Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682

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Materials and Design

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Technical Report

Effect of temperature on sliding wear of AISI 316 L(N) stainless

steel – Analysis of measured wear and surface roughness of wear tracks
N.L. Parthasarathi ⇑, Utpal Borah, Shaju K. Albert
Materials Technology Division, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: AISI type 316 L(N) austenitic stainless steel is major construction material in the prototype fast breeder
Received 14 February 2013 reactor (PFBR) because of its good high temperature strength, toughness, creep and low cycle fatigue
Accepted 15 April 2013 properties and compatibility with liquid sodium. Sliding wear experiments were carried out at various
Available online 6 May 2013
temperatures up to 550 °C at constant load (20 N) and sliding speed (0.8 m/s) using a pin-on-disc test
rig as per the ASTM standard G99-05. Analysis of the test results presented that, the wear increased con-
siderably with the temperature. For the characterization of worn surface topography, comprehensive pro-
filometry study was performed using Talysurf CLI 1000 surface profilometer and Ra (arithmetic mean
deviation) and Sa (arithmetic mean deviation of surface) parameters values were evaluated. The rough-
ness parameters were correlated with the amount wear data obtained from the experiments at various
testing temperatures. As the temperature increases during the sliding wear, the material loss is presented
with more undulations resulting in higher surface roughness values.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sliding between the contacting surfaces leads to the rupture of

Type 316 L(N) stainless steel is a major core and structural
material in the prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) designed by
Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam.
Currently PFBR is being constructed in Kalpakkam. 316 L(N) stain-
less steel is austenitic and possess good high temperature strength,
toughness, creep and low cycle fatigue properties and compatibil-
ity with liquid sodium. There are many contact pairs, operating at
different temperatures, involving 316 L(N) stainless steel in PFBR
and these contact pairs undergo sliding wear during operation as
well as maintenance. Quantification of wear and analysis of wear
mechanism would enable optimum design and effective operation
of reactor components.
Smith investigated friction and reciprocating unlubricated wear
of type AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel on itself in air at room
temperature in the load range 8–50 N. A model of the wear process
was developed, in terms of asperities interaction to form adhesive
transfer platelets, which agglomerate in to prow layers [1]. Yang
et al. found that strain-induced martensite transformation
occurred in during sliding wear of 304 and 310 stainless steels
against M2 tool steel rings [2]. Chivers studied various aspects of
reactor tribology, including lubrication, friction and wear of the
nuclear components of advanced gas cooled reactor (AGR) [3].
The interacting solid surfaces with the interfacing materials and
environment result in material loss from the surface. Relative
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 4427480500x22743.
E-mail address: nlpartha@igcar.gov.in (N.L. Parthasarathi).
these junctions and subsequent material transfer from one surface
to the other, in addition to the production of debris and material
loss. The plasticity-dominated sliding wear prevails at lower slid-
ing velocities [4]. In austenitic and martensitic steels, the load
and sliding speed dependencies of the coefficient of friction (CoF)
and temperature was studied by Tarassov and Kolubaev [5]. Wear
tests have been performed at room temperature on AISI 304L stain-
less steel claddings. The test duration has no effect on the wear
behavior of material [6]. Pin-on-drum tests were conducted to
determine the dry wear resistance of test materials. Due to its com-
bination of outstanding mechanical properties and excellent corro-
sion resistance, P558 performed much better than 316 L in all tests
[7]. Austenitic FeCrNi alloys for low temperature applications were
studied. These properties depend on the stability of the austenitic
microstructure, since transformation into martensite leads to a loss
of ductility as well as to the formation of ferromagnetic regions [8].
A study on the effect of relative humidity and applied load on the
friction and wear of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel were charac-
terized. At low humidity severe wear was experienced whereas at
high humidity lower wear was observed indicating the effect of
water [9]. The components in nuclear power plants like tubes
and guides of the rod cluster control assemblies undergo impacts
at low contact pressures, which lead to a specific wear of the con-
tact surfaces [10]. The sliding wear of AISI 304 and AISI 316 austen-
itic stainless steels in pin-on-disc equipment was studied with
respect to the applied load (6–20 N) and tangential velocity
(0.07–0.81 m/s). Plasticity-dominated wear (metallic particle oxi-
dation, adhesive and mixed wear) as the sliding wear mechanisms

0261-3069/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.050
 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682 677

Table 1
Chemical compositions of AISI type 316 L(N) stainless steel.

