DESIGN GUIDELINES AND REPAIRS DESIGN METHOD FOR

REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE BUILDING STRUCTURE

By MD. MINAZ HOSSAIN AND RAJA MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH

(ID. L004170109 AND L004170111)

 Abstract:
The Design Guidelines and Repairs of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures" was established in
1904 as one of the final outputs of the research committee on reinforced concrete building
structures. These Guidelines are a translation of the Japanese guidelines. They describe the design
concept for non-prestressed concrete structures reinforced with reinforcement, and the calculation
equations are all relegated to the commentaries due to lack of design data on reinforced concrete
structures. The aimof this study was to determine the most effective strengthening method among
these three mentioned techniques. As a case study, a four stories RC existing building was selected
and assessed using finite element method. To remodel of the existing building, the survey works
done included three main steps, detecting the reinforcement bars for beams and columns,
actual used concrete strength. A limit-state design method has been adopted under the
guidelines. Among the subjects covered are overview, design method, materials, loads and
combination, stress and deformation, ultimate state design, serviceability state design, structural
requirement, and testing methods for the tensile strength and bond strength of materials. "The
Design Guidelines for Prestressed Concrete Members" is separate from these guidelines.

 Introduction:
1. Scope: The guidelines describe the policies and methods to be used in the design of the principal
structural parts and other, non structural parts of buildings and other artificial structures made of
reinforced concrete, and which consist of concrete and reinforcements as discussed on the below .

Principal structural parts mean those parts of a building that support the dead load and live load of
the building, snow load, wind, earth and water pressure, seismic forces, as well as other forms of
vibration and impact. "Other, nonstructural parts" refer to parts other than the foregoing. The
principal structural parts are columns, walls, girders, beams, slabs, etc. and the nonstructural parts
are outer walls, partitions, ceilings, other furnishings, signboards, monuments, etc. The guidelines
are based on existing documents, and describe the concepts and methods to be used in the
structural design of mainly frame structures. While the existing standards for reinforced concrete
structures etc. . . provide useful references, the behavior of reinforcements is more or less
completely elastic; so, when altering and applying the existing standards the basis and background
of the standards must be carefully considered. It is expected that design methods forreinforced
concrete structures will gradually develop as these guidelines are improved.
2. Definition: Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials.
Concrete is an “artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh
concrete can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over other
materials.

3. Design Method for Reinforcement Structure: Repair of corroded or deteriorated

steel reinforcement and prestressing stands is one of the techniques by which deteriorated
structural elements are rehabilitated to regain its original load carrying capacity. Corrosion of
reinforcements is frequent due to chemical attacks, fire, and accidental cutting.After the cause of
steel damage is determined, it can be repaired by either replacing deteriorated bars or
supplementing partially deteriorated bars. Before commencement of repair process, the
reinforcement bars are exposed to evaluate their condition and prepare steel bars for the repair
methods.It is necessary to consider proper procedure to expose and prepare damaged steel bars
otherwise the repair method would not meet the durability requirements.

4. Procedure for Repair Reinforcements: There are three traditional methods for
strengthening old buildings, one is to increase the cross section, the other is to strengthen the
bonded steel, and the third is to strengthen the carbon fiber and glass fiber. However, the
advantages and disadvantages of these three reinforcement methods coexist. Such as the method
of increasing the section, the disadvantage is to destroy the style and use space of the building,
cause damage to the original structure and increase the weight.How can repair the reinforcement
structure. I will discuss on the below.

