METROLOGY MEANS?

Based on BIPM or the Bureau of Weights

and Measures

It is the science of measurement,

embracing both experimental and
theoretical determinations at any level
of uncertainty in any field of science
and technology.
METROLOGY MEANS?

• Comes from a Greek word “metron”

and “logos” which means study of
measurement.
TERMINOLOGIES

HOLE AND SHAFT

QUESTION

IS THERE A HOLE WHICH IS NOT

CYLINDRICAL?
ANSWER

•YES
• It is based on the purpose
• It is based on the design
• Nowadays, there is an advance machining that could
cater such holes like square, oval, a polygon or any
other shape
• TOLERANCE – the amount of variation from the
specified dimension in the manufactured part.

Example :
 UNILATERAL TOLERANCING

UNILATERAL TOLERANCING

BILATERAL TOLERANCING

UNILATERAL TOLERANCING

BILATERAL TOLERANCING
• ALLOWANCE – the intension difference
between the dimension of the two mating part.

• Example

• You are going to fabricate a shaft whose diameter is 25 mm.

• Including allowance you might purchase 1 inch diameter shaft
which is equivalent to 25.4. Meaning you have an allowance a
0.4 mm for machining purpose.
• LIMIT – the maximum and the minimum sizes indicated by a
tolerance dimension.
• MAXIMUM LIMIT OF SIZE - the greater of the two limit of size
• MINIMUM LIMIT OF SIZE – the smaller of the two limit of size
BASIC SIZE /BASIC DIMENSION– is the size referred to in order to fix the
limits of size by the application of the allowance and tolerance. The
basic size is the same for each mating part.

SHAFT

HOLE Basic Dimension /

Basic Size
SHAFT – the term used by convention to
designate external features of a part including
part which are not cylindrical.
HOLE – the term used by convention to designate
all internal features of a part including part
which are not cylindrical.
SHAFT

HOLE Basic Dimension /

Basic Size
DEVIATION – the algebraic difference between the size and the
corresponding basic size.
ACTUAL DEVIATION – the algebraic difference between the actual size and
the corresponding basic size.
UPPER DEVIATION – the algebraic difference between the maximum limit
of size and the corresponding basic size. ES for hole es for shaft.
LOWER DEVIATION - the algebraic difference between the minimum limit
of size and the corresponding basic size. EI for hole ei for shaft.
FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION – the one of the two deviations
being the one nearest to the zero line which is conventionally
chosen to define the position of the tolerance zone in relation
to zero line.
ZERO LINE – the straight line to which the deviations are
referred. The zero line is the line of zero deviation and
represents the basic size.
 Lower Tolerance
Deviation Upper of Hole
Deviation Hole

Zero Line

Maximum Shaft
Minimum Tolerance of
Diameter
Diameter Shaft
STANDARD TOLERANCE UNIT – it is the unit used
to calculate the various grade of tolerance for a
given basic size. It is designated by letter I.
 General Cases
Above (a) Up to (b)

3 6

6 10

10 18

18 30

30 50

50 80

80 120

120 180

180 250

250 315

315 400

400 500
 Tolerance Grade Value
1T 5 7I
GRADE OF TOLERANCE – 1T 6 10I
is an indication of the 1T 7 16I
degree of accuracy of 1T 8 25I
manufacture and is 1T 9 40I
designated by the letter 1T 10 64I
IT followed by the 1T 11 100I
number. 1T 12 160I
1T 13 250I
1T 14 400I
1T 15 640I
1T 16 1000I
Clearance Fit
In this type of fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is
smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole, so that the shaft
can rotate or slide through with different degrees of freedom
according to purpose of the mating members.

SHAFT

HOLE
Transition Fit
In a fit of this type the diameter of the largest allowable
hole is greater than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest
hole is larger than the largest shaft, so that small positive or
negative clearance between the shaft and hole members are
employable.

SHAFT

HOLE
Interference Fit
- the difference between the sizes of a hole and a shaft which
are to be assembled together when the shaft is larger than the hole.

