DYNAMICS OF MACHINES

UNIT - I
Assignment-Cum-Tutorial Questions
A. Questions testing the remembering / understanding level of students
I) Objective Questions
1. When the bearing is at the foot of the vertical shaft, it is known as a _______________
2. Thrust bearing carries ______________________________ type of load
3. ____________ is a brake in which a device to measure frictional resistance is incorporated.
4. When the band ends are connected at distances a & b from fulcrum & a< b then the force
should be applied [ ]
(A) Down ward (B) Upward (C) Horizontally (D) None
5. If θ is the angle of lap, T2 & T1 are tension in tight side & slack side of band the[ ]
T2 T1
=e μθ =e μθ
(A) T1 T2 = eμθ (B) T 1 (C) T 2 (D) None
6. Self locking in brake occurs when the external force to be applied is [ ]
(A) Zero (B) Breaking torque /r (C) μ (2 θ) x (D) None
7. Bevis – Gibson dynamometer is [ ]
(A) Absorption type (B) Transmission type (C) Both (D) None
8. In a internal expanding brake, to brought the shoes to initial position after the brake is
released, the following is used. [ ]
(A) Cam (B) Spring (C) Gear (D) None
9. The forces exerted to operate brake on leading & trailing shoe are equal [ True / False]
10. The power of an engine can be find using [ ]
(A) Brake (B) Dynamometer (C) Both (D) None
11. When the frictional force assists in applying the brake then it is [ ]
(A) Self locking (B) Self energing (C) Self sufficient (D) None

II) Descriptive Questions

1) Derive the expression for the torque transmitting capacity of a cone clutch by considering
uniform wear.
2) Derive the expression for the torque transmitting capacity of a multi plate clutch by
considering uniform pressure.
 3) Derive the expression for the friction torque in conical pivot bearing considering uniform
pressure.
4) Derive the expression for the friction torque in single collar bearing considering uniform
wear.
5) Derive the equation for braking torque of double shoe brake
6) Derive the equation for braking torque of band and block brake
7) Describe with neat sketch the bevis-gibson flashlight torsion dynamometer
8) Describe with neat sketch the belt transmission type dynamometer
9) Explain briefly about different types of clutches with neat sketches
10) Explain briefly about different types of bearings with neat sketches

B. Question testing the ability of students in applying the concepts.

I) Multiple Choice Questions:
1. In a thrust bearing the outer and inner diameters of the callers are 40cm and 25cm
respectively. If the uniform intensity of pressure is 3.5 Kg/sq. cm, how many collars are
required to carry 15,000 kg axial load? [ ]
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.25 and the angle of lap is 2400, what is the ratio of tensions
in a band brake [ ]
(A) 2.85 (B) 2.25 (C) 1.75 (D) 3.85
3. The ratio of tensions in a band and block brake with ‘n’ number of blocks can be expressed
as __ [ ]
n T 0 1+μtan θ 1
T01−μ tan θ n
1+μ tan θ
(A) T n
= (
1+μ tan θ ) (B)
( 1−μ tan θ ) (C)
= (
T n 1−μtan θ ) n

T0 1
1+μtan θ
(D)
= (
T n 1−μtan θ ) n

4. The torque transmitted by a conical clutch, when the intensity of pressure is uniform, can be
expressed as ______________ [ ]
r 3 −r 3 r −r

(A)
2 μw
(
1 2
3 sin α r 2 −r 2
1 2
) (B)
(
1 μ w 1 3 23
2 sin α r 2 −r 2
1 2
)
 r 3 −r 3 r 3−r 3