5. Remove Concrete Around Steel Bars: The removal of concrete around steel bars should be
conducted cautiously to prevent further damage to reinforcements. This can be achieved by firstly
determining location, depth, size, and ratio of steel bars using bar locator or cover meter, and
secondly using proper concrete removal method.Frequently, proper shoring should be provided
release the member from loads. The shoring has to be checked before concrete removal begins.
Vibration of reinforcement should be avoided to prevent damage to its bond with concrete around
repair zone. Moreover, care should be practiced to avoid cutting steel bars during concrete removal
process.Damaged and lose concrete is removed around steel bars. If all deteriorated concrete is
removed and steel bars are partially exposed, then it is not required to remove the entire concrete
around the bars.However, concrete removal process should continue to clear a space of maximum
aggregate size dimension plus 6mm behind steel bars when they should loose rust, corrosion, or
not bonded properly to concrete.
 The removal of concrete around steel bars

 Clean and Inspect Reinforcement: After removal of concrete, steel bars are cleaned and
carefully inspected to find out whether they are capable of performing their designed function.
Wire brushing can be used if the area cannot be accessed easily otherwise sandblasting is mostly
desired to clean steel bars from debris and other contaminants.

Clean and Inspect reinforcement

 Mild Reinforcement Repair: After exposing and cleaning reinforcements, a decision should
be made whether to replace steel bars or supplementing partially damaged reinforcements.

1) Replacement of Reinforcement: When replacing reinforcement is selected, deteriorated

parts of bars are cut out and then mild reinforcing steels are spliced in. The length of the lap needs
to be according to applicable codes such as ACI 318.It is possible to use welded splice instead to lap
splice. Similarly, weld splice must be conducted according to codes such as ACI 318 and American
Welding Society.One should be aware that weld splice is not suitable for bars greater than 25mm.
 This is because welding process may lead to expand embedded bars and causes cracking of
surrounding concrete.Butt welding is usually avoided due to the high degree of skill required to
perform a full

penetration weld because the back side of a bar is not usually accessible.Mechanical connection is
another method which can be used to splice steel bars.

It should also conform the requirements of ACI 318. Commercially available propriety mechanical
connection devices can be found in ACI 339.3R.

Replacement of Reinforcement

2) Supplement Reinforcement: Supplemental reinforcement is used when embedded steel bars

lost cross section or inadequate, or the member need to be strengthened. It is the responsibility of
engineer in charge to decided whether supplemental reinforcement is used or not, and each
member need its own decision.Deteriorated bars should be cleaned and concrete need to be
removed to permit the placement of supplemental bars adjacent to damaged reinforcement. The
length of supplemental bars is equal to the length of deteriorated portion of deteriorated bars plus
lap splice length of each side.Moreover, if coating such as epoxy, polymer cement slurry, or zinc-
rich coats is applied to reinforcement to prevent corrosion in the future, then coating thickness
should be smaller than 0.3mm to decline lose of bond development at the deformations.Finally,
spillage of coating on parent concrete should be prevented since it would decrease bond
development.
 Supplemental reinforcement

 Repair Prestressing Steel: Deterioration or damage to the strands or bars can result from
impact, design error, overload, corrosion, or fire. Fire may anneal cold-worked, high-strength
prestressing steel.The unbonded high-strength strands may need to be de-tensioned before repair
and re-tensioned after repair to restore the initial structural integrity of the member.

1) Bonded Strands: Because the pre-stressed strand is bonded, only the exposed and
damaged section is restressed following repairs. The repair procedure requires replacing the
damaged section with the new section of strand

Connected to the existing ends of the undamaged strands.The new strand section and the exposed
lengths of the existing strand must be post-tensioned to match the stress level of the bonded
strand.

 Tendons are  Cementitious Materials

Poured

2) Unbounded Tendons: The strands are protected against corrosion by the sheathing,
corrosion-inhibiting material, or combination thereof. The main cause of unbonded tendon
failure are corrosion of the end connections.A deteriorated portion of a strand can be exposed
by excavating the concrete and cutting the sheathing. Unbonded tendons can be tested to
verify their ability to carry the design load.This can be done by attaching a chuck and coupler to
the exposed end of the strand and performing a lift-off test. This usually requires at least 20 mm
of free strand beyond the bulkhead.If there is excessive corrosion in the strand, failure occurs
and the strand must be replaced or spliced. Shoring of the span being repaired and adjacent
spans up to several bays away may be required before removing or re-tensioning unbonded
prestressed strands.The strand is cut on both sides of the deterioration and the removed
 portion of the strand is replaced with a new section. The new strand is spliced to the existing
strand at the location of the cuts. The repaired strand is then prestressed.Carbon fiber or
equivalent systems are available to supplement the reinforcement in prestressed, post-
tensioned, and mild steel reinforced structures.This system is normally glued onto the exterior
surface. Unless the component being reinforced is unloaded, the strengthening system only
provides reinforcement for future loadings.Fiber wrapping is commonly used for reinforcing

columns, especially in earthquake zones. There are systems available that recover the dried and
damaged protective barrier within the sheathing.

