Female reproductive system diagram labels

1 Fig. 6.1 shows a side view of the female reproductive system.
Fig. 6.1
(a) Using label lines and the letters given, label the following on Fig. 6.1.
S. where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse
D. where a diaphragm (cap) would be placed to prevent pregnancy
M. where an ovum matures
F. where an ovum would be fertilised
E. where an embryo would become implanted [5]
(b) Explain how
(i) the ovum passes down to the uterus,
[2]
(ii) the structure of a sperm enables it to reach the ovum,
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) a zygote has a diploid number of chromosomes,
[2]
(iv) the level of a hormone which prevents menstruation remains high during
pregnancy, even after the corpus luteum has broken down.
[2]
[Total: 13]
2 Fig. 5.1 shows stages in the formation of a human fetus.
amniotic
amniotic fluid
sac
sperm cell
egg cell
fertilised ball of
egg cell cells fetus
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the process of cell division that results in the formation of sperm cells.
[1]
(ii) State one way in which the sperm cell is different from cells in the developing fetus.
[1]
(iii) State the term used to describe the fertilised egg cell.
[1]
(iv) Explain what determines that a fertilised egg cell develops into a girl rather than a
boy.
[1]
(b) State where each of the following is produced.
(i) the egg cell
(ii) the fertilised egg
(iii) the fetus [3]
(c) The fetus is surrounded by amniotic fluid and an amniotic sac.
State their functions.
amniotic fluid
amniotic sac
[2]
(d) (i) Outline the role of the placenta in the development of the fetus.
[4]
(ii) Describe the role of the placenta in maintaining pregnancy.
[2]
[Total: 15]
3 All the plants were removed in an area of ground next to a path. Four weeks later there
were 113 groundsel plants growing there. The heights of the plants were measured, sorted
into groups and recorded in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
height / cm frequency
0 - 3.9 8
4.0 - 7.9 28
8.0 - 11.9 27
12.0 - 15.9 21
16.0 - 19.9 9
20.0 - 23.9 9
24.0 - 27.9 5
28.0 - 31.9 4
32.0 - 35.9 1
36.0 - 39.9 1
The graph, Fig. 2.1, shows the spread of data but is incomplete.
(a) Complete the graph by adding the missing column and labelling the axes.
30
25
20
15
10
0
0– 4.0 – 8.0 – 12.0 – 16.0 – 20.0 – 24.0 – 28.0 – 32.0 – 36.0 –
3.9 7.9 11.9 15.9 19.9 23.9 27.9 31.9 35.9 39.9
Fig. 2.1
[3]
(b) (i) State the type of variation shown by the graph.
[1]
(ii) The plants were all growing in the same soil and germinated at the same time.
Suggest three reasons why the plants were not all the same height.
1.
2.
3. [3]
(c) Some of the plants had developed flowers that had features to attract insects.
(i) State two features a flower could have to attract insects.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) State the role insects have when visiting these flowers.
[1]
(d) Some of the flowers developed seeds although insects had not visited them.
Suggest how seed formation could occur in the flowers not visited by insects.
[2]
[Total: 12]
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a common emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Two distinguishing features of birds are beaks and wings.
State one other feature shown only by birds that is visible in Fig. 1.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Birds show variation in the sizes and shapes of their beaks. A beak is composed of an upper
mandible and a lower mandible.
Fig. 1.2 shows the heads of seven different species of bird.
A B
width of head
upper
mandible
lower
mandible
C D
E F
not drawn to scale

Fig. 1.2
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.
key
1 (a) beak is shorter than the width of the go to 2

head
(b) beak is longer than the width of the go to 4
head
2 (a) upper mandible is same length as Spinus tristis
the lower mandible
(b) upper mandible is longer than the go to 3
lower mandible
3 (a) lower mandible is about half the Ara ararauna
A
length of the upper mandible
(b) lower mandible is more than half the Aquila chrysaetos
length of the upper mandible
4 (a) both mandibles widen at the end of Platalea regia
the beak
(b) both mandibles are a similar width go to 5
along their whole length
5 (a) beak is straight Trochilus polytmus
(b) beak is curved go to 6
6 (a) beak curves upwards Recurvirostra americana
(b) beak curves downwards Phoenicopterus minor
[3]
(c) Fig. 1.3 shows the events that occur during sexual reproduction in birds. The numbers in
brackets indicate the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the cells of the common
emerald dove.
adult male (80) adult female (80)

process process
A A
sperm (40) egg (40)
cell B (80)
embryo (80)
hatching
young bird (80)
Fig. 1.3
(i) Name process A and cell B.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State why cell B is described as a diploid cell.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The embryo of the bird develops from cell B.
State what is meant by the term development.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Sexual reproduction usually leads to variation.
Explain why variation is an advantage for a species such as the common emerald dove.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]
5 (a) Define the term genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 6.1 is a flow diagram that shows how insulin can be produced using genetic engineering.
R
L
Q
Fig. 6.1
Table 6.1 shows stages in the production of insulin by genetic engineering.
Complete Table 6.1. The first row has been done for you.
Table 6.1
letter from
name description
Fig. 6.1
M chromosomes threads of DNA found in the nucleus
section of DNA removed from human cell
plasmid
type of cell that is genetically engineered
specific chain of amino acids coded by the
section of DNA removed from the human
cell
fermenter
[5]
(c) The genetically engineered cells in Fig. 6.1 reproduce asexually.
Explain the advantages of asexual reproduction for insulin production by genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
6 (a) Define the term self-pollination.
[2]
Snapdragon plants have flowers with three colours: red, pink and white.
Some students investigated the inheritance of flower colour in snapdragons.
In cross 1 they cross-pollinated plants that were homozygous for red flowers with plants
that were homozygous for white flowers. They collected and planted the seeds from
cross 1. All of the resulting plants had pink flowers.
In cross 2 they self-pollinated all the pink-flowered plants and found that in the next
generation there were red-flowered plants, white-flowered plants and pink-flowered plants.
(b) Complete the genetic diagrams to show how flower colour is inherited in snapdragon
plants.
Use the symbol IR for the allele for red flowers and IW for the allele for white flowers.
cross 1 parental phenotypes red flowers × white flowers
parental genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring ...................
genotypes
offspring pink flowers

phenotypes
cross 2 parental phenotypes pink flowers × pink flowers
parental genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….
ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [4]
(c) Another student cross-pollinated pink-flowered plants with white-flowered plants.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the results that the student would expect.
phenotypes pink flowers × white flowers
genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….
ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
(d) Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction to a species of flowering plant, such as
the snapdragon.
[4]
[Total: 13]
1 The human menstrual cycle is controlled by four hormones. Fig. 2.1 is a diagram that
shows the site of production and the target organs of these hormones.
days 1 to 14 of the menstrual cycle days 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle
pituitary
gland
hormone X LH secreted at day