(C)
2
3
μw
(
1 2
r 2 −r 2
1 2
) (D)
1
2
μ w
( 1 2
r 2−r 2
1 2
)
5. If the angle of contact for shoe in simple shoe brake is 600, then equivalent coefficient of
friction [ ]
(A) 0.212 (B) 0.31 (C) 0.42 (D) None
6. If the vehicle moves with 16.67 m/sec and it is brought to rest with retardation 2.15 m/sec2
then the distance covered is [ ]
(A) 51m (B) 64m (C) 28m (D) None
7. In band & block brake, if μ = 0.25, No. of blocks = 14 and contact angle for shoe is 150, then
ratio of tensions in tight side to shock side [ ]
(A) 2.51 (B) 4.325 (C) 2.213 (D) None
II) Problems:
1. The shaft of a collar thrust bearing rotates at 200 r.p.m. and carries an end thrust of
100kN.The outer and the inner diameters of the bearing are 480 mm and 280 mm
respectively. If the power lost in friction is not to exceed 8 kW, determine the coefficient of
friction of the lubricant of the bearing.
2. A shaft has a number of a collars integral with it. The external diameter of the collars is 400
mm and the shaft diameter is 250 mm. If the intensity of pressure is 0.35 N/mm 2 (uniform)
and the coefficient of friction is 0.05, estimate : 1. power absorbed when the shaft runs at
105 r.p.m. carrying a load of 150 kN ; and 2. number of collars required
3. A conical pivot bearing supports a vertical shaft of 200 mm diameter. It is subjected to a
load of 30kN. The angle of cone is 120 degrees and the co efficient of friction is 0.025. Find
the power lost in friction when the speed is 140 r.p.m, assuming i. uniform wear ii. uniform
pressure
4. A single plate clutch, with both sides effective, has outer and inner diameters 300 mm and
200 mm respectively. The maximum intensity of pressure at any point in the contact surface
is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2 . If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, determine the power
transmitted by a clutch at a speed 2500 r.p.m.
5. A multiple disc clutch has five plates having four pairs of active friction surfaces. If the
intensity of pressure is not to exceed 0.127 N/mm 2 , find the power transmitted at 500 r.p.m.
The outer and inner radii of friction surfaces are 125 mm and 75 mm respectively. Assume
uniform wear and take coefficient of friction = 0.3.
6. A conical friction clutch is used to transmit 90 kW at 1500 r.p.m. The semicone angle is 20º
and the coefficient of friction is 0.2. If the mean diameter of the bearing surface is 375 mm
and the intensity of normal pressure is not to exceed 0.25 N/mm2 , find the dimensions of the
conical bearing surface and the axial load required.
7. . The simple band brake, as shown in Fig. is applied to a shaft carrying a flywheel of mass
400 kg. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 450 mm and runs at 300 r.p.m. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.2 and the brake drum diameter is 240 mm, find : 1. the torque
applied due to a hand load of 100 N, 2. the number of turns of the wheel before it is brought
to rest, and 3. the time required to bring it to rest, from the moment of the application of the
brake.

8. A differential band brake, as shown in Fig. , has an angle of contact of 225°. The band has a
compressed woven lining and bears against a cast iron drum of 350 mm diameter. The brake
is to sustain a torque of 350 N-m and the coefficient of friction between the band and the
drum is 0.3. Find : 1. The necessary force (P) for the clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of
the drum; and 2. The value of ‘OA’ for the brake to be self locking, when the drum rotates
clockwise.

9. A differential band brake acting on the 3/4th of the circumference of a drum of 450mm
diameter is to provide a braking torque of 300Nm. One end of the band is attached to a pin
100mm from the fulcrum of the lever and the other end to another pin 25mm from the
fulcrum on the other side of it where the operating force is also acting. If the operating force
 is applied at 500mm from the fulcrum and the coefficient of friction is 0.25 find the two
values of the operating force corresponding to the two directions of rotation of the drum
10. A band and block brake, having 14 blocks each of which subtends an angle of 15° at the
centre, is applied to a drum of 1 m effective diameter. The drum and flywheel mounted on
the same shaft has a mass of 2000 kg and a combined radius of gyration of 500 mm. The two
ends of the band are attached to pins on opposite sides of the brake lever at distances of 30
mm and 120 mm from the fulcrum. If a force of 200 N is applied at a distance of 750 mm
from the fulcrum, find: 1. maximum braking torque, 2. angular retardation of the drum, and
3. time taken by the system to come to rest from the rated speed of 360 r.p.m. The coefficient
of friction between blocks and drum may be taken as 0.25

III. Analyzing
1. A disc clutch with a single friction surface has coefficient of friction equal to 0.3. The
maximum pressure which can be imposed on the friction material is 1.5 MPa. The outer
diameter of the clutch plate is 200 mm and its internal diameter is 100 mm. Assuming
uniform wear theory for the clutch plate, the maximum torque (in N.m) that can be
transmitted is _____ (GATE2014)
2. A band brake having band-width of 80mm, drum diameter of 250mm, coefficient of friction
of 0.25 and angle of wrap of 270 degrees is required to exert a friction torque of 1000N-m.
The maximum tension (in kN) developed in the band is
A.6.88 B.3.56 C.6.12 D.11.56 (GATE 2010)