Elements C Cr Mo Ni Mn Si N S P Cu Fe
Weight (%) 0.024 17.8 2.38 13 1.84 0.25 0.05 0.005 0.03 0.519 Balance

were predominant [11]. The dry sliding wear behavior of the high- sliding speed (0.8 m/s) using a pin-on-disc test rig and subsequent
nitrogen austenitic 18Cr–18Mn–2Mo–0.9N steel at room tempera- surface profiling of wear tracks are presented. The experimental
ture was analysed. The wear rate of the aged specimen increased details are given in Section 2. Results of wear experiments and sur-
gradually with the applied load [12]. In sliding wear condition, face profiling are discussed in Section 3 followed by conclusions in
the structural changes of AISI 304 stainless steel were investigated. Section 4.
Worn surfaces characterization indicated that depending on wear
condition and applied load, different features of wear were in-
volved. During wear austenite was transformed in to martensite 2. Experimental procedure
[13]. The wear behavior of metal injection moulded 316 L stainless
steel under dry sliding conditions was studied. At high sliding 2.1. Materials
speeds the adhesive-induced delamination wear was predominant.
At low sliding speeds, the surface densification occurred on the AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel has austenitic crystalline structure.
worn surface of pin specimens [14]. The microstructure evolution The chemical composition of the tested material is given Table 1.
of the worn surface and sub-surface layer of SUS 304 austenitic Type 316 L(N) is a low carbon, nitrogen-enhanced version of Type
stainless steel (ASS) disc against Al2O3 ceramic ball was studied 316 austenitic stainless steel. Type 316 stainless steel can be sus-
on the basis of the tribological behavior. During low and high nor- ceptible to sensitization – the formation of grain boundary chro-
mal-loading conditions austenite was transformed in to martensite mium carbides at temperatures between approximately 900 and
on the worn surface [15]. A comparative friction wear test to assess 1500° F (425–815 °C) – which can result in rapid corrosion due
the wear resistance and wear mechanism of Fe–14Mn–5.5Si– to chromium depletion. Reduced carbon Type 316 L is resistant
12Cr–5Ni–0.10C and AISI 321 stainless steel have been carried to sensitization; however, extended exposures in this temperature
out [16]. The dry sliding wear at higher temperatures in austenitic range will eventually result in sensitization of even in the low car-
stainless steel 316 showed greater wear in terms of mass loss [17]. bon grade. The nitrogen in Type 316 L(N) adds additional resis-
Wear properties of AISI 4140 steel in dry sliding conditions tance to sensitization in some circumstances. The nitrogen
were studied by surface profilometer and the wear volume, the content of Type 316 L(N) stainless steel also provides some solid
profiles were recorded by a Mitutuyo profilometer and from the solution hardening, raising its minimum specified yield strength
superimposed profiles the wear volume was calculated [18]. Six compared to Type 316 L stainless steel. Like Types 316 and 316
common types of metallic wear particles, i.e., cutting, spherical, L, the type 316 L(N) alloy also offers excellent resistance to general
rubbing, laminar, fatigue chunk and severe sliding particles, have corrosion and pitting/crevice corrosion.
been studied on the features of their boundary morphology and
surface topography [19]. Surface roughness parameters are nor- 2.2. Wear testing procedure
mally categorised into three groups according to its functionality,
namely amplitude, spacing and hybrid parameters [20]. In the The sliding wear experiments were carried out in DUCOM make
knowledge of 3D microtopography, asperities were statistically TR-20-M12EV high temperature pin on disc Tribometer as per
processed. Asperities were replaced by paraboloid and pyramidal ASTM: G99-05 standard test method for wear testing. AISI 316
surfaces, in order to determine the distribution of the direction an- L(N) discs of 130 mm diameter and 10 mm thick, were machined
gle of asperities, the height distribution of the peak points, the ra- out from a block. AISI 316 L(N) pins with hemispherical contact,
dius distribution of the peak curvatures, and slope angle which is capable of establishing point contact, were also machined
distribution [21]. Operational characteristics of technical surfaces in required quantity. The nose radius of the pin is 5 mm. A constant
are greatly influenced by microtopographical features. In this field load of 20 N was applied and the tests were carried out for 800 s
of 3D standard characterization, new techniques to analyse the each at constant sliding velocity of 0.8 m/s resulting in total sliding
asperities, the contact behavior of real surfaces and the changes distance of 640 m in each test. The wear tests were conducted at
of surface microtopography in wear process were achieved [22]. various temperatures such as room temperature (25 °C), 100 °C,
Wear particles of lubricated rolling wear experiments were col- 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C. The experimental param-
lected in running-in and steady state wear stage and analysed eters are summarized in Table 2. A linear variable differential
using a particle analyser, ferrography, confocal laser scanning transducer (LVDT) probe was positioned in the pin loading path
microscopy and computer image analysis techniques. Numerical to measure displacement of the pin and a load cell was positioned
parameters, Ra, Rq and Rsk were used to measure the evolutions perpendicular to the pin loading path to measure the tangential
of the surface alternations from the running-in to steady state wear force. Two K-Type thermocouples were provided to measure the
stage [23]. The evolution of the surface morphology of wear debris