12-13
hormone Y progesterone
uterus
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name hormones X and Y.
Y [2]
(ii) Name organ Z.
[1]
(b) Describe the roles of progesterone during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.
[3]
(c) Many medical experts agree that breast-feeding of babies is better than bottle-feeding
using formula milk.
State two advantages and one disadvantage of breast-feeding.
advantage 1
advantage 2
disadvantage
[3]
[Total: 9]
2 Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in the concentrations of four hormones during one menstrual
cycle.
relative
concentration
of the hormones
in the blood
LH
FSH
1 10 20 28
X Y time / days
progesterone
oestrogen
relative
concentration
of the hormones
in the blood
1 10 20 28
X Y time / days
Fig. 6.1
(a) State what happens at X and at Y during the menstrual cycle.
Y [2]
(b) Describe the roles of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle.
[4]
(c) Some women who cannot conceive may be treated with FSH.
(i) Describe how FSH is used as a fertility drug and how it may allow a woman to
conceive.
[2]
(ii) Suggest one implication of using fertility drugs.
[1]
(d) Explain why it is important that FSH is not secreted during pregnancy.
[2]
[Total: 11]
3 A newspaper headline incorrectly stated, “The use of condoms can result in erectile
dysfunction”.
Erectile dysfunction is a medical problem which results in problems with sexual intercourse.
Scientists are concerned that this incorrect statement could lead to an increase in HIV.
(a) Describe the process of sexual intercourse in humans.
[2]
(b) Condoms are used as one form of birth control.
(i) What name is used to describe this method of birth control?
[1]
(ii) Explain how a condom acts as a method of birth control.
[2]
(c) Some readers of the newspaper may believe the newspaper and stop using condoms
during sexual intercourse.
(i) Explain how a decrease in the use of condoms may lead to an increase in the
incidence of HIV.
[2]
(ii) State two ways by which a person who does not have sexual intercourse might still
become infected with HIV.
1.
2. [2]
(iii) Explain why the immune system is less effective in a person with HIV.
[3]
(d) Another sexually transmitted disease is gonorrhoea.
For this disease, state
(i) one sign or symptom,
(ii) one effect on the body,
(iii) the treatment.
[3]
[Total: 15]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a diagram of a section through the male reproductive organs.
C
prostate gland
Fig. 4.1
(a) Complete the table by using the labels from Fig. 4.1 to identify each of the structures
described. The first has been done for you.
description of structure label letter
carries both urine and semen D

where sperm are stored before ejaculation
is cut or tied during a vasectomy
produces fluid for sperm to swim in
where meiosis occurs
[4]
(b) In older men the prostate gland often enlarges, reducing the diameter of tube D.
(i) State the name of tube D.
[1]
(ii) Suggest and explain why a reduction in the diameter of this tube may cause a
problem.
[2]
(c) Some processes in the body involve the deliberate narrowing of structures.
Outline one situation in the body where there is a mechanism to reduce the diameter of
a structure for a particular purpose.
State the effect of this reduction in diameter.
[3]
(d) Hormones can be used as a birth control mechanism and also to increase fertility.
Describe the use of named hormones in
1.. fertility drug
2.. chemical methods of birth contro
[6]
[Total: 16]
1 Fig. 5.1 shows the human male reproductive system and part of the urinary system.
H C
G
F
Fig. 5.1
(a) Complete Table 5.1 by identifying the structure in the male reproductive system shown
in Fig. 5.1 that carries out each of the functions listed.
Write one letter only in each box. You may use the same letter more than once. There
are some letters that you will not use. The first one has been done for you.
Table 5.1
function
unction s
stores urine A
produces gametes
produces seminal fluid
moves gametes by peristalsis
produces testosterone
[4]
(b) Describe how human male gametes differ from human female gametes.
[4]
(c) Some women have difficulty becoming pregnant. They can be helped by taking fertility
drugs. They can also be helped by artificial insemination.
(i) Describe how fertility drugs help women to become pregnant.
[3]
(ii) Describe how artificial insemination is carried out.
[2]
[Total: 13]
2 The egg cell is the female gamete. Fig. 5.1 shows an ovum at the time of ovulation. The
ovum is surrounded by a ‘jelly coat’ and many follicle cells.
‘jelly
coat’
egg cell
follicle
cells
0.14 mm
Fig. 5.1
(a) Calculate the magnification of the egg cell as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number.
answer = [2]
(b) State three ways in which the structure of an egg cell, as shown in Fig. 5.1, differs
from the structure of a sperm cell.
3 [3]
(c) Meiosis is involved in the production of male and female gametes.
Explain why it is important that meiosis occurs during the production of gametes.
[2]
Some women are unable to become pregnant because they or their partner are infertile.
(d) Suggest one reason why a man may be infertile and one reason why a woman may be
infertile.
man
woman
[2]
One way to treat infertility in a woman is to use artificial insemination (AI) using her
partner’s sperm.
The stages involved in AI are as follows.
1. If the doctor decides that AI is suitable, the woman will be given a course of a fertility
drug at an appropriate stage of her menstrual cycle.
2. After two weeks, ultrasound is used to find out when the woman is likely to ovulate.
3. Sperm are collected from the man.
4. The sperm are placed into the uterus of the woman near the time of ovulation.
5. The woman is given an injection of a hormone to encourage the corpus luteum in the
ovary to secrete progesterone.
(e) Explain why the sperm must be placed in the uterus near the time of ovulation.
[3]
(f) Explain why it is important that progesterone is secreted after ovulation.
[3]
(g) The success rate of AI is about 16 %.
Suggest how the success rate of AI is calculated.
[2]
[Total: 17]
3 The fungus, Trichophyton violaceum, reproduces asexually by releasing spores.
A single spore was placed in the centre of a Petri dish containing an agar medium with
starch and protein.
Fig. 1.1 shows the fungus that grew from the spore.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name given to
(i) the body of the fungus that grows from a single spore
[1]
(ii) the thin threads that make up the body of the fungus.
[1]
(b) Describe how a fungus, such as T. violaceum, obtains nutrients from the agar medium.
[4]
Streptomyces, a soil bacterium, is a major source of antibiotics that are produced by
pharmaceutical companies. An antibiotic sensitivity test can be carried out to help doctors
decide which antibiotic should be used to treat a specific disease, such as gonorrhoea.
Gonorrhoea bacteria isolated from a person are grown on an agar medium. A ring with
eight different antibiotics (1 to 8) is placed on the agar medium and left for 24 hours at
35 °C.
Fig. 1.2 shows the growth of bacteria on the agar medium after 24 hours.
1
8 2 bacterial
growth
7 3
6 4
5
Fig. 1.2
(c) (i) Suggest why there is a clear area around some of the antibiotics.
[2]
(ii) Explain why antibiotics 1 and 5 would not be chosen to treat the gonorrhoea
infection.
[2]
(iii) People who take antibiotics should always be told to complete the treatment rather
than stop taking the antibiotics when they feel better.
Suggest why people are given this advice.
[2]
[Total: 12]
4 Fig. 3.1 shows a fetus in the uterus immediately before birth.
B
placenta
umbilical cord
amniotic fluid
amniotic sac
Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.
[4]
(b) List three functions of the placenta.
1.
2.
3.
[3]
(c) State what happens to structures A and B during birth.
[2]
(d) Discuss the advantages and possible disadvantages of breast-feeding.
[4]
[Total: 13]
1 Male and female sex hormones control the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
Table 3.1
sex hormones testosterone oestrogen
site of production
…………………….........
………………….........
1
secondary sexual …………………….........
………………….........
characteristics
2
…………………….........
………………….........
(a) Complete Table 3.1.
Write your answers in the boxes in Table 3.1. [3]
(b) Some women do not release eggs. The hormone FSH is used in fertility treatment for
such women.
Name the organs in the female body responsible for the following:
(i) production of FSH,
[1]
(ii) release of eggs.
[1]
(c) Fig. 3.1 shows changes in the concentration of FSH and three other hormones in the
blood during one menstrual cycle.
LH
oestrogen
progesterone
relative
concentration
FSH
of hormones
in the blood
0 2 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
time / days
Fig. 3.1
(i) Describe the changes in the concentration of FSH during one menstrual cycle.
[3]
(ii) Explain the role of FSH in the control of the menstrual cycle.
[3]
[Total: 11]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a flowering shoot of tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name of the genus of the tiger lily.
[1]
(b) Name the parts labelled A to D.
D [4]
(c) The tiger lily plant is a monocotyledon.
List two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show it is a monocotyledon.
2 [2]
(d) The tiger lily in Fig. 1.1 reproduces sexually.
Plants reproduce sexually and asexually.
Complete Table 1.1 to show the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction to a flowering plant species.
Table 1.1
type of reproduction in
advantages
dvantages dis
flowering plants
asexual
sexual
[4]
[Total: 11]
3 The sweet potato plant, Ipomoea batatas, has fibrous roots and storage roots.
Fibrous roots absorb water and ions from the soil. Storage roots store insoluble
carbohydrates.
Fig. 3.1 shows the growth of these roots on a sweet potato plant.
stem
storage
roots
fibrous
roots
Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain, using the term water potential, how fibrous roots absorb water.
[3]
The membranes of root hair cells contain proteins for the absorption of ions.
(b) Describe how root hair cells are adapted for the absorption of ions.
[3]
Sweet potato plants produce flowers to reproduce sexually. Sweet potato plants also
reproduce asexually when shoots grow from the storage roots to form new plants.
Fig. 3.2 shows the life cycle of sweet potato. The diploid number of this species is 90.
adult sweet
potato plant
............
flower
stamens carpels
young
meiosis
plant
male female
germination gametes gametes ............
embryo fertilisation
plant
zygote
............
Fig. 3.2
(c) Complete Fig. 3.2 by writing the number of chromosomes in the three boxes. [2]
(d) State two advantages and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for plants, such
as sweet potato.
advantage 1
advantage 2
disadvantage
[3]
[Total: 11]
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram and a photograph of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
after release from a human cell.
cell membrane
from host cell
diagram photograph
Fig. 1.1
(a) Identify A and B.
B [2]
(b) HIV infects lymphocytes and may lead to their destruction.
Explain why the destruction of lymphocytes puts people infected with HIV at increased
risk of developing many infectious diseases.
[3]
(c) List three methods of transmission of HIV.
3 [3]
(d) Describe ways in which the spread of HIV can be reduced.
[3]
[Total: 11]
5 Fig. 3.1 shows a human egg cell and a human sperm cell.
100 µm 10 µm
human egg cell human sperm cell
Fig. 3.1
(a)
a) What is the name given to the release of eggs from the ovary?
[1]
(ii) Sperm cells and egg cells are haploid. State the meaning of the term haploid.
[1]
(b) Complete the table to compare egg cells with sperm cells.
feature egg cells sperm cells
site of production
relative size
numbers produced
mobility
[4]
(c) Three hormones that control the menstrual cycle are:
• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• luteinising hormone (LH)
• oestrogen.
(i) Name the site of production and release of oestrogen.
[1]
(ii) Describe the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle.
[2]
(d) Artificial insemination is sometimes used as a treatment for female infertility.
Outline how artificial insemination is carried out in humans.
[2]
[Total: 11]
1 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
cell membrane of host