3. A block-brake shown below has a face width of 300 mm and a mean co-efficient of friction
of 0.25.  For an activating force of 400 N, the braking torque in Nm is
(GATE 2007)

A.30 B.40 C.45 D.60

4. A clutch has outer and inner diameters 100mm and 40 mm respectively. Assuming a uniform
pressure of 2 MPa and coefficient of friction of liner material 0.4, the torque carrying
capacity of the clutch is (GATE 2008)
A.148 B.196 C.372 D.490

5. A four-wheel vehicle of mass 1000 kg moves uniformly in a straight line with the wheels
revolving at 10 rad/s. The wheels are identical, each with a radius of 0.2 m. Then a constant
braking torque is applied to all the wheels and the vehicle experiences a uniform
 deceleration. For the vehicle to stop in 10 s, the braking torque (in N.m) on each wheel is
_______ (GATE 2014)
6. A drum brake is shown in the figure. The drum is rotating in anticlockwise direction. The
coefficient of friction between drum and shoe is 0.2. The dimensions shown in the figure are
in mm. The braking torque (in N.m) for the brake shoe is _______
(GATE 2014)
 UNIT – II
Assignment-Cum-Tutorial Questions
A. Questions testing the remembering / understanding level of students
I. Objective Questions:
1. The diagrams obtained on plotting crank effort or turning moment for various positions of
crank are known as _______________________ diagrams.
2. The energy stored in the flywheel over the mean value between minimum and maximum
speeds of rotation is called _______________________
3. Which of the following is / are correct? [ ]
(A) The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder will be more flat than that of a single
cylinder engine.
(B) The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder will be less flat than that of a single
cylinder engine.
(C) The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds will be less for a multi
cylinder engine, compared with that a single cylinder.
(D) A & C
4. The ratio of difference between maximum speed and minimum speed to the mean speed is called
________________

5. The ratio of excess energy to the work done per cycle is called___________________
6. The fluctuation of engine speed can be reduced by making the moment of inertia of the
flywheel as _______ as possible [ ]
(A) Large (B) Small (C) Uniform (D) Non-uniform
7. Which of the following is true? [ ]
(A) Radius of gyration of disc type flywheel is smaller than that of rim type
(B) Stresses in disc types fly wheel is smaller
(C) Both A and B
(D) None of the above

8. If ‘I’ is mass moment of inertia, ‘

δ s ’ is the coefficient of fluctuation of speed and ‘ω’ is
the
angular speed of rotation, excess energy can be expressed as __________ [ ]
δ 2ω 2
δsω δsω
s (B) E = I δ s ω (C) E = I2 (D) E = I2
(A) E = I
 9. The area under T-θ curve for one cycle is [ ]
(A) Work done per cycle (B) Torque per cycle (C) Fluctuation of speed (D) None
10. Flywheel stores energy in the form of [ ]
(A) Potential energy (B) Kinetic energy (C) Pressure energy (D) None
11. Max fluction of energy (‘K’ is coefficient of fluctuation of speed ) is [ ]
IW 2
(A) K (B) I W K (C) I W2 K (D) None
12. The hoop stress in rim of a flywheel is [ ]
(A) ρυ (B) ρ/υ (C) ρυ2 (D) None
II. Descriptive Questions:
1. What is meant by turning moment diagram
2. Explain the terms ‘fluctuation of energy’ and ‘fluctuation of speed’ as applied to flywheels
3. Define the terms ‘coefficient of fluctuation of energy’ and ‘coefficient of fluctuation of
speed’, in the case of flywheels.
4. What is the function of a flywheel? How does it differ from that of a governor?
5. What is the difference between static force and dynamic force analysis
6. Prove that the maximum fluctuation of energy in fly wheels is Iω2Cs
7. Derive the equation for velocity and acceleration of slider of a slider crank mechanism
8. Derive the equation for turning moment on crank considering the inertia force on the piston
B. Question testing the ability of students in applying the concepts
I. Multiple Choice Questions:
Common data for question numbers 1 to 4
The weight of reciprocating parts of a horizontal engine is 259kg. The difference
between driving and back pressures when crank has traveled 600 from IDC is 3.5 bar.
The crank pin circle radius is 30cm and diameter of cylinder is 50cm. The connecting
rod length between centers is 120cm. Take the speed of engine as 250 rpm.
1. What is the net force on the piston? [ ]
(A) 48.7 KN (B) 68.7 KN (C) 88.7 KN (D) 98.7 KN