SHAFT

HOLE
 HOLE Tolerance Grade SHAFT Tolerance Grade

HOLE HOLE
ZERO
LINE
SHAFT SHAFT

HOLE BASIS SYSTEM HOLE BASIS SYSTEM

•Lower deviation of hole is zero. “H” Hole •Upper deviation of shat is zero. “h” Shaft
•1 is Clearance Fit •1 is Clearance Fit
•2 is Transition Fit •2 is Transition Fit
•3 is Interference Fit •3 is Interference Fit
GO NO GO NO GO

GO
Figure 1.0. An example of Plug
Gauges
A. Double Ended / Single Limit
B. Single Ended / Single Limit
C. Single Ended / Double Limit NO GO

GO
 GO NO GO
A
GO
NO GO
Figure 2.0. Examples of Ring / Snap Gauges.
A. Single Limit
B. Double Limit B
Functional dimensions are those which have to be
machined and fit with other mating components.

Non-functional dimensions are those which need not

be machined to a higher degree of accuracy. These
have no effects on the quality or performance of the
component or assembly.
Example: Calculate the limits of tolerance and allowance for a 60mm shaft and
hole pair designated H7 / m6.
Solution:
Step 1. Find out in which range does 60mm lies. In this, case it is between
50 – 80 mm.
Above (a) Up to (b)
3
3 6
6 10
10 18
18 30
30 50
50 80
80 120
120 180
180 250
250 315
315 400
 Tolerance Grade Value
Step 4. Calculate tolerance grade
1T 5 7I
(IT7) for H7
1T 6 10I
IT7 = 16I = 16 x 0.001856
= 0.0297 mm.
1T 7 16I
1T 8 25I
Step 5. Calculate tolerance grade
(IT6) for m6 1T 9 40I
1T 10 64I
IT6 = 10I = 10 x 0.001856
= 0.019 mm. 1T 11 100I
1T 12 160I
1T 13 250I
1T 14 400I
1T 15 640I
1T 16 1000I
Step 6. Calculate the fundamental deviation.

Hole – H

F.D. = 0

Shaft – m

F. D.= 0.024D + 12.6

= 0.024 (63.25) + 12.6
= 0.0141 mm.
 SHAFT HOLE
FORMULA FOR DEVIATION IN MICRONS
TYPE SIGN TYPE SIGN D in mm
d - D + 16 D 0.44

e - E + 11 D 0.41

f - F + 5.5 D 0.41

g - G + 2.5 D 0.34

h - H 0

js - JS + 0.5 ITn

k + K - K4 to K7: 0.6 √ D all others: 0

m + M - 0.024D + 12.6

n + N - 0.04D + 21

p + P - 0.072D + 37.8

r + R - Geometric Mean between p & s or P & S

s + S - IT7 + 0.4D

t + T - IT7 + 0.63D

u + U - IT7 + D
 F.D. = + F.D. = 0 F.D. = -
TOLERANCE TOLERANCE

FUNDAMENTAL
DEVIATION FUNDAMENTAL
DEVIATION

BASIC
SIZE
TOLERANCE

LLS = Basic Size + F.D. LLS = Basic Size ULS = Basic Size - F.D.
ULS = LLH + Tol. ULS = Basic Size + Tol. LLS = ULH - Tol.

LEGEND:
- TOLERANCE

- FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION
 INTERFERENCE TRANSITION CLEARANCE
FUNDAMENTAL F.D. = + F.D. = 0 F.D. = -
TOLERANCE
DEVIATION TOLERANCE FUNDAMENTAL
DEVIATION
BASIC SIZE

TOLERANCE

ULS = BASIC SIZE + F.D. + TOL ULS = BASIC SIZE ULS = BASIC SIZE – F.D.
LLS = BASIC SIZE + F.D. LLS = BASIC SIZE - TOL LLS = BASIC SIZE - F.D. - TOL

LEGEND:
- TOLERANCE
- FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION
Step 7. Calculate the shaft limits of sizes.

HOLE
Lower limit of size = Basic Size
= 60 mm

Upper limit of size = Basic Size + Tolerance

= 60 mm + 0.030 mm
= 60.030 mm

SHAFT
Upper Limit of Size = Basic Size +F.D.+ tolerance
= 60 mm + 0.014 mm+0.019mm
= 60.033 mm

Lower Limit of Size = Basic Size + F.D.

