PBPN (ANT2004)

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT (for Term Test): TOPICS 3 & 4

Name:

Section A MCQ (2 marks each)

1. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl

CoA?

I. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

II. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible.
III. Thiamin pyrophosphate is one of the coenzymes involved in the conversion.
IV. This conversion occurs only in aerobic conditions.

a. I, II and III
b. I, II and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. II, III and IV

2. Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the Citric Acid Cycle?
I. All the enzymes are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).
II. It generates energy directly or in the form of reducing equivalents.
III. It is a common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins
and alcohol.
IV. The cyclical reactions regenerate acetyl CoA.

a. I and II
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. III and IV

3. Muscle glycogen cannot be released into the blood as glucose due to the absence of
the enzyme .

a. glucokinase
b. glucose-6-phosphatase
c. glycogen phosphorylase
d. glycogen synthase

4. Inhibition of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt will cause a reduction in the
following biosynthetic reactions EXCEPT:

a. cholesterol synthesis
b. glycogen synthesis
c. nucleotide synthesis
d. steroid hormone synthesis

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5. Which pathway will contribute to the maintenance of blood glucose levels and ATP
production after an overnight fast in healthy individuals?

I. Liver glycogenolysis
II. Muscle glycogenolysis
III. Gluconeogenesis
IV. Glycolysis

a. I, II and III
b. I and IV
c. II, III and IV
d. III and IV

6. The major production of ATP during aerobic metabolism occurs when electrons
from and are transferred to O2 to form .

a. FADH2, NADH, H2O

b. FADH2, NADH, O2
c. FADH2, O2, NADH
d. NADH, O2, FADH2

7. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases as the .

a. concentration of NAD+ decreases

b. levels of acetyl CoA decreases
c. concentration of pyruvate increases
d. energy requirement increases

8. Lactic acid Pyruvic acid Glucose

NAD+ NADH + H +

Analyze the above reaction. MATCH and PAIR the statement with the response.
Statement Response
A. This reaction shows the link between anaerobic I. True
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. II. False
B. The electron acceptor is NADH.
C. This reaction helps anaerobic muscle cells generate
energy.
D. The conversion of pyruvic acid to glucose takes
place in the liver.

a. A–I ; B – II ; C – II ; D–I
b. A–I ; B–I ; C – II ; D – II
c. A – II ; B – II ; C–I ; D – II
d. A – II ; B–I ; C–I ; D–I

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9. Which of the following statements below refer to processes involved in

gluconeogenesis?

I. The first bypass is endergonic.

II. Mitochondrial pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate.
III. Phosphoenol pyruvate is formed from the decarboxylation of pyruvate.
IV. Decarboxylation of oxaloacetate produces phosphoenol pyruvate.

a. I, II and III
b. I, II and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. II, III and IV

10. GSSG GSH + H2O2 GSSG +H2O

NADPH NADP +

Analyze the above reaction. MATCH and PAIR the statement with the response.
Statement Response
A. This reaction shows the link between HMP Shunt I. True
and glutathione. II. False
B. The reducing agent is NADPH.
C. This reaction helps to generate oxidized glutathione.
D. The oxidized glutathione inactivates hydrogen peroxide.

a. A–I ; B – II ; C – II ; D–I
b. A–I ; B–I ; C – II ; D – II
c. A – II ; B – II ; C–I ; D – II
d. A – II ; B–I ; C–I ; D–I

11. Which of the following minerals play a role as cofactor in the oxidation-reduction
reactions of the electron transport chain?

a. Calcium
b. Iron.
c. Magnesium
d. Selenium

12. All the following statements about mammalian energy metabolism are FALSE
EXCEPT

a. ATP can be formed in the absence of oxygen.

b. ATP hydrolysis is an endergonic process.
c. Excess ATP can be stored in the body.
d. NADH yields ATP by substrate level phosphorylation.

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13. Mitochondria in brown fat of human infants and hibernating animals regulate heat
generation by varying the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This
increases heat output due to ________________.

a. inhibition of ATP-ADP antiporter

b. inhibition of ATP synthase
c. increased rate of electron transport
d. decreased rate of oxygen consumption

14. Principle roles of the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) include the
production of _______________________.

a. glucose 6-phosphate which can be completely oxidised

b. high energy phosphates when the energy levels in the cells are low
c. NADPH and ribose phosphate for use in biosynthetic reactions
d. ribulose phosphate and NADH which are used in nucleic acid synthesis

15. Which of the following statements below refer to processes involved in electron
transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

I. Energy released in the electron transport chain is used to drive the

phosphorylation of ADP.
II. Protons flow back into the matrix through Complex IV in order to generate
ATP.
III. The energy of the electrochemical potential across the membrane is converted
into ADP by the coupling process.
IV. The proton gradient drives the production of ATP when protons flow back into
the matrix.

a. I and III
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II and IV

Section B Structured (10 marks each)

1. Explain the metabolism of alcohol stating the fate of the end product formed with the
relevant enzymes and coenzymes involved. (10 marks)

2. “Eating fava beans can cause jaundice and hemolytic anemia in individuals with
deficiency in an enzyme.”
Identify this enzyme. Explain how deficiency of this enzyme can cause jaundice
and hemolytic anemia. (10 marks)

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3. In vigorously exercising muscles, describe how glycogen may indirectly contribute to

blood glucose through an inter-organ pathway. Name the pathway. (10 marks)

4. Compare the ATP yield when NADH and FADH2 deposit their electrons at the
electron transport chain. (10 marks)

Section C Essay Question (20 marks)

1. Compare the ATP yield when one molecule of glucose is catabolized for energy in a
red blood cell as compared to a resting skeletal muscle cell. Show all details in your
calculation. Also calculate the ATP yield per carbon atom metabolized, rounding off
your answer to one decimal place. (20 marks)

2. (a) Give detailed stoichiometry when 2 molecules of glucose are completely

oxidised by an aerobic and an anaerobic myocyte. State why there is a
difference in ATP yield in the myocytes. (16 marks)

(b) Discuss the fate of pyruvate in an anaerobic myocyte. (4 marks)

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