2. What is the acceleration of reciprocating components? [ ]

(A) 77 m/sec2 (B) 57 m/sec2 (C) 47 m/sec2 (D) 97 m/sec2
3. What is the piston effort? [ ]
(A) 29.45 KN (B) 19.45 KN (C) 69.45 KN (D) 49.45 KN
4. What is the crank effort? [ ]
 (A) 12.1 KN-m (B) 18.1 KN-m (C) 14.1 KN-m(D) 16.1 KN-m

5. The turning moment curve for an engine is represented by the equation T = 2,500+500
sin 2θ – 300 cos 2θ N-m, Where ‘θ’ is the angle moved by the crank. What is the mean
torque? [ ]
(A) 2000 N-m (B) 1500 N-m (C) 1000 N-m (D) 2500 N-m
6. If fluctuation of speed is ± 1.8% of mean speed then coefficient of fluctuation of speed
is [ ]
(A) 1.8 (B) 3.6 (C) 0.018 (D) 0.036
7. For the curve T = (1000 + 300 sin 2 θ), the torque curve repeats after θ = [ ]
3π
(A) π (B) 2 π (C) 2 (D) None
8. The mean torque T mean for 4 stroke engine is [ ]
1 1
WD/cycle x WD/cycle x
(A) π (B) 4π (C) WD/cycle (D) None
Common diagram for question numbers 9 to 11