Table 2
in relation to change in the surface morphology of wear compo-
Experimental parameters.
nents in sliding wear process was analysed. The results demon-
strated that there is a good correlation of the surface morphology Sl. Temperature Load Sliding Time Sliding Track Disc
no. (°C) (N) velocity (s) distance diameter speed
of wear debris and that of the wear components [24]. Surface mic-
(m/s) (m) (m) (rpm)
rotopography plays a dual role in the course of friction and wear
1 RT (25) 20 0.8 800 640 57 268
processes. Fractal dimension (Df), root mean square gradient
2 100 20 0.8 800 640 67 228
(Sdq), surface area ratio (Sdr) and surface kurtosis (Sku) parameters 3 150 20 0.8 800 640 77 199
of microtopographies helps in correlating wear processes with 4 250 20 0.8 800 640 57 268
amplitude of the roughness [25]. 5 350 20 0.8 800 640 67 228
In this paper, results from sliding wear experiments carried out 6 450 20 0.8 800 640 77 199
7 550 20 0.8 800 640 87 176
at various temperatures up to 550 °C at constant load (20 N) and
678 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682
Fig. 1. Confocal surface profiling principle [26].
pin and disc temperatures. For measuring pin temperature, a hole
was made on the specimen holder and the thermocouple was in-
serted in this hole till the bottom of the pin surface. Depth of wear
was recorded automatically with respect to time by using a built-in
data acquisition system.
2.3. Surface profilometry
Surface roughness is a measure of the texture of a surface and it
is typically considered to be the high frequency, short wavelength
component of a measured surface. It is quantified by the vertical
deviations of a real surface from its ideal form. For rough surfaces
these deviations are large and they are small for a smooth surface.
Rough surfaces usually wear more quickly than smooth surfaces.
Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a
mechanical component, since irregularities in the surface may
form nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion.
A representative 5 mm square area of the wear track of each
tested AISI 316 L(N) disc was scanned using Talysurf CLI 1000 sur-
Fig. 2. Variation of wear with respect to time at room temperature.
face profilometer. Noncontact high resolution confocal point gauge
having range of 3000 lm with 0.25 nm resolution was used for
surface profiling. The technique used, deduces the height of a fea-
ture by using an aberration technique, which focuses the different
elements of white light at different heights as shown in Fig. 1. The
beam is focused on a surface through a lens with chromatic length
aberration. Due to the aberration, the focus point is at a different Z-
position for different wavelengths. The reflected light is sent to a
spectrometer through a pin hole, which provides an intensity curve
depending on wavelength. The focused wavelength is the one cor-
responding to the maximum intensity [26]. The surface profiles
were analysed using Talymap Platinum software version 4.1.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Characterization of wear
Figs. 2–8 shows the recorded sliding wear of self mated AISI 316
L(N) at room temperature (25 °C), 100 °C, 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C,
450 °C and 550 °C respectively. The wear patterns show a clear up-
hill rising trend with positive slope with increase in sliding dis-
tance. Pattern of wear is gradual and uniform. With increase in
temperature, severity of wear increases [17]. The material softens
with increase in temperature thereby resulting in increase in wear.
Elastic modulus of AISI 316 L(N) decreases by about 23% when
temperature is increased from room temperature to 550 °C [27].
As per the Hertz contact theory for elastic contact of sphere on flat
surface, indentation depth and width have an inverse relationship
with the elastic modulus of the materials in contact. Hence, inden-
tation depth and width would increase with increase in tempera-
ture. This trend was observed in the wear patterns too with
increasing temperature. The maximum value of wear increased
from about 200 lm at room temperature to about 800 lm at
550 °C. The width of the wear track and frictional force too in-
creased with increase in test temperature. Increase in frictional
force would lead to more material loss during sliding wear. This
 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682
Fig. 3. Variation of wear with respect to time at 100 °C.
Fig. 4. Variation of wear with respect to time at 150 °C.
Fig. 5. Variation of wear with respect to time at 250 °C.
clearly demonstrates that elevated temperatures promote sliding
wear of AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel. Fig. 9 shows a consolidated
view of 25 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C.
3.2. Characterization of surface profiles of wear tracks on disc
3.2.1. Surface profile analysis
Fig. 10–16 shows the three dimensional surface profiles and
surface roughness parameters of the worn track of AISI 316 L(N)
679
Fig. 6. Variation of wear with respect to time at 350 °C.
Fig. 7. Variation of wear with respect to time at 450 °C.
Fig. 8. Variation of wear with respect to time at 550 °C.
at room temperature(25 °C), 100 °C, 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C
and 550 °C respectively. A square sampling area of 5220 lm was
scanned for all seven worn discs. The amplitude parameter, namely
the arithmetic mean deviation of the surface (Sa) increased from
8.76 lm at room temperature to 64.3 lm at 550 °C. At room tem-
perature the surfaces revealed plough markings with lots of built-
up edges. At 100 °C the surface possessed densely packed deep
plough markings with some instances of built-up edges. In the
680 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682

