Though early proto-cities appeared at Jericho and Catal Huyuk around 6000 BCE,[31]

the first civilizations did not emerge until around 3000 BCE in Egypt[32] and
Mesopotamia.[33] These cultures gave birth to the invention of the wheel,[34]
mathematics,[35] bronze-working, sailing boats, the pottery wheel, woven cloth,
construction of monumental buildings,[36] and writing.[37] Scholars now recognize
that writing may have independently developed in at least four ancient
civilizations: Mesopotamia (between 3400 and 3100 BC), Egypt (around 3250 BC),[38]
[39][40] China (2000 BC),[41] and lowland Mesoamerica (by 650 BC).[42] Farming
permitted far denser populations, which in time organized into states. Agriculture
also created food surpluses that could support people not directly engaged in food
production.[43] The development of agriculture permitted the creation of the first
cities. These were centres of trade, manufacturing and political power.[44] Cities
established a symbiosis with their surrounding countrysides, absorbing agricultural
products and providing, in return, manufactured goods and varying degrees of
military control and protection. Pyramid text, pyramid of Unas, Saqqara, Egypt,
24th century BCE The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of
civilization.[a] Early civilizations arose first in Lower Mesopotamia (3000 BCE),
[46][47] followed by Egyptian civilization along the Nile River (3000 BCE),[5] the
Harappan civilization in the Indus River Valley (in present-day India and Pakistan;
2500 BCE),[48][49] and Chinese civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
(2200 BCE).[7][8] These societies developed a number of unifying characteristics,
including a central government, a complex economy and social structure,
sophisticated language and writing systems, and distinct cultures and religions.
Writing facilitated the administration of cities, the expression of ideas, and the
preservation of information.[50] Entities such as the Sun, Moon, Earth, sky, and
sea were often deified.[51] Shrines developed, which evolved into temple
establishments, complete with a complex hierarchy of priests and priestesses and
other functionaries. Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship
anthropomorphic deities. Among the earliest surviving written religious scriptures
are the Egyptian Pyramid Texts, the oldest of which date to between 2400 and 2300
BCE.[52]