Y cell
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the parts of the virus labelled X and Y.
X ........................................................................................................................................
Y ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State three ways in which the structure of bacteria differs from the structure of viruses.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest proportion of the population living with HIV in the world.
The World Health Organization estimates both the total number of people who live with HIV
and the total number of people that are newly infected each year.
Fig. 5.2 shows the estimated numbers for sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2010.
Number of people living with HIV, sub-Saharan Africa. 1990–2010
25
20
millions
of people 15
10
0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
year
Number of people newly infected with HIV, sub-Saharan Africa. 1990–2010

3.0
2.5
2.0
millions 1.5
of people
1.0
0.5
0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
year
Fig. 5.2
(i) Summarise the changes between 1990 and 2009 in the number of people living with HIV
and the number of people newly infected with HIV.
number of people living with HIV ........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
number of people newly infected with HIV .........................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Suggest why in 2010 the number of people living with HIV increased but the number of
newly infected people decreased.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Describe three ways in which HIV is transmitted from infected to uninfected people.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(iv) Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 17]
2 (a) Define the term growth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the events that follow fertilisation in a human.
oviduct
E A
Fig. 3.1
(i) Name structures A, B and C.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
C ....................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) State the process that is occurring at D and the process that is occurring at E.
D ........................................................................................................................................
E ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Suggest how the embryo is moved along the oviduct.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the human female reproductive system.
S
X
T
V
Fig. 3.1
(a) Table 3.1 shows four functions of the female reproductive system.
Complete the table by:
• naming the part of the system that carries out each of the functions;
• using the letters from Fig. 3.1 to identify the part of the system named.
One row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
function name of organ letter from Fig. 3.1

production of
gametes
site of implantation
site of fertilisation
dilates during birth cervix V

[3]
The hormone FSH is important in regulating the menstrual cycle.
(b) (i) State the target organ of FSH.
[1]
(ii) State one effect of FSH.
[1]
(c) The drug clomiphene is given to women who have difficulty in having children. The
drug increases the secretion of FSH.
As part of treatment for infertility, a woman was given clomiphene for five days. The
concentration of oestrogen in her blood was measured every day for 27 days.
The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.

concentration of oestrogen in the blood / arbitrary units
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
clomiphene time / days

taken
Fig. 3.2
(i) Describe the changes in oestrogen in the blood over the 27 days.
You will gain credit if you use results from Fig. 3.2 in your answer.
[4]
(ii) Doctors thought that ovulation occurred around day 15.
Explain what is meant by the term ovulation.
[2]
(d) The treatment was not successful on the first occasion.
As an alternative to this treatment, women may be offered in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

treatment.
In IVF treatment, an egg is fertilised outside the body and the resulting embryo is
placed into the uterus.
Describe what happens when an egg is fertilised by a sperm.
[3]
(e) Some embryos produced by IVF do not develop because there are problems with their
chromosomes, such as having the wrong number.
(i) Define the term chromosome.
[2]
(ii) State the correct number of chromosomes that should be in a cell of a human
embryo.
[1]
[Total: 17]
1 Sorghum bicolor is a cereal crop important in many dry areas of the world.
Fig. 4.1 shows some plants of S. bicolor growing in a field in China.
Fig. 4.1
(a) S. bicolor is a monocotyledon.
State two features that are used to identify plants as monocotyledons.
2 [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the flower heads of sorghum. Pollen is released from the individual
flowers when they open.
Most sorghum flowers are self-pollinated and then self-fertilised.
(i) State the meanings of the terms pollination and fertilisation.
pollination
fertilisation
[2]
(ii) Describe two implications of self-pollination.
[2]
(c) Describe the events that occur in flowering plants after fertilisation to form a seed.
[4]
(d) In India, the cultivation of sorghum has decreased because now people prefer foods
based on wheat and rice.
There are alternative uses of sorghum in the production of new foods, processed foods
and as feed for animals.
Explain why it is less efficient to feed crops, such as sorghum, to animals rather than to
use them for human foods.
[3]
[Total: 13]
2 Mammals and flowering plants both have internal fertilisation and internal development.
(a) Describe what happens after pollination that results in fertilisation in flowering plants.
[3]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a fetus developing inside the uterus.
uterus
placenta
umbilical cord
back bone
amniotic fluid
amniotic sac
cervix
Fig. 5.1
Describe how the structures named in Fig. 5.1 provide the following needs of the
fetus.
protection
constant temperature
nutrients
excretion of metabolic waste
[8]
[Total: 11]
3 (a) In 2005, the World Health Organization estimated that there were 2.3 million children
infected with HIV.
Most children become infected from their mothers at birth or during breast feeding.
Very few become infected by movement of HIV across the placenta.
Without any treatment, 25-40% of babies of mothers who are HIV positive (HIV+) will
be infected. However, there are very effective treatments that have reduced
transmission rates to 1%.
This has been achieved by:
• encouraging mothers to be tested for HIV;