Fig. 13. Surface roughness for test conducted at 250 °C.

Fig. 9. Consolidated variation of wear with respect to time and temperature.

Fig. 14. Surface roughness for test conducted at 350 °C.

Fig. 10. Surface roughness for room temperature test.

Fig. 15. Surface roughness for test conducted at 450 °C.

Fig. 11. Surface roughness for test conducted at 100 °C.

Fig. 12. Surface roughness for test conducted at 150 °C. Fig. 16. Surface roughness for test conducted at 550 °C.
 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682 681

Table 3
Surface roughness parameters of worn tracks at various temperatures.

Sl no. Temperature (°C) Sa (lm) Sq (lm) Sp (lm) Sv (lm) St (lm) Ssk Sku Sz (lm)
1 25 8.76 11.9 63.8 32.6 96.4 1.25 6.51 84.7
2 100 9.45 13.5 84.8 28.3 113 1.77 9.51 104
3 150 10.3 14.4 74.2 30.6 105 1.44 6.36 95.4
4 250 11.2 18.4 121 39.6 160 2.85 14.7 142
5 350 36.8 60.7 248 53.3 301 2.58 8.72 274
6 450 41.5 56.4 71.4 299 370 1.8 6.22 293
7 550 64.3 74.1 107 249 356 0.743 2.38 314

Fig. 17. Consolidated surface roughness values at various temperatures.

