it sho uld
be_heated somewhat to provide complete circulation in the lubricatio n sy stem as fast as possible . The water
b~ing hotter than the o il, will initially heat the oil and when highe r te mperatures arc rc a<.:hcd. the reverse
w,11 happen, i.e. the water will cool the oil.
One such oil cooler is shown in Fig. 6.31 . The water e nters the cooler as sho wn by me ans o f ,mows