• treating mothers and new-born babies with drugs that prevent HIV spreading within
the body and reduce the chances of infection at birth;
• advising mothers not to breast feed if they are HIV+.
Explain the meaning of the following terms as used in the passage above:
transmission;
drug.
[2]
(b) In many countries, there are dangers in using milk powder because it cannot be
prepared under sterile conditions.
Explain the dangers of feeding non-sterile milk to children who may be HIV+.
[4]
(c) Even though there is a risk of HIV infection, it is sometimes advised that women breast
feed their babies.
Explain the advantages of breast feeding.
[4]
(d) State two ways in which an adult may become infected with HIV.
2 [2]
[Total: 12]
4 Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of the placenta and parts of the fetal and maternal circulatory
systems.
W Y
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Complete Table 5.1 by listing the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood. Use
the letters in Fig. 5.1 to identify the blood vessels.
Table 5.1
blood vessels that carry

circulatory system
oxygenated blood
maternal
fetal
[2]
(ii) Name structure T and describe what happens to it after birth.
[2]
(iii) The placenta is adapted for the exchange of substances between the maternal
blood and the fetal blood.
Describe the exchanges that occur across the placenta to keep the fetus alive and
well.
[4]
(b) The placenta secretes the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
Describe the roles of these hormones during pregnancy.
[3]
[Total: 11]
1 Fig. 1.1 shows seven marsupial mammals.
A
C
not drawn to scale
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State one visible feature that could be used to identify the marsupials in Fig. 1.1 as
mammals.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.
key
1 (a) tail visible go to 2

(b) no tail visible go to 3
2 (a) back feet at least twice as long as front feet go to 4
(b) back feet and front feet of similar length go to 5
3 (a) large ears relative to the size of the head Phascolarctos cinereus
(b) small ears relative to the size of the head Vombatus ursinus
4 (a) tail at least twice as long as body Sminthopsis longicaudata
(b) tail less than twice as long as body Macropus rufus
5 (a) uniform body colouring Paljara tirarense
(b) markings on body go to 6
6 (a) white band across back and chest Sarcophilus harrisii
(b) no white band across back and chest Dasyurus maculatus G
[3]
(b) Sexual reproduction occurs in all mammals. A zygote is formed from the fertilisation of a male
gamete and a female gamete.
(i) Name the process that results in the formation of haploid gametes.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain the importance of sexual reproduction in mammals.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Marsupials differ from other mammals by giving birth to relatively undeveloped offspring.
Female humans have a placenta and therefore give birth to more developed offspring.
(i) Describe the role of the placenta in humans.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) In humans, the placenta is connected to the amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid.
State two functions of the amniotic fluid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 14]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the changes in a human ovary during the first part of the menstrual cycle and after
the fertilisation of an egg.
day 1
follicle
day 10
day 14
B A
day 15
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name:
organ A .............................................................................................................................
process B ..........................................................................................................................
cell C. ............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Name the hormone that promotes:
the growth of the follicle .....................................................................................................
process B. .................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain how a sperm cell is adapted for its functions.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction to an animal species.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 13]
3 Fungi were often classified as different species according to their visible reproductive structures.
Penicillium dodgei and Eupenicillium brefeldianum were classified as different species because
they had different types of spores.
However, recently it was recognised that the spores of P. dodgei were asexual spores, while those
of E. brefeldianum were sexual spores. A comparison of the DNA of these two fungi shows that
they are the same species.
This fungus is now known as Penicillium brefeldianum.
(a) State how DNA analysis can show that P. dodgei and E. brefeldianum are the same species.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) Describe how a fungus, such as P. brefeldianum, reproduces asexually.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Discuss the advantages of asexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
4 Fig. 5.1 shows a species of bacterium, Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Fig. 5.1
(a) List two features that distinguish bacteria from other groups of organisms.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) L. bulgaricus are added to milk to make yoghurt.
Fig. 5.2 shows the changes in a population of L. bulgaricus during fermentation to make
yoghurt.
number of
living bacterial
cells
time
Fig. 5.2
(i) Name the stages shown on Fig. 5.2. Write your answers in the boxes on Fig. 5.2. [4]
(ii) Explain why the population of L. bulgaricus does not continue to increase during the
fermentation to make yoghurt.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The curve shown in Fig. 5.2 is a sigmoid population growth curve.
Define the term growth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Bacteria, such as L. bulgaricus, can reproduce rapidly.
Name the process of reproduction in bacteria.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Sometimes food additives are added to yoghurt. Some people suggest that it is healthier to
eat yoghurt without additives.
Suggest the advantages and disadvantages of putting food additives into yoghurt.
advantages ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
disadvantages ...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 15]
1 Hormones are secreted by glands or made artificially by drug companies.
(a) (i) Name the gland that secretes testosterone.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State why testosterone can improve sporting performance.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Describe the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Synthetic progesterone is found in oral contraceptives.
Name one other hormone often found in oral contraceptives.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
Water entering two sewage works, A and B, was tested for the presence of four hormones.
The testing was repeated on water that left the sewage works to flow into lake A and lake B.
The results of the tests on the water samples are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
3
hormone concentration of hormones at sewage works / ng per dm
A B
before sewage after sewage before sewage after sewage

treatment treatment treatment treatment
including ozone including chlorine
and chlorine alone
oestrogen not measurable not measurable 0.1 not measurable
synthetic 8.5 8.0 4.5 4.6

progesterone
natural 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.7

progesterone
testosterone 15.6 3.7 2.7 3.1
(b) Explain which water sample was most polluted with hormones before sewage treatment. Use
data from Table 5.1 to support your answer.
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...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) One reason for treating sewage is to reduce the concentration of hormones in the environment.
(i) Chlorine was used in the sewage treatment of both lakes.
Describe the effect that chlorine had on the hormone concentrations in the water. Use
data from Table 5.1 to support your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the main purpose of chlorine in sewage treatment.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Describe the negative consequences of letting untreated sewage flow into lake ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 16]
2 The menstrual cycle is coordinated by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hormones
secreted by the ovaries.
Fig. 3.1 shows some of the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
H FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland

J oestrogen stimulates repair and growth of the
lining of the uterus
K one or more follicles start to develop in an ovary
L ovulation occurs
M oestrogen is secreted by follicle cells
N LH is secreted by the pituitary gland
O oestrogen inhibits secretion of FSH
Fig. 3.1
(a) Put the stages into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
H L
[2]
(b) (i) Describe what happens at ovulation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name the cell produced at fertilisation by the fusion of two gametes.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) If an embryo implants in the uterus, the embryo secretes a hormone known as hCG that
stimulates the reproductive organs of the woman to continue to secrete progesterone.
Describe what happens after fertilisation until the time that the embryo secretes hCG.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
(d) State two places where progesterone is produced during pregnancy.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) (i) Fertility drugs are taken to increase the chance that a woman may become pregnant.
Describe and explain how these drugs improve the chances of becoming pregnant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Outline two social implications of using fertility drugs.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
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[2]
[Total: 17]
3 The growth and development of an embryo begins immediately after fertilisation.
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows some of the events (S to Y) between fertilisation and birth.
S development of the heart