 Safety Factors and Design: Load and bearing capacity shall be used as the safety factors in
the design. The "bearing-capacity factor" shall be the coefficient used to reduce the strength of the
frames or members, to account for the variation in the strengths of materials and members, as well
as the level of accuracy in the bearing-capacity calculations. The "load factor" shall be the
coefficient used to increase the design loads, and to account for the uncertainties in the calculation
of loads, stresses, and deformation. The objective of design is to ensure that the members or
frames of structures remain sufficiently safe compared to the limit states against the loads acting
on them during construction and during use after completion, as well as to produce a structure that
is economically viable and suited to the intended uses. Structures must also have sufficient
durability and fire resistance. The design of a safe and economic structure requires accurate
evaluation of the loads to which the structure will be subjected, the variations in these loads, the
strengths of the materials used, and the variations in the bearing capacities of the members
constructed with these materials, to ensure the creation of web-balanced structures.

 Materials: The list of  materials that are most suitable for repair, restoration and seismic
strengthening of  reinforcement buildings:
1) Non-Shrink Grouts.
2) Shotcrete.
3) Epoxy Resins.
4) Epoxy Mortar.
5) Quick-Setting Cement Mortar.
6) Mechanical Anchors.
7) Ferrocement – Fiber Concrete.
8) Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) etc.

 Loads and Their Combinations: The loads taken into account in the design shall be the
dead load, live load, snow load, wind pressure, and seismic load. Soil pressure, water pressure, and
loads due to creep, drying shrinkage, and temperature variation shall also be accounted for where
necessary.The loads shall be combined in accordance with the design limit states.Loads and load
combinations shall be in accordance with the current standards. Commentary is not given here
because the foregoing provisions do not apply solely to reinforced concrete.
 Stress and Deformation: Stress or deformation analysis models shall be prepared in
accordance with the shape of the structure, support conditions, load conditions, and the limit state.
In these analysis models, load values on the safe side may be used, such as by simplifying the load
distribution conditions or by replacing dynamic load with static load. Appropriate analysis theories
shall be used to calculate member stresses, such as the bending moment, shear force, and axial
force, according to the limit state.Stress or Deformation Analysis of Serviceability Limit State Elastic

