2.

Study of Active and Passive Elements – Resistors,

Inductors and Capacitors, Bread Board

Aim: To study the Active and Passive elements

Electronic Components:
These may be two types-
Active element: Those devices or components which produce energy in the
form of voltage or current are called as Active Components. Example-
generators,batteries, and operational amplifiers etc.
Passive element: Those devices or components which store or maintain but can
not generate Energy in the form of Voltage or Current are known as Passive
Components. Example- capacitor, inductor, resistor etc.

RESISTANCE
 Resistance is a measure of a material’s opposition to charge flow or current. Unit
is Ω
The resistance of a material is temperature dependant.

Resistance is a passive element which oppses the flow of electrons.

The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart

The Resistor Colour Code Table
Calculating Resistor Values
The Resistor Colour Code system is all well and good but we need to understand how
to apply it in order to get the correct value of the resistor. The “left-hand” or the most
significant coloured band is the band which is nearest to a connecting lead with the
colour coded bands being read from left-to-right as follows:
Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Colour, Colour x 10 colour  in Ohm’s (Ω)
For example, a resistor has the following coloured markings;
Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.
The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of the
resistor. Resistor tolerance is a measure of the resistors variation from the specified
resistive value and is a consequence of the manufacturing process and is expressed as
a percentage of its “nominal” or preferred value.
Typical resistor tolerances for film resistors range from 1% to 10% while carbon
resistors have tolerances up to 20%. Resistors with tolerances lower than 2% are called
precision resistors with the or lower tolerance resistors being more expensive.
Most five band resistors are precision resistors with tolerances of either 1% or 2% while
most of the four band resistors have tolerances of 5%, 10% and 20%. The colour code
used to denote the tolerance rating of a resistor is given as:
Brown = 1%, Red = 2%, Gold = 5%, Silver = 10 %
If resistor has no fourth tolerance band then the default tolerance would be at 20%.
It is sometimes easier to remember the resistor colour code by using mnemonics or
phrases that have a separate word in the phrase to represent each of the Ten + Two
colours in the code. However, these sayings are often very crude but never the less
effective for remembering the resistor colours. Here are just a few of the more “cleaner”
versions but many more exist:

CAPACITANCE

Capacitor is a passive two terminal component which stores electric charge.

This component consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium.
The potential difference when applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to
store the charge in the dielectric medium. The circuit symbol of a capacitor is shown
below
Capacitor is a passive element which oposes the change in voltage.
Unit is Farad (F).
The charge stored in a capacitor is given by 
Q = CV
Where Q - charge stored by the capacitor
            C - Capacitance value of the capacitor
            V - Voltage applied across the capacitor
Note the other formula of current, I = dQ/dt

INDUCTANCE

In its most basic form, an Inductor is simply a coil of wire. For most coils the
current, ( i ) flowing through the coil produces a magnetic flux, ( NΦ ) that is proportional
to this flow of electrical current. a voltage is induced into the coil by this magnetic flux as
it opposes or resists any changes in the electrical current flowing it.
The Inductor, also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component
designed to take advantage of this relationship by producing a much stronger magnetic
field than one that would be produced by a simple coil.

Inductor is a passive element which oposes the change in flux.

Unit is hendry (H).