T placenta forms
U hormones are released by mother to start contractions
V implantation of the embryo in the lining of the uterus
W embryo forms into a ball of eight cells
X development of sex organs
Y fertilised ovum divides into two cells by mitosis
Fig. 5.1
(i) Put the events into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
Y X
[2]
Fig. 5.2 shows a developing fetus and part of the reproductive system of the mother.
R
M
Q
N
P
O
Fig. 5.2
(ii) Table 5.1 shows some functions and names of parts of the developing fetus and pregnant
mother.
Complete the table. One row has been done for you.
Table 5.1
letter from Fig. 5.2 name function during pregnancy
P amniotic sac encloses the amniotic fluid
attaches the placenta to the fetus
amniotic fluid
contracts to push the baby through the birth

canal
placenta
widens during labour to allow the head of the

baby to pass
[5]
(b) Mothers are often given nutritional advice for their newborn babies. Scientists compared
breast-feeding to bottle-feeding with formula milk. Their data is shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2
breast milk formula milk

lipid / g per dm3 37 38
lactose / g per dm3 73 72
protein / g per dm3 8.7 12.9
energy / kJ per dm3 680 690
volume of milk taken / g per day 448 732
Use the data in Table 5.2 to describe one difference and one similarity between the nutritional
value of breast milk and formula milk.
difference ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
similarity ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The scientists measured the growth of the babies fed with breast milk and babies fed with
formula milk described in Table 5.2. The mass of the babies from birth until they were
15 months old is shown in Fig. 5.3.
12
10
mass / kg 6
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
age / months
Key
breast-fed formula-fed
Fig. 5.3
(i) Define the term growth.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the information in Table 5.2 and Fig. 5.3, describe and explain the changes in the
mass of the babies that were breast-fed and babies that were bottle-fed with formula milk.
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...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) The scientists noticed that there were other differences between the breast-fed babies
and the babies fed with formula milk.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding.
advantages ........................................................................................................................
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disadvantages ...................................................................................................................
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[4]
[Total: 19]
1 The menstrual cycle involves monthly changes in the ovary and the uterus.
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows the sequence of changes within the ovary that occur during the menstrual
cycle.
Fig. 5.1
(i) Name structures R and S.
R ........................................................................................................................................
S ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State the name of the process that is occurring at T.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The ovary secretes hormones that control the growth and maintenance of the lining of the
uterus.
Name the hormone that stimulates:
(i) the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first half of the menstrual cycle
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the maintenance of the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Fig. 5.2 is an electron micrograph showing a sperm cell on the surface of an egg cell.
Fig. 5.2
(i) State three ways in which a sperm cell differs from an egg cell.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Human egg and sperm cells have
23 chromosomes each.
What term is used to describe the number of chromosomes in a gamete, such as an egg
cell or a sperm cell?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State the organ in which fertilisation occurs in humans.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Describe what happens between the event shown in Fig. 5.2 and implantation in the
uterus.
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(d) Clomiphene citrate is a fertility drug that has been available for over 50 years. As part of a
fertility treatment clomiphene citrate is taken once a day (daily dose) for about five days.
Researchers investigated the use of the drug in Denmark between 1974 and 1993. The
results of their study are shown in Fig. 5.3.
1800
1600
1400
1200
total number of 1000

daily doses of
clomiphene
800
citrate per year
600
400
200
0
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
year
Fig. 5.3
(i) Describe the change in the use of clomiphene citrate in Denmark between 1974 and
1993. Use data from Fig. 5.3 in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Clomiphene citrate is used as part of a treatment cycle to help women become pregnant.
Often this involves artificial insemination (AI).
Describe how a treatment cycle involving fertility drugs and AI would be carried out.
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[Total: 19]
2 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram showing the events from pollination to fertilisation in a species of flowering
plant.
stigma
pollen grain
style
ovary
Fig. 5.1
(a) Name the likely method of pollination for the flowers shown at A in Fig. 5.1. Give an explanation
for your choice.
method of pollination .................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [3]
(b) In Fig. 5.1 pollen is transferred from one plant to another.
State the name for this type of pollination.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Name structure B shown in Fig. 5.1 and state its function.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Fertilisation occurs at C as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Describe what happens at fertilisation in flowering plants.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Seed formation occurs after fertilisation. Seeds are formed inside the fruits and then dispersed.
(i) Name the part of the flower that develops into the seed.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the part of the flower that develops into the fruit.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State an advantage of seed dispersal.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) Seed germination occurs when conditions are suitable.
Explain the role of enzymes in seed germination.
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[Total: 13]
3 Bacteria can be grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes. The main nutrients in the agar are glucose
and amino acids. The bacteria reproduce asexually to form colonies. Each colony is formed from
one bacterium.
(a) (i) Explain why glucose and amino acids are included in the agar medium.
glucose ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
amino acids .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe how bacteria reproduce asexually.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
A microbiologist collected bacteria from a kitchen which was suspected to be responsible for an
outbreak of food poisoning.
The microbiologist spread the bacteria on nutrient agar and let them reproduce to form colonies.
The bacterial colonies were transferred onto new nutrient agar that contained high concentrations
of antibiotics S or T, as shown in the flow diagram in Fig. 5.1.
sample of bacteria collected

from the kitchen, spread
across the surface of an
agar plate
many bacterial
colonies agar plate 1 incubated for
24 hours at 30 °C
bacteria transferred from

agar plate 1 to agar plates 2,
3 and 4 at the same time
agar plate 2 agar plate 3 agar plate 4 with

with no antibiotic with antibiotic S antibiotic T
bacteria transferred to
a growth medium and
incubated for 24 hours
bacteria transferred bacteria transferred

to agar plate 5 to agar plate 6
agar plate 5 with agar plate 6 with

antibiotic S antibiotic T
Fig. 5.1
(b) Explain the appearance of agar plates 3 and 4.
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why many bacterial colonies were found on agar plates 5 and 6.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the bacterium,

Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many strains of this bacterium cannot be treated by common
antibiotics.
Explain how strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are formed and then spread.
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[Total: 13]
1 The diagram shows the human female reproductive system.
Sometimes a woman may be unable to have a baby because the tube at X becomes blocked.
Which processes are prevented?
fertilisation implantation ovulation
A key
B = prevented
C = not prevented
D
2 The graph shows the growth curve of a plant.
4
3
dry mass
2
1
seed
time
At which two stages is growth not occurring?
A 1 and 4 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 1 and 2
3 The diagram shows a typical human growth curve from birth to 20 years.
175
150
125
height 100
/ cm 75
50
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
age / years
During which years is the growth rate greatest?
A 0 – 2 years
B 8 – 10 years
C 12 – 14 years
D 18 – 20 years
4 Which row shows how one type of gamete is transported so that fertilisation can occur in a
flowering plant?
type of gamete how transported
A female in a pollen grain

B female in a seed
C male in a pollen grain
D male in a seed
5 In which conditions will seeds germinate?
temperature / °C the only gas present water
A 20 carbon dioxide water present

B 20 oxygen water present
C 0 carbon dioxide water absent
D 0 oxygen water absent
6 The graph shows the growth curves for boys and girls.
70 boys
60
50 girls
mass 40
/ kg 30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
age / years
What is the approximate average growth rate of boys between 10 and 15 years old?
A 3.5 kg per year

B 18 kg per year
C 32 kg per year
D 50 kg per year
7 The diagram shows the female reproductive system.
Where does implantation normally occur?
C
B
8 The diagram shows a vertical section through the carpel of a flower that has been pollinated.
pollen tube
What is the correct order of structures through which the pollen tube must grow in order to bring
about fertilisation?
9 Which environmental condition is not needed for the germination of seeds?
A carbon dioxide
B oxygen
C warmth
D water
10 The graph shows how dry mass of a plant changes with time.
Where on the graph is growth occurring?
dry
mass
A D
B
C
time
11 The graph shows changes in the thickness of the uterus lining of a woman.
thickness of
uterus lining
0 1 6 7 8
X X
time / weeks
What happens each time at X?
A fertilisation
B implantation
C menstruation
D ovulation
12 The table lists some processes which take place during reproduction in flowering plants and
mammals.
Which row is correct?
fertilisation needed implantation needed pollination needed
A flowering plants and mammals only flowering plants only

mammals
B flowering plants and flowering plants and mammals only

mammals mammals
C mammals only mammals only flowering plants only
D flowering plants and mammals only flowering plants and

mammals mammals
13 The graph shows the effect of storage time on the germination of some seeds.
100
90
80
70
% germination 60
50
40
30
0 1 2 3 4
storage time / years
What can be concluded from this graph?
A Older seeds do not germinate.

