Lesson A Getting ready

Grammar lnfinitives for reasons

(See Studenfs Book p. 67.)
This lesson presents infinitives for iieasons. ,vhich are also
called ºinfinitives of purpose.-
Form
• Tbe patterns presented in the lesson are:
• Main clause + to-infinitive for reason
I have togo online toftnd a flighL
Iín going to Puerto Rico l:o <Stt my relatives.
• To-ínfinitive in a response
W1zy are you going t;o Puerto Rico?
To see my relatives.
Use
The t,o infinitive can be LlSed to give a reason or purpose or
to answer the question why.

Grammar lt's + adjective + to ...

(See Student's Book p. 67.)
Form
• Affirmative statements
It's + adjective + to-infinitive
Jt's easy to finda cheap flight online.
Jt's nice to say "Thank you" and thíngs.
• Negative statem ents
lts + not + adjective + to-infin itive
It's not hard to do.
• Questi ons
Is it + adjecti ve + to-infin itive?
Is it expensive to fly to Puerto Rico?
Use
ln senten ces like these, it is someti mes called an "em pty"
or "dumm y" subjec t. It is possib le to make the infinit ive
the subjec t of the senten ce (e.g., To find bargai ns on line is
easy.). Howeyer, this structu re often sound s very forma l (or
occasi onally odd), and it sound s more natura l in Englis h to
use the impers onal subjec t it (e.g., lt's easy to do.).
11~~ .
@ Corpus informatlon Ws + adjective + to
ln conversation, the most comm on adject1ves in t 1e
structure /t's + adjective + to are hard. nice, eas1. gooc
important, difficuft, tun. and interesting.

Speaking naturally Reduction of to·

Gramm ar words such as to are usually reduce d in rapid,
conne cted speech , especially before conson ant sound s. ln
this section , Ss practic e hearin g a nd saying reduce d to.
Lesson B Things to remember
Grammar Advice and suggestions
(See Student' s Book p. 69.)
There are many , 1\1ays to give advice and make suggesti ons
dependi ng on the speaker' s relation ship with the person he
or she is talking to, as well as the type of advice being given.
Here are some of them.
For-m
• Should (not)
subject + shoul,d (not) + base form of the verb
Youshou kitakeso meinsec trepelle nt
You shouldn't carry a lot ofcash with you.
• Could
subject + could + base form of the verb
You could borrow your dad's hat.
• Need t;o
subject + need to + verb
You need to take a hat.
• Questio ns with Why don't you ... ? and Do you want to .. • ?
Why don't you take myjacket?
Do you want to pack some other shoes?
 • The exp ress ion It's a good idea + to-infinitive
It's a good idea + to-infinitive
lt's a good idea to have som ethi ng warm.
• Imperatives
Take a hat.
Don'tforget to pac k ajac ket..
~ .
~;;.-·~ eorpus .1nformat1on
r;J
1• • "

Common errors with can and should

Mod,al verbs can be diffic uft to use and stude11ts rnay
cho ose the wro ng one. The mod al verb can is r ot usea to
· give advice. Use should or need to to gíve adv,ce. , thtnk
. you should take a first-wd kit. Or / think you need ro take a
· first~ajd 0t. NOT ¼Ju C8f1 t8:ke a first -tid kir.