F
C
T mean
A B D E

O H
G

9. Max fluctuation of energy is [ ]

(A) Area ABC (B) Area DEF (C) Cannot say (D) None
10. Work done/cycle is [ ]
(A) Area under OCG (B) Area under GHF (C) Area under OCGFH (D) None
11. T mean is [ ]
(A) Area under OCGFH/OG (B) Area under OCGFH/OH
(C) Area under OCGFH/2π (D) None
II. Problems:
1. The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder IC engine is drawn to the following scales .
1 cm = 15o crank angle 1 cm = 3 kNm During one revolution of the crank the areas with
 reference to the mean torque line are 3.52, - 3.77, 3.62, - 4.35, 4.40 and - 3.42 cm 2.
Determine mass moment of inertia to keep the fluctuation of mean speed within + 2.5% with
reference to mean speed. Engine speed is 200 rpm.
2. A single cylinder four-stroke petrol engine develops 18.4 kW power at a mean speed of 300
rpm. The work done during suction and exhaust strokes can be neglected. The work done by
the gases during explosion strokes is three times the work done on the gases during the
compression strokes and they can be represented by the triangles. Determine the mass of the
flywheel to prevent a fluctuation of speed greater than 2 per cent from the mean speed. The
flywheel diameter may be taken as 1.5 m.
3. The torque developed by an IC engine is given by M = (1000 + 300 sin θ - 500 cos 2θ) Nm
where θ is the angle turned by the crank from inner dead centre. The engine speed is 300
rpm. The mass of the flywheel is 200 kg and radius of gyration is 400 mm. Determine (a)
power developed by the engine, (b) percentage fluctuation of speed with reference to the
mean speed, (c) angular acceleration of the flywheel when the crank has rotated 60 0 from the
inner dead centre, and (d) maximum angular acceleration and the retardation of the flywheel.
4. An engine is coupled to a machine. The engine produces a torque given by the expression TE
= (8000 + 1000 sin 2θ) N-m where θ is the angle of rotation of shaft. The machine requires a
torque to run it and is given by the expression TM = (8000 + 800 sin θ ) N-m where θ is
angle of rotation of shaft. The engine runs at a mean speed of 250 rpm and has a flywheel of
mass 400 kg and radius of gyration 0.4 m fixed to it. Determine (a) The fluctuation of energy
(b) Percentage fluctuation of speed, and (c) The maximum and minimum acceleration of the
flywheel and the corresponding angular positions of the engine shaft.
5. A shaft fitted with a flywheel rotates at 250 r.p.m. and drives a machine. The torque of
machine varies in a cyclic manner over a period of 3 revolutions. The torque rises from 750
N-m to 3000 N-m uniformly during 1/2 revolution and remains constant for the following
revolution. It then falls uniformly to 750 N-m during the next 1/2 revolution and remains
constant for one revolution, the cycle being repeated thereafter. Determine the power
required to drive the machine and percentage fluctuation in speed, if the driving torque
applied to the shaft is constant and the mass of the flywheel is 500 kg with radius of gyration
of 600 mm.
6. The turning moment diagram for a four stroke gas engine may be assumed for simplicity to
be represented by four triangles, the areas of which from the line of zero pressure are as
follows : Suction stroke = 0.45 × 10–3 m2; Compression stroke = 1.7 × 10–3 m2; Expansion
stroke = 6.8 × 10–3 m2; Exhaust stroke = 0.65 × 10–3 m2. Each m2 of area represents 3 MN-m
 of energy. Assuming the resisting torque to be uniform, find the mass of the rim of a
flywheel required to keep the speed between 202 and 198 r.p.m. The mean radius of the rim
is 1.2 m.
7. A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300 mm diameter and 450 mm stroke
and runs at 200 r.p.m. The reciprocating parts has a mass of 225 kg and the piston rod is 50
mm diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2 m long. When the crank has turned through 125°
from the top dead centre, the steam pressure above the piston is 30 kN/m 2 and below the
piston is 1.5 kN/m2. Calculate the effective turning moment on the crank shaft.
8. The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine, running at 1800 r.p.m.are 50 mm and 200
mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts
is 1 kg. At a point during the power stroke, the pressure on the piston is 0.7 N/mm 2, when it
has moved 10 mm from the inner dead centre. Determine : 1. Net load on the gudgeon pin, 2.
Thrust in the connecting rod, 3. Reaction between the piston and cylinder, and 4. The engine
speed at which the above values become zero
III. Analyzing
1. For the same material and the mass, which of the following configurations of flywheel will
have maximum mass moment of inertia about the axis of rotation OO′ passing through the
center of gravity. ( GATE 15 )
a) Solid cylinder b) Rimmed wheel c) solid sphere d) solid cube
2. The torque (in N-m) exerted on the crank shaft of a two stroke engine can be described as T
= 10000 + 1000 sin 2θ – 1200 cos 2θ, where θ is the crank angle as measured from inner
dead center position. Assuming the resisting torque to be constant, the power (in kW)
developed by the engine at 100 rpm is __________. ( GATE 15 )
3. Consider a flywheel whose mass M is distributed almost equally between a heavy, ring-like
rim of radius R and a concentric disk-like feature of radius R/2. Other parts of the flywheel,
such as spokes, etc, have negligible mass. The best approximation for α, if the moment of
inertia of the flywheel about its axis of rotation is expressed as αMR2, is _______
( GATE 14 )
4. Maximum fluctuation of kinetic energy in an engine has been calculated to be 2600 J.
Assuming that the engine runs at an average speed of 200 rpm, the polar mass moment of
inertia (in kg.m2) of a flywheel to keep the speed fluctuation within ±0.5% of the average
speed is _______ (GATE 14 )
5. Torque and angular speed data over one cycle for a shaft carrying a flywheel are shown in
the figures. The moment of inertia (in kg.m2) of the flywheel is _______ (GATE 14 )
6. A flywheel connected to a punching machine has to supply energy of 400 Nm while running
at a mean angular speed of 20 rad/s. If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ±2%, the
mass moment of inertia of the flywheel in kg-m2 is _____ (GATE 13 )
7. A circular solid disc of uniform thickness 20 mm, radius 200 mm and mass 20 kg, is used as
a flywheel. If it rotates at 600 rpm, the kinetic energy of the flywheel, in Joules is _
( GATE 12 )
8. The speed of an engine varies from 210 rad/s to 190 rad/s. During a cycle the change in
kinetic energy is found to be 400 Nm. The inertia of the flywheel in kgm2 is________
(GATE 2007 )
9. In a flywheel, the safe stress is 25.2 MN/m2 and the density is 7 g/cm3. Then what is the
maximum peripheral velocity? (IES 2009)
(a) 300 m/s (b) 45 m/s (c) 60 m/s (d) 120 m/s
10. A machine is driven by a motor, which delivers a constant torque. The resisting torque of the
machine increases uniformly from 500 Nm to 1500 Nm through one revolution of the driving
shaft and drops suddenly to 500 Nm again at the beginning of the next revolution. The mean
speed of the machine shaft is 300 rpm. In order to maintain coefficient fluctuation of speed of
the machine as 0.2, a solid circular steel disc of 25 mm thick is used as a flywheel. The mass
density of steel is 7800 kg/m3. Evaluate the diameter of the flywheel disc (IES 2016)