B Older seeds germinate better than younger seeds.
C Younger seeds always germinate.
D Younger seeds germinate better than older seeds.
14 Which method of birth control is based on knowing the stage a woman is at in her menstrual
cycle?
A chemical
B mechanical
C natural
D surgical
15 The graph shows the growth of a child into an adult.
y axis
x axis
What should be the labels on the axes?
16 What special dietary advice should be given to a pregnant woman?
A Eat less fibre (roughage).

B Eat less protein.
C Eat plenty of fat.
D Eat plenty of iron.
17 A natural method of birth control assumes that sperms live for three days after intercourse,
ovulation occurs between days 13-15 of the menstrual cycle and released ova live for 36 hours.
On which day of the cycle should intercourse not result in pregnancy?
A day 7 B day 10 C day 12 D day 16
18 In addition to a suitable temperature, what else is necessary for seed germination?
A carbon dioxide and sunlight

B mineral ions only
C sunlight only
D water and oxygen
19 Which process is an example of development?
A a cell absorbing water and increasing in size

B a cell dividing by mitosis
C a root tip cell becoming a phloem cell
D a sperm cell fertilising an egg cell
20 Which combination of structural features is found in a wind-pollinated flower?
A anthers inside flower, smooth pollen, no scent

B coloured petals, sticky pollen, strong scent
C large flowers, nectaries present, light pollen
D no petals, anthers outside flower, no nectaries
21 The diagram shows a dandelion fruit attached to a parachute of hairs.
parachute
of hairs
fruit
The following results were obtained during an experiment to investigate the time taken for the
fruits of four different dandelions to fall to the ground.
Which conclusion can be drawn from these results?
A As parachute diameter decreases, time taken to fall decreases.

B Fruit 4 fell fastest and fruit 1 fell slowest.
C Dandelion fruits are well adapted for animal dispersal.
D Fruit size affects the time taken for the fruit to fall.
22 An experiment is set up at 20°C to investigate some conditions necessary for the germination of
seeds.
In which apparatus will germination occur?
A B
carbon dioxide carbon dioxide
dry cotton-wool wet cotton-wool
C D
oxygen oxygen
dry cotton-wool wet cotton-wool
23 A natural method of birth control assumes that sperms live for three days after intercourse,
ovulation occurs between days 13-15 of the menstrual cycle and released ova live for 36 hours.
On which day of the cycle should intercourse not result in pregnancy?
A day 7 B day 10 C day 12 D day 16
24 The diagram shows the early growth of a green plant.
What is occurring?
mitosis
itosis deve
A key
B = occurs
C = does not occur
D
25 The diagram shows the male reproductive system.
What is the tube labelled X?
A rectum
B sperm duct (vas deferens)
C ureter
D urethra
26 Which is not growth of an organism?
A increase in dry mass

B increase in the number of cells
C permanent increase in size
D swelling by absorbing water
27 The diagram shows a pod from a pea plant.
Which line correctly shows the path that was taken by a pollen tube to an ovule?
A B C D
key
path taken
by pollen tube
28 The diagram shows a developing human fetus within the uterus.
uterus wall
fetus
What is a main function of X?
A passing faeces to the mother

B passing oxygen to the fetus
C passing the mother’s blood to the fetus
D protecting the fetus from knocks
29 Which process does not involve an increase in dry mass?
A a bacterium getting larger before it divides

B a fetus developing inside the uterus
C a green shoot growing towards light
D a seed germinating under the ground
30 The diagram shows four flasks which were set up to investigate the conditions needed for
germination.
In which experiment will the seeds germinate most quickly?
A B C D
seeds
seeds
dry cotton
wool damp
cotton cotton
wool boiled wool
water
stored at 18 °C stored at 18 °C stored at 18 °C stored at 2 °C
31 The diagram shows some parts of the male reproductive system.
Which part is cut during a vasectomy?
32 The calendar shows the menstrual cycle of a woman in September 2008.
key
= ovulation
= menstruation
Why could fertilisation not take place if sperms are released into the vagina on 8th September?
A Sperms are washed out of the female uterus by the menstrual flow.
B Sperms can survive in the female reproductive system only for 3 or 4 days.
C Sperms must be released after ovulation for fertilisation to take place.
D The uterus lining is washed out of the female body during menstruation.
33 In an experiment to investigate the effects of various environmental factors on germination, four

boiling tubes were set up as shown.
In which tube would the seeds germinate most quickly?
A B C D
cotton wool
cress seed
moist
moist dry cotton wool moist
cotton wool cotton wool cotton wool
alkaline
water pyrogallol water
absorbs O2
25 °C 25 °C 25 °C 5 °C
34 The graph shows how the height of a child changes with age.
200
150
height / cm
100
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
age / years
When is the child’s growth rate fastest?
A 0-1 years
B 3-8 years
C 14-15 years
D 16-17 years
What is the function of the part labelled X?
A gamete production and hormone secretion

B gamete production only
C hormone secretion only
D zygote production and hormone secretion
36 The diagram shows the changes which take place during a woman’s menstrual cycle.
progesterone
oestrogen
0 1 3 4
time / weeks
menstruation
uterus
wall
0 1 2
time / weeks
What is occurring at the time of ovulation?
A a fall in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone

B a fall in the level of progesterone only
C a rise in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone
D a rise in the level of oestrogen only
37 The diagram shows some of the stages in the germination of a seed. The figures show the total
mass at each stage.
stage 1 2 3
mass / g 0.6 4.7 5.9
Which process causes the increase in mass between stage 1 and stage 2?
A absorption of water
B enzyme action on starch
C photosynthesis
D respiration
38 How does the rhythm method of family planning work?
A A physical barrier stops sperms reaching the egg.

B Implantation is prevented.
C Intercourse is avoided near the time of ovulation.
D Ovulation is prevented.
39 The diagram shows a flower in section.
Where will fertilisation occur?
40 The graph shows the changes in the dry masses of two similar samples of seeds from the start of
germination.
seeds germinated
in the light
dry mass / g
seeds germinated
in the dark
0 6
time / days
What causes the change in dry mass after day 3 of the seeds germinated in the light?
A All the stored food has been used up.