Fig. 18. Consolidated Kurtosis and Skewness values at various temperatures.

axionomic grey scale image captured demonstrated that a substan-
tial amount of material was removed during sliding wear. At 150 °C
built up edges were seen in three instances. The worn track had
widened considerably. The surface features conclude that rela-
tively higher wear was encountered. At 250 °C the length of the
built-up edge was relatively more and a continuous strand of the
edge was seen in bright coloration concluding higher material loss
[17]. At 350 °C, presence of continuous built-up edge due to the lat-
eral spread-out the disc material was clearly noticed. The continu-
ous and prominent formation of the built-up edges due to the
lateral spreading of the worn material was distinctly visible. At
450 °C the worn track was characterized with white and bright
682 N.L. Parthasarathi et al. / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 676–682
coloured zones. The width of the worn track had decisively wid-
ened due to the lateral spread out of the worn material. Built-up
edges were prominently seen concluding that substantial amount
of material was removed. At 550 °C deep furrows were noticed
with widened worn track. The worn track had more deep features.
High temperature in dry sliding wear results in charring of the
disc material. The three dimensional surface profiles of the wear
tracks corroborated the wear data measured during the sliding
wear tests on AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel at various temperatures.
The technique using distribution curves developed for characteriz-
ing worn path geometry is best suited for studying the wear behav-
ior of surfaces in the course of dry friction as well as for tracing
surface changes [22]. Presence of built up edges in the surface pro-
files and increase in the surface roughness, depicted by arithmetic
mean deviation of the surface (Sa) values, with increase in temper-
ature confirms that major wear mechanism in dry sliding wear of
AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel was predominantly adhesive wear.
The adhesion of increasing number of worn out layers into the
wear track resulted in increase in surface roughness with temper-
ature. Table 3 and Fig. 17 shows values and graphs respectively of
the consolidated variation of surface roughness amplitude param-
eters with respect to the operating temperatures during dry sliding
wear experiments. In addition to Sa (arithmetic mean deviation of
the surface), the other parameters, Sq (root mean square deviation
of the surface), St (total height of the surface) and Sz (ten point
height of the surface) too increased with the operating tempera-
ture. Sp (maximum height of summits) and Sv (maximum height
of valleys) increased up to 350 °C. At 450 °C and 550 °C, the value
of maximum height of summits got decreased and it was counter-
balanced by the increase in the value of maximum heights of val-
leys. This concluded that at higher temperature, the incidence of
valleys are more prominent depicting adhesive wear during dry
sliding wear of AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel. The surface feature
analysis concluded that the surface got more roughened as the
operating temperature increased.
Fig. 18 depicts the consolidated Kurtosis and Skewness values
for various temperatures. Sku (Kurtosis of the topography height
distribution) shows a bimodal kurtosis plot with left tailed or neg-
ative skew plot. Kurtosis is measure of the ‘‘peakedness’’ of the
probability distribution of a real valued random variable. Kurtosis
is a descriptor of the shape of a probability distribution. The skew-
ness of the topography height (Ssk) showed a couple of negative
values in 450 °C and 550 °C.
4. Conclusions
This study was conducted to correlate the wear characteristic of
AISI 316 L(N) austenitic stainless steel in high temperature envi-
ronment with extensive surface profiling of wear tracks. The wear
tests were conducted at room temperatures (25 °C), 100 °C, 150 °C,
250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C for a constant load of 20 N and at
constant sliding velocity of 0.8 m/sec. The following conclusions
can be drawn from this study:
 Elevated temperature promoted higher wear rate.
 Frictional forces increase with increasing temperature thereby
resulting in more material loss by wear.
 The wear tracks widened with increase in temperature.
 The three dimensional surface profiles of the wear tracks cor-
roborated the wear data measured during the sliding wear tests
on AISI 316 L(N) stainless steel at various temperatures.
 Presence of built up edges in the surface profiles and increase in
the surface roughness depicted by arithmetic mean deviation of
the surface (Sa) values with increase in temperature confirmed
that major wear mechanism in dry sliding wear of AISI 316
L(N) stainless steel is adhesive wear. The adhesion of increasing
number of worn out layers into the wear track resulted in
increase in surface roughness with temperature.
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