10 - Hazardous Wastes PDF

HAZARDOUS WASTES
env20: introduction to
environmental engineering
ENGR. ADONIS P. ADORNADO

2
o Definition
o Properties of Hazardous Wastes
o Types of Hazardous Wastes
o Chemical Waste Management
o Radioactive Waste Management
o Biomedical Waste Management
o R.A. 6969: Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Act
Outline
3
o any substance that, because of its quantity,
concentration or physical, chemical or infectious
characteristics, may cause, or significantly
contribute to, an increase in mortality; or cause an
increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating
reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or
potential hazard to human health and the
environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed
Definition
4
o contains one or more of the criteria pollutants
that have been listed as hazardous
o at least one of the following characteristics:
 flammability
 reactivity
 corrosivity
 toxicity
Properties of Hazardous Wastes

5
o Flammability (EPA HWN D001)
 liquids with flash points below 60C
 capable, under standard temperature and
pressure, of causing fire through friction,
absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical
changes
 burns vigorously and persistently
 ignitable, compressed gas

6
o Reactivity (EPA HWN D003)
 normally unstable and readily undergoes violent
change without detonating
 reacts violently with water
 forms potentially explosive mixtures with water
 generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes when
mixed with water

7
o Reactivity (EPA HWN D003)
 capable of detonation or explosive reaction if
subjected to a strong initiating source or if
heated under confinement
 readily capable of detonation or explosive
decomposition or reaction at standard
temperature and pressure

8
o Corrosivity (EPA HWN D002)
 materials in aqueous solution that have pH
outside the range of 2.0 to 12.5
 liquids that exhibit corrosivity to steel at a
rate greater than 6.35 mm per year at a test
temperature of 55 C

9
o Toxicity
 Bioconcentration – ability of a material to be
retained in animal tissue
 LD50 – amount of chemical needed to kill half
a group of text specimens (rough guideline:
< 50 mg/kg body weight)

10
A toxicity study on the resistance of mice to a
new pesticide has been conducted, with the
SP1 following results
Amount Ingested Fraction that died after 4 h
0 0
0.01 0
0.02 0.1
0.03 0.1
0.04 0.3
0.05 0.7
0.06 1.0
0.07 1.0
What is the LD50 of this pesticide for a mouse? What is the
LD50 for a typical human being weighing 70 kg? Assume
that the mouse weighs 20 g.

11
o Toxicity
 LC50 – concentration at which some chemical
is toxic (rough guideline: < 2 mg/kg)
 Phytotoxicity – toxicity to plants
 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP)

12
o Chemical Wastes
o Radioactive Wastes
o Biomedical Wastes
Types of Hazardous Wastes

13
Cleanup of Old Sites
o Containment
 no need to remove the offending material
 if the cost of removal is prohibitive
 installation of slurry walls (deep trenches filled

with bentonite clay) and continuous monitoring
for leakage
 offending material might slowly biodegrade or

chemically change to nontoxic form
Chemical Waste Management

14
o Extraction and Treatment
 pumping of contaminated groundwater to
the surface for either disposal or treatment
 excavation of contaminated soil for
treatment

15

16

17

18
Treatmen
o Inorganic Wastes (Chemical)

 neutralization
 oxidation (ozone)
 precipitation
 reverse osmosis
 electrodialysis
 solvent extraction
 ion exchange

19
Treatment
o Organic Wastes (Biological / Incineration)

A hazardous waste incinerator is to burn 100 kg/h
of a PCB waste that is 22% PCB and 78% organic
SP2 solvents. In a trial run the concentration of PCB n
the emission is measured at 0.02 g/m3, and the
stack gas flow rate is 10 m3/min. No PCB is
detected in the ash. What removal efficiency
does the incinerator achieve?

20
Disposal
o Ocean floor
o Deep well injection
o Land spreading
o Landfilling

21
Ionizing Radiation
o Radiation - form of energy due to the

decay of isotopes
dA ln 2
 kA A  A e  kt t 12 
dt 0 k
A activity
t time
k radioactive decay constant
Radioactive Waste Management

22
Risks Associated with Ionizing Radiation
o Involuntary Background Radiation
 due to cosmic radiation from space, natural
decay of radioactive materials in rocks and
radiation from living inside buildings

23
o Voluntary Radiation
 X-rays
 high-altitude flights in commercial airlines
o Involuntary Incidental Radiation
 nuclear power plants and weapons facilities
 industrial sources

24
o Involuntary Radiation Exposure due to
Accidents
 Three Mile Island nuclear power facility
 Chernobyl, Ukraine

25
Treatment and Disposal
o Containment
o Ground depressions
o Ocean bed

26
Types
o Cultures and stocks of infectious agents
o Human pathological wastes
o Human blood and blood products
o Sharp implements: used and unused
o Contaminated animal wastes
o Isolation waste from patients with highly

communicable diseases
Biomedical Waste Management

27
Control
o On-site Incineration
o Landfilling
Biomedical Waste Management

28
R.A. 6969
AN ACT TO CONTROL TOXIC SUBSTANCES
AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTES,

PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS
THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Act

29
o Definition
o Properties of Hazardous Wastes
o Types of Hazardous Wastes
o Chemical Waste Management
o Radioactive Waste Management
o Biomedical Waste Management
o R.A. 6969: Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Act
Outline
HAZARDOUS WASTES
env20: introduction to
environmental engineering
ENGR. ADONIS P. ADORNADO

10 - Hazardous Wastes PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

10 - Hazardous Wastes PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

HAZARDOUS WASTES

ENGR. ADONIS P. ADORNADO

o Properties of Hazardous Wastes

o Types of Hazardous Wastes

o Chemical Waste Management

o Radioactive Waste Management

o Biomedical Waste Management

o R.A. 6969: Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Act

o contains one or more of the criteria pollutants

that have been listed as hazardous

o at least one of the following characteristics:

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

o Flammability (EPA HWN D001)

 liquids with flash points below 60C

 capable, under standard temperature and

pressure, of causing fire through friction,

absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical

 burns vigorously and persistently

 ignitable, compressed gas

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

o Reactivity (EPA HWN D003)

 normally unstable and readily undergoes violent

change without detonating

 reacts violently with water

 forms potentially explosive mixtures with water

 generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes when

mixed with water

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

o Reactivity (EPA HWN D003)

 capable of detonation or explosive reaction if

subjected to a strong initiating source or if

heated under confinement

 readily capable of detonation or explosive

decomposition or reaction at standard

temperature and pressure

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

o Corrosivity (EPA HWN D002)

 materials in aqueous solution that have pH

outside the range of 2.0 to 12.5

 liquids that exhibit corrosivity to steel at a

rate greater than 6.35 mm per year at a test

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

 Bioconcentration – ability of a material to be

retained in animal tissue

 LD50 – amount of chemical needed to kill half

a group of text specimens (rough guideline:

< 50 mg/kg body weight)

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

 LC50 – concentration at which some chemical

is toxic (rough guideline: < 2 mg/kg)

 Phytotoxicity – toxicity to plants

 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

Properties of Hazardous Wastes

Types of Hazardous Wastes

 if the cost of removal is prohibitive

 installation of slurry walls (deep trenches filled

 offending material might slowly biodegrade or

Chemical Waste Management

o Extraction and Treatment

 pumping of contaminated groundwater to

the surface for either disposal or treatment

 excavation of contaminated soil for