B A lot of water has been absorbed.
C Photosynthesis has begun.
D The respiration rate has increased.
41 The diagram shows a bean seed when planted and the same seed two days later.
Which conditions are necessary for these changes to occur?
suitable presence of presence of presence of

temperature water carbon dioxide oxygen
A
B
C
D
42 What crosses the placenta from fetal blood to maternal blood in larger quantities than from
maternal blood to fetal blood?
A amino acids
B carbon dioxide
C glucose
D oxygen
43 Fruits can be dispersed by animals or by wind. The table contains descriptions of four fruits.
Which fruit will be dispersed by wind?
fruit
ruit description
A fleshy and scented

B light weight and has a wing
C sticky and has hooks
D sweet tasting and brightly coloured
44 The graph shows the relationship between age and weight for boys and girls.
70 boys
60
50 girls
40
mass / kg
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
age / years
At what age does the graph show that girls are heavier than boys?
A 3 B 7 C 12 D 15
45 The experiment shown in the diagram was set up to see what conditions are needed for seeds to
germinate. Except for tube number 5, all tubes are kept at room temperature.
1 2 3
cotton wool soaked

in a chemical that
absorbs oxygen
seeds seeds seeds
dry wet wet

cotton cotton cotton
wool wool wool
4 5
black box black box
seeds seeds
wet wet
cotton cotton
wool wool
cold
In which tubes are the seeds most likely to germinate?
A 1 and 3 B 1 and 5 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4
46 Some couples who do not want to have babies avoid sexual intercourse for certain days in the
woman’s menstrual cycle.
Which kind of birth control is this?
A chemical
B mechanical
C natural
D surgical
47 Seed dispersal, fertilisation, seed germination and pollination are processes in plant reproduction.
What is the correct sequence for events after pollination?
A dispersal → fertilisation → germination
B dispersal → germination → fertilisation
C fertilisation → dispersal → germination
D germination → fertilisation → dispersal
48 What is not normally essential for germination?
A enzymes
B light
C oxygen
D warmth
49 The diagrams show a camel before and after drinking a large volume of water.
before after
Which statement is correct?
A Growth has occurred because the animal has increased in volume.

B Growth has occurred because the animal has increased in mass.
C Growth has not occurred because the animal’s height is unaltered.
D Growth has not occurred because the dry mass has not increased.
50 Which shows where eggs and sperms are made?
1 The following four processes occur during reproduction in a plant.
1 The male nucleus fuses with the female nucleus.

2 The male nucleus is released from the pollen tube.
3 The male nucleus travels down the pollen tube.
4 The pollen grain grows a pollen tube.
In which order do these processes occur after pollination?
2 The diagram shows a vertical section through a flower.
What are X and Y?
3 The diagram shows a woman’s menstrual cycle.
On which day is intercourse most likely to result in the woman becoming pregnant?
bleeding bleeding bleeding bleeding

starts stops starts stops
day day day day

7 14 21 28
A B C D
4 What must always be available to seeds before they germinate?
A carbon dioxide
B light
C mineral salts
D oxygen
5 Where are the male gametes produced in a flowering plant?
A petal
B sepal
C stamen
D stigma
6 The diagram shows the changes that occur to the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle.
day
28 1 2 3
27
4
26
25
5
4
6
21 22 23 2
lining of uterus 7
9 8
20
10
gets thicker
11
19
lining of 12
uterus 18 13
7
14 15 16 1
When do the following stages occur in this cycle?
lining starts to uterus lining

bleeding
break down thickens
A days 13 – 14 days 6 – 25 days 1 – 4

B days 1 – 4 days 26 – 27 days 6 – 25
C days 6 – 25 days 1 – 4 days 26 – 27
D days 1 – 4 days 13 – 14 days 6 – 25
7 The diagrams show a plant cell P changing to become cell Q.
P Q
What do the changes between P and Q show?
A development and germination

B germination and mitosis
C growth and development
D mitosis and growth
8 Which graph shows the change in dry mass from the time a seed starts to germinate (X) until
green leaves have appeared above the soil (Y)?
A B C D
dry dry dry dry

mass mass mass mass
X time Y X time Y X time Y X time Y
9 How often is an egg usually released from the ovaries of a woman?
A once a week
B once every 14 days
C once every 28 days
D once every 9 months
10 Which is correct for sexual reproduction in flowering plants?
number of plants involved number of gametes
A always 1 more female than male

B always 1 more male than female
C 1 or 2 more female than male
D 1 or 2 more male than female
11 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the diagram and left for one week.
In which test-tube would the seeds germinate fastest and grow the most?
A B
cotton
wool plug
seeds on seeds on seeds on

dry cotton wet cotton wet cotton
wool wool oil layer wool
water boiled
to remove
oxygen
no water water water
seeds
in warm room in warm room in warm room in fridge
12 The graph shows how dry mass of a plant changes with time.
P
dry mass
Q
R
time
The letters represent three stages in the life cycle of a plant.
Which letter represents each stage?
1 When a baby is born, these processes occur.
1 breaking of the amniotic sac
2 contraction of muscles in the uterus wall
3 cutting of the umbilical cord
In which order do these processes usually occur?
A 2→1→3 B 2→3→1 C 3→1→2 D 3→2→1
2 The diagrams show pollen grains from three different species of plant as they appear under the
microscope. The diagrams are all to the same scale.
1 2 3
Which pollen grains are involved in insect-pollination?
A 1 and 2 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 3 only
If a woman uses a femidom as a contraceptive, where would it be placed?
A
B
4 What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?
5 The table shows the conditions provided for four sets of seeds.
Which of the seeds germinate?
oxygen water carbon dioxide
A
B
C
D
6 The diagram shows a human female’s reproductive organs.
What is the name of structure X?
A cervix
B ovary
C oviduct
D ovule
7 What must always be available to allow seeds to germinate?
A carbon dioxide
B light
C mineral salts
D water
8 The diagram shows a flower.
In which structure do seeds develop?
C
D
9 The graph shows the number of pregnancies in four groups of 100 women. Each group used a
different method of contraception.
20
number of
10
pregnancies
0
contraceptive intra-uterine diaphragm monitoring body
pill device (IUD) temperature
The method of contraception which is the least effective is
A barrier.
B chemical.
C natural.
D surgical.
10 The following statements are about some hormones in the human body.
V causes changes in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle
W promotes the development of stronger muscles
X causes the voice to deepen at puberty
Y produced by the pancreas
Which statements are correct for testosterone?
A V and W B V and Y C W and X D X and Y
11 The diagram shows half a flower.
On which structure would pollen be deposited in pollination?
B
C
D
12 In which region does diffusion of materials take place between mother and fetus?
A amniotic sac
B ovary
C placenta
D umbilical cord
13 During childbirth, what must happen to the cervix and the uterus wall?
14 The diagram shows a baby, a child and an adult (not drawn to the same scale).
As a baby grows into an adult, which labelled region grows the most?
15 Four tubes were set up as shown and placed in the dark.
In which tube would the seeds germinate first?
A B C D
oil
seeds seeds
dry water with
moist cotton oxygen removed
cotton wool
cotton wool
wool
0 °C 25 °C 25 °C 25 °C
16 The graph shows the height of a child, from birth to the age of 10.
140
120
100
80
height / cm
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
age / years
What was the approximate height of the child at 7 years of age?
A 106 cm B 116 cm C 122 cm D 130 cm
17 The diagram shows a timeline of a woman’s menstrual cycle, which lasts for 28 days.
13 14 15 16
12 17
11 18
10 19
9 20
8 21
7 22
6 23
5 menstruation 24
(period)
4 25
3 26
2 28 27
1
On which days of the menstrual cycle is a woman most likely to become pregnant?
A days 1 - 4
B days 7 - 10
C days 13 - 16
D days 20 - 23
18 The diagram shows a vertical section through a flower.
What are X and Y?
19 Four samples of seeds germinated in different conditions of temperature and light, as shown in
the table.
sample temperature / °C light
1 20 absent
2 20 present
3 5 absent
4 5 present
A typical seedling from each sample was removed after seven days.
Which seedling was from sample 2?
A B C D
yellow
green
green
yellow
20 Which structure is involved in the transfer of dissolved nutrients from the mother to the fetus?
A kidney
B liver
C placenta
D stomach
After ejaculation, along which route does a male gamete travel to fuse with an egg?
A ovary o oviduct o uterus o cervix
B ovary o uterus o cervix o vagina
C vagina o cervix o uterus o oviduct
D vagina o uterus o cervix o oviduct
22 Which set of conditions is required for seed germination?
oxygen warmth water
A
B
C
D
23 Which method of birth control is based on knowing the stage of a woman’s menstrual cycle?
A condom
B contraceptive pill
C diaphragm
D rhythm method
24 The diagram shows some changes which take place during a woman’s menstrual cycle.
oestrogen progesterone
relative
hormone
concentration
0
0 7 14 21 28
time / days
Assuming ovulation occurs on day 14, what is occurring at the time of ovulation?
A a fall in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone

B a fall in the level of progesterone only
C a rise in the level of oestrogen
D a rise in the level of progesterone and fall in the level of oestrogen
25 Development is defined as an increase in
A complexity.
B dry mass.
C number of cells.
D size.
26 In addition to a suitable temperature, what else is always necessary for seed germination?
A carbon dioxide and sunlight

B mineral ions
C sunlight and water
D water and oxygen
27 The diagram shows a germinating broad bean seed which has been cut in half.
1
4
2
3
Which labels show the cotyledon and the plumule?
28 The diagram shows a process in plant reproduction.
anther stigma
stamen carpel
Which process is represented by arrow X?
A fertilisation
B pollen tube growth
C pollination
D seed dispersal
29 The graph shows how human height changes with age.
200
height / cm 100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
age / years
In which age range is the growth rate slowest?
A 0–2 years
B 8–10 years
C 12–14 years
D 18–20 years
30 The graphs show changes that occur in a woman during the menstrual cycle.
thickness of
uterus lining
blood progesterone
hormone
concentration oestrogen
0 7 14 21 28
time / days
Which statement is supported by evidence in the graphs?
A A large increase in progesterone concentration always results in thickening of the uterus

lining.
B At ovulation, the uterus lining is at its thickest.
C Each time the oestrogen concentration rises, the uterus lining becomes thicker.
D Within 5 days of ovulation, the uterus lining gets thinner.
31 The diagram shows a developing fetus attached to the uterus of a pregnant woman.
Which part is normally cut immediately after birth?
B
A C
32 Which environmental condition is not essential for the germination of all seeds?
A availability of light
B availability of oxygen
C availability of water
D suitable temperature
33 What always increases during the development of an organism?
A cell number
B complexity
C dry mass
D volume
34 The diagram shows a flower in vertical section.
2
3
1 5
Which numbered parts of the flower continue to develop after fertilisation?
35 To avoid extinction of a rare plant species, a botanical garden keeps a collection of seeds, known
as a seed bank.
Which condition will prevent these seeds germinating whilst in storage?
A high humidity
B high oxygen levels
C low light intensity
D low temperature
36 What may be defined as ‘an increase in dry mass’?
A growth
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
37 The diagram shows a plant that is producing small plantlets.
flower
plantlet
Which statement about the plantlets is correct?
A They are genetically different from the parent plant.

B They are genetically identical to the parent plant.
C They are produced as a result of the fusion of nuclei.
D They are produced by fertilising the flowers.
38 Which response is a result of geotropism?
A flowers being produced

B growing bigger leaves
C roots growing downwards
D seeds germinating
39 Some bean seeds are planted 2 cm below the surface of some soil in a tray.
Which process will not occur as the seeds start to germinate?
A growth
B osmosis
C photosynthesis
D respiration
40 What are involved in reproduction in both animals and plants?
A ovary and embryo

B ovary and testes
C ovule and stigma
D uterus and embryo
41 The diagram shows different parts of the female reproductive organs where different methods of
birth control can be used.
Where should a diaphragm be placed before intercourse if a couple do not want a baby?
A
B
D
C
42 The diagram shows an experiment on germination. Groups of test-tubes were set up as shown.
The groups were placed in different conditions.
1 2 3
oil
deoxygenated
water
seeds
dry cotton
wool
wet cotton wool
Which table shows the results?
43 How will the composition of a pregnant woman’s blood change as it passes through the placenta?
3
2
1
4
At which labelled points are sperms and ova released?
45 The graph shows changes in dry mass as a seed germinates and becomes a seedling.
At which point is it respiring and photosynthesising at the same rate?
dry mass
C
A
B
time
46 A mango tree can reproduce by seed and by asexual reproduction.
Trees produced by each of these methods produce mango fruits.
When comparing these fruits genetically, what is the correct result?
47 The diagram shows a section through a flower.
2
3
After the flower is fertilised, which parts will develop into the fruit and the seed?
48 The graph is a record of the growth of a plant.
y-axis
x-axis
Which labels should be used for the x-axis and the y-axis?
x-axis y-axis
A dry mass number of cells

B time cell size
C time dry mass
D total mass time
49 Which environmental factor is not always a requirement for seed germination?
A light
B oxygen
C suitable temperature
D water
50 Which method of birth control works by preventing an egg from being released?
A condom
B contraceptive pill
C rhythm method
D vasectomy

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1 Fig. 6.1 shows a side view of the female reproductive system.

S. where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse

D. where a diaphragm (cap) would be placed to prevent pregnancy

M. where an ovum matures

F. where an ovum would be fertilised

E. where an embryo would become implanted [5]

(b) Explain how

(i) the ovum passes down to the uterus,

(ii) the structure of a sperm enables it to reach the ovum,

(b) State where each of the following is produced.

(i) the egg cell

(ii) the fertilised egg

(iii) the fetus [3]

State their functions.

(ii) Describe the role of the placenta in maintaining pregnancy.

(b) (i) State the type of variation shown by the graph.

(i) State two features a flower could have to attract insects.

(a) Two distinguishing features of birds are beaks and wings.

not drawn to scale

1 (a) beak is shorter than the width of the go to 2

(b) beak is curved go to 6

6 (a) beak curves upwards Recurvirostra americana

(b) beak curves downwards Phoenicopterus minor

adult male (80) adult female (80)

young bird (80)

(i) Name process A and cell B.

(ii) State why cell B is described as a diploid cell.

(iii) The embryo of the bird develops from cell B.

State what is meant by the term development.

(c) The genetically engineered cells in Fig. 6.1 reproduce asexually.

Some students investigated the inheritance of flower colour in snapdragons.

cross 1 parental phenotypes red flowers × white flowers

parental genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

offspring pink flowers

parental genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

(c) Another student cross-pollinated pink-flowered plants with white-flowered plants.

phenotypes pink flowers × white flowers

genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

days 1 to 14 of the menstrual cycle days 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle

hormone X LH secreted at day

(a) (i) Name hormones X and Y.

(ii) Name organ Z.

State two advantages and one disadvantage of breast-feeding.

(b) Describe the roles of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle.

(ii) Suggest one implication of using fertility drugs.

(a) Describe the process of sexual intercourse in humans.

(b) Condoms are used as one form of birth control.

(i) What name is used to describe this method of birth control?

(ii) Explain how a condom acts as a method of birth control.

(d) Another sexually transmitted disease is gonorrhoea.

For this disease, state

(i) one sign or symptom,

(ii) one effect on the body,

(iii) the treatment.

description of structure label letter

carries both urine and semen D

(i) State the name of tube D.

State the effect of this reduction in diameter.

1.. fertility drug