= 60 mm + 0.014 mm
= 60.014
 FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION
MINIMUM MAXIMUM INTERFERENCE
CLEARANCE MAXIMUM (ALLOWANCE)
MAXIMUM CLERANCE
(ALLOWANCE) INTERFERENCE
(ALLOWANCE)
TOLERANCE

MAXIMUM
CLEARNCE MINIMUM
INTERFENCE
H
L LIMITS OF OVERSIZE
BASIC SIZE

SIZE FOR HOLE

UNDERSIZE HOLE
LIMITS OF
HOLE SIZE FOR
SHAFT

CLEARANCE TRANSITION INTERFERENCE

SYMBOLS INDICATING TOLERANCE ZONES

HOLE SHAFT
Type of With Holes
Cases of Fit REMARKS
Fit H6 H7 H8 H11
Shaft a - - - All Not widely used

Shaft b - - - - Not widely used

Shaft c - *c8 *c9 *c11 Slack running fit

Shaft d - *d8 *d8 *d11 Loose running fit

Shaft e E7 e8 e8 - Easy running fit

Shaft f *f6 *f7 *f8 - Normal running fit

Shaft g *g5 *g6 *g7 - Close running fit or sliding

Precision sliding fit time spigot and

Shaft h *h5 *h6 *h7 *h11 location fit

Push fit for very accurate location

Shaft j *j5 *j6 *j7 - with easy assembly and dis-
dismantling

Shaft k *k5 *k6 *k7 - Light keying fit

Shaft m *m5 *m6 *m7 - Medium keying fit

Heavy keying fit (for light

Shaft n *n5 *n6 *n7 - assembly of making parts)

Light press fit with easy dismantling

Shaft p *p5 *p6 - - for non ferrous parts

Medium drive fit with easy

Shaft r *r5 *r6 - - dismantling

Shaft s *s5 *s6 *s7 - Heavy drive fit

Shaft t *t5 *t6 *t7 - Force fit for permanent assembly

Shaft u *u5 *u6 *u - Heavy force fit or shrink fit

CALCULATE THE LIMIT OF SIZE OF THE HOLE AND SHAFT FOR THE
FOLLOWING FIT : 70mm H6 / k5
CALCULATE THE LIMIT OF SIZE OF THE HOLE AND SHAFT FOR THE
FOLLOWING FIT : 70mm H6 / k5

4. FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION
A. HOLE
FD = 0 mm
B. SHAFT
FD = 0.6 √D
= 0.6 √63.25
F.D. = 0.00477 mm

5. LIMIT OF SIZE
A. HOLE:

LLS = 70 mm
ULS = BS + TOL = 70 + 0.01856
= 70.01856 mm

B. SHAFT: LLS = BS + FD = 70 + 0.00477

= 70.00477 mm
ULS = LLS + TOL = 70.00477+ 0.013
= 70.0178 mm
CALCULATE THE LIMIT OF SIZE OF THE HOLE AND SHAFT FOR THE
FOLLOWING FIT : 70mm H6 / k5

6. MAXIMUM INTERFERENCE
= ULS (SHAFT) - LLS (HOLE)
= 70.0178- 70
= 0.0178 mm

7. MINIMUM INTERFERENCE
= LLS (SHAFT)- ULS(HOLE)
= 70.00477- 70.01856
= -0.01379 mm

Note: Negative signs is just a reminder that shaft is larger than the hole.
 Data sheet 4500A – hole basis. Given that the basic size of
hole and shaft are 55 mm diameter, and it is an interference
fit- hole/shaft H7-p6, find:

1. The limit size.

2. The tolerance on the shaft.
3. The tolerance on the hole.
4. The upper and lower deviation on the shaft.
5. The upper and lower deviation on the hole.
6. The maximum and minimum fit of the shaft in the hole.
 Data sheet 4500B – shaft basis. Given that the basic size
of shaft and hole are 90mm diameter, and it is a transition
fit- shaft/hole h6/K7, find:

1. The limit size.

2. The tolerance on the shaft.
3. The tolerance on the hole.
4. The upper and lower deviation on the shaft.
5. The upper and lower deviation on the hole.
6. The maximum and minimum fit .
THANK YOU!!
STAY SAFE !!
GOD BLESS !!