linear analysis shall be used. Stress or Deformation Analysis of Ultimate Limit State The stress or
deformation analysis of the ultimate limit state shall be either nonlinear increment analysis or
equivalent linear analysis using the values assumed in the design for member rigidity during
deformation.Even in studies on the same structure; the structural models used will normally differ
depending on what is being investigated. The structural model should be selected for ease of use,
compatibility with the phenomenon investigated, and suitable accuracy. In these guidelines, those
types of building frames that are best represented by planar frame models consisting of linear
members are considered. For members subject to out-of-plane forces, such as floor slabs, elastic
stress analysis should be used for the serviceability limit state analysis, while models with values on
the safe side that consider the end support conditions should be used for the ultimate limitstate
analysis. Member stress analysis should consider the nonlinear interaction of forces such as the
bending moment, shear and axial forces, and addition to the corresponding stresses. However, the
guidelines allow such interaction of stresses to be ignored, since the members will remain more or
less in the elastic region in the serviceability limit state, while the ultimate limitstate analysis is
concerned mainly with the ultimate safety of the building frame. Also, interactions of vertical and
horizontal loads are ignored in the design systems used presently in Japan. In the structures
considered in these guidelines, stresses are not redistributed as in ordinary steel-reinforced
concrete structures, as the materials (concrete, FRP reinforcements) do not possess stable yield
stages and the FRP reinforcements in particular exhibit only elastic behavior throughout. The stress
and deformation should therefore be analyzed by elastic analysis for the serviceability limit state,
while the ultimate limit-state analysis should be based on member rigidity. Established analysis
methods should be used, especially for statically indeterminate structures.An appropriate concrete-
reinforcement Young's modulus ratio should be determined based on the combinations of concrete
and reinforcement types (material quality, shape, processing method, fiber content). The building
frame should be analyzed by the load increment method using linear members. In both the
increment analysis and (equivalent) the linear analysis, the vertical and horizontal loading may be
analyzed separately and the results combined. The member joints in the building frame model may
be treated as rigid zones, and the extent of these rigid zones should be determined in accordance
with the reinforced concrete (RC) standards proposed by AU (Standard 1988). The stress or
deformation analysis for serviceability limit state may be conducted by elastic analysis, and the fall
in rigidity due to cracking should be taken into account if necessary. The ultimate state of the
members under loading should also be analyzed by elastic analysis. In the ultimate limit-state
analysis, however, nonlinear incremental analysis or equivalent linear analysis using the values
assumed in the design for member rigidityduring deformation should be conducted. In nonlinear
increment analysis, the rigidity degrading ratio (α u) given in the commentary Rigidity Degrading
Ratioon Section 6.2 should be used. In equivalent linear analysis, the member rigidity during the
 deformation assumed in the design should be obtained by a reliable method. In the building code
proposed by American Concrete Institute (ACI) (Building code 1995), for example, the following
equation is used to calculate the secant rigidity of reinforced concrete members; moment
redistribution is not considered in the analysis:

Ie=(Mcr/Mα)3 Ig+[1- (Mcr/M)3] Icr≤ Is

Where Ie= effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection; I g= moment of inertia of gross
concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement; M cr = cracking moment; Mα =
maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed; and I cr = moment of inertia of
cracked section transformed to concrete. Since the deformation of concrete members due to
temperature variation, drying shrinkage, and creep depends on the physical properties of the
concrete, the deformation of reinforced concrete members due to these factors may be assumed
to be the same as that of ordinary steel-reinforced concrete members. The stresses acting on slabs
should be analyzed by the elasticity theory, taking into account how firmly the surrounding
members are fixed. When a slab surrounded by fixed members is subjected to an evenly distributed
load, the stresses in the two directions should be calculated using the equations given in the All's RC
standards (Standard 1988). The reinforcement arrangement in the slabs should be the same as that
used with ordinary steel reinforced concrete. The stress of beams should also be analyzed within
the elastic range, taking into account the support conditions. For members that are likely to suffer
stress concentration, the design stress should be increased by a certain factor in view of the low
toughness of the structures considered under the guidelines due to the properties of the materials
used, and to allow for inaccuracies in the analysis.

 Ultimate Limit State Design: In ultimate limit-state design, checks shall be made to
confirm that the stresses and deformation of the building frameand members, calculated by the
methods given in the above of Stress and Deformation do not exceed the ultimate limit state under
the ultimate limit-state design loads given in the above Loads and Their
Combinations.Investigations on Ultimate Limit State of Members The ultimate limit state of
members shall be investigated by reliable methods.Investigations on Ultimate Limit State of
Building Frame Reliable methods shall be used to confirm that the stresses and deformation of the
building frame and its members do not exceed its ultimate limit state. Investigations on Ultimate
Limit State of Slabs The ultimate limit state of slabs shall be investigated by reliable methods.The
ultimate limit states for the members, building frame, and slabs must be established at levels that
ensure adequate safety of the structural members and the building frame against various external
forces during the design service life of the building. Investigations on Ultimate Limit State of
Members. In the ultimate limit-state design of members, the axial forces, bending moment,
combination of bending and axial forces, shearing, and bonding should be investigated. Other
design items depending on the stress conditions of the members should be established and
investigated appropriately. The safety against failure of member must be investigated, checking
that the member strength multiplied by the bearing-capacity factor does not fall below the force
acting on the member calculated by the ultimate limit-state design load multiplied by the load
factor.

N= 0.85f`cAg

Where Nc = nominal compressive axial load strength (kg); f `c= compressive strength of concrete
(kgf/cm2 ); and Ag =gross area of member section (cm2 ). The sectional area of the member is

multiplied by the concrete strength and then by a coefficient 0.85 to give the lower limit in 6. While
the compressive strength of reinforcements is smaller than their tensile strength, the rigidity is
more or less the same on both the tensile and the compressive sides. Even in the case of
reinforcements made of aramid fibers, the strain at compressive rupture does not fall below 0.2-
0.3% as shown in Table, and the strain here is about the same or larger than that in the concrete at
its maximum compressive strength. It is not possible, therefore, to apply the cumulative strength
equation here. According to another concept, the sectional area of the member in (6) is replaced by
an equivalent sectional area, which takes into account the presence of the main axial
reinforcements. Because of the small Young's module of reinforcements, however, a significant
amount of main axial reinforcements are required before this equivalent sectional area increases,
and even if the main axial reinforcement ratio is taken into account, the effects of the variation in
the concrete strength and other factors may be larger than the resulting increase. For this reason,
the sectional area of the member is used in 6. The results of test conducted on square columns are
compared with the calculated values for member section area X concrete strength follow the below
picture. A value of 0.85 was adopted for the coefficient for the lower limit in 6as the vast majority
of the test results are found to be over 85% of the calculated values. The horizontal axis in the
figure corresponds to the hoop reinforcement ratio. While the presence of the hoops might be
expected to lead to an increase in the strength, no clear indications of such an increase can be
found in the range of shear reinforcement ratio (P w) == 0-4%. Concerning the types of fibers used in
the hoop reinforcements, the hoops made of carbon fibers tend to produce an increase in strength,
typically between 1.0 and 1.3. The results obtained with hoops made of aramid and glass fibers,
however, are more varied, so the effects of the hoops are not considered in 6. The effects of hoops
in increasing the strength are more clearly observed in circular columns. In follow the picture the
test results for circular columns with no concrete cover are compared with the calculated values for
"member section area X concrete strength." The regression curve, within the range of shear
reinforcement ratio (Pw) =0-3%, is given by Investigation on Axial Forces the strength of a member
subjected to a central axial compressive force is given by.

Compressive strength of Reinforcement and their Elongation at compressive Rupture

(Estimated values)

\
Member section area x concreate strength Member section area x concreate strength

Test Results on Rectangular Column Test Results on Circular Column

 Conclusion: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of common strengthening

technique soused. These methods include column jacketing, adding steel braces, some
materials and new shear walls, column, beam .For this purpose an existing 4 four story RC was
remodeled and all different strengthening methods were applied. Results showed that
however both the column beam and adding shear walls are able to remove the weak columns
and increase the shear safety of beam-column joints, but column jacketing is much more
effective. Steel braces just were able to remove the weak columns and could not improve
the shear safetyof the beam column joints. Nonlinear static pushover results showed that all
three methods and particularly shear walls increase the base shear and reduce the
maximum roof displacement and number of collapsed elements at ACI performance point.
However, adding shear walls caused a remarkable reduction in ductility ratio. Results showed
the negligible effect of the three selected strengthening methods on improving the building
performance Therefore it can be concluded that push-over analysis plays an important
adding new shear Column beam wall are more expensive since in this method additional
 foundation should be provided. Therefore, based on these results it might be concluded that
the column is the most effective and the most economic strengthening method for low rise
buildings. It should be noted that, in this study only detected not safety column-beam joints
and weak columns have been strengthened and compared based on minimum earthquake
code requirements. As it is known that the best strengthening technique is when whole
structure is considered. Role during strengthening of structures in order to make a correct
decision for strengthening technique.

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