4.4 Determinate Frame Analysis

3/18/2020 4.4 Determinate Frame Analysis | learnaboutstructures.
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4.4 Determinate Frame Analysis

Frame structures are more complex than beams because they do not necessarily all lie along a straight line as beams do.
There can be both vertical members and members that are inclined on an angle. The rst part of this section will discuss
the types of loads on inclined members and how to deal with them. Then, it will explain the method that is used to
analyse determinate frames.
Inclined Loads
For members that are inclined on an angle, it is often most convenient to analyse them by rst transforming all the loads
on the member into the local member axis direction (perpendicular and parallel to the inclined member). This process is
illustrated in Figure 4.7.
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(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Inclined-Members.png)
Figure 4.7: Resolving Loads on Inclined Members into Local Axis Directions
Sample geometry for an inclined member is shown at the top of Figure 4.7. Four di erent types of inclined loadings
are shown in the gure.
The rst type shows the transformation of point loads on an inclined member into parallel and perpendicular
components.
The second type ('wind-type') is typical of distributed loadings caused by wind or other pressure-type loadings. The
distributed load is applied directly perpendicular to the inclined member and is distributed along the diagonal length of
the member (L/cosθ in this case). Since the load is already perpendicular, no transformation is needed.
The third type ('dead-type') is a distributed load that is not applied perpendicular to the member. In this case, it is
aligned with the global vertical axis direction to simulate the e ect of a vertical gravity (or 'dead') load. This type of load
is also distributed along the diagonal length of the member since the source of the load (in this case, the dead weight of
the member) is also distributed along the diagonal length. In this case, a direct trigonometric transformation may be
used to split the vertical distributed load into two di erent components, one perpendicular to the member (which will
cause shear and bending) and one parallel to the member (which will cause axial load) as shown in the gure.
The fourth and nal type ('snow-type') is a distributed load which is not perpendicular to the member and is also not
distributed along the member length, but along the horizontal projection of the member (in this case, the distance L).
For the case of a snow load, only a certain amount of snow can fall in a certain horizontal area, so the greater the
inclination of the member, the longer the length that the snow will be spread out over. The total vertical load here will be
equal to wsnow L, which is less than the corresponding total vertical load from the dead load case, which was equal to
wdead L/ cos θ . Before the snow-type distributed load can be split into perpendicular and parallel components, it must
be spread evenly over the diagonal length of the member (instead of the horizontal projection). If we split the total
vertical load wsnow L over the total diagonal length L/ cos θ then we get a new vertical distributed load equal to
wsnow cos θ which is now distributed along the diagonal length of the member. From here, the load may be distributed
into perpendicular and parallel components as was done for the dead-type load, which results in the components shown
in Figure 4.7.
Method for Analysing Determinate Frames

Analysing determinate frames is very similar to analysing determinate beams, except that you need to split up the frame
into separate members (which are each individually analysed as beams). There is also the added complexity of inclined
members and the inclusion of axial forces in the analysis, which we previously neglected when we were analysing
beams.
The general steps for analysing a determinate frame are:
1. Use equilibrium to nd all reaction forces.
2. Split the frame into separate members.
Any point load or moment which acts directly on a joint between two or more members must be placed on
only ONE of the members when they are split up. It does not matter which member gets the point load, as
long as it is only on one.
3. Find all of the forces at the ends of each member using equilibrium on a free body diagram of the member alone.
4. Resolve all of the loads on the member into the local member axis directions (i.e. perpendicular to and parallel to the
member).
5. Now the axial moment, shear force and bending moment diagrams may be found by solving each member as if it
was a beam (see Section 4.3 (/node/33#sec:BMD-Solving)).
6. (Optional) Use the results from each member to draw overall axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams
for the entire structure.
Example
The analysis of determinate frames will be demonstrated using the example structure shown in Figure 4.8.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example.png) Figure 4.8: Example Determinate Frame Structure
As a rst step, we can check that the structure is stable and determinate using the methods from Chapter 2 (/node/6).
Using equation (1) :
ie = 3m + r − (3j + ec ) (1)
ie = 3m + r − (3j + ec )
= 3(3) + 3 − (3(4) + 0)
= 0
Since ie = 0 then the structure is determinate. It is also stable since there are no collapse mechanisms present.
The next step in the analysis is to nd the reaction forces. In this structure there are three reaction forces, Ax and Ay
at the left pin, and Dy at the right roller. We will nd the reactions using equilibrium on the entire structure. The free
body diagram of the structure is shown in Figure 4.9.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-A.png) Figure 4.9: Example Frame Free Body Diagram
Starting with the moment equilibrium about point A to nd the vertical reaction at D (Dy ):
↶ ∑ MA = 0
−75(5) − 25(7)(3.5) + Dy (7) = 0
Dy = +141.1 kN
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Dy = 141.1 kN ↑
For horizontal equilibrium, the horizontal reaction at A (Ax ) is originally assumed to be positive (pointing to the right):
→ ∑ Fx = 0
Ax + 75 = 0
Ax = −75 kN
But the negative solution tells us that Ax actually points to the left (as shown in Figure 4.9:
Ax = 75 kN ←
Vertical equilibrium:
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
Ay − 25(7) + Dy = 0
Ay − 25(7) + 141.1 = 0
Ay = +33.9 kN
Ay = 33.9 kN ↑
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Now, the structure must be divided into separate members. Our structure will be divided into three members, AB, BC,
and CD. We will go through each in turn, solving for all the unknown end forces, axial force, shear force and moment
before moving on to the next member. The free body diagram and solution for member AB is shown in Figure 4.10.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-B.png) Figure 4.10: Example Frame Member AB
The free body diagram (FBD) on the left of Figure 4.10 shows all of the information that is currently known about
member AB. It contains the known reactions at the base Ax and Ay . In addition, the unknown forces at point B are also
shown. To form the FBD for member AB, the structure had to be cut at point B. Since the structure is continuous at that
point, we know that vertical and horizontal forces and a moment must be transmitted across the cut. Since we don't
know anything about these forces yet, they are all drawn in the positive direction. The notation BAB
x means: "the force
at point B in the x-direction, acting on member AB." Likewise, MBAB means: "the moment at point B acting on member
AB."
The FBD, has three unknowns: BAB

x , BAB
y , and MBAB . We can solve for these three unknowns using the equations of
equilibrium:
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↶ ∑ MB = 0
AB
M − 75(8) = 0
B
AB
M = 600 kNm ↶
B
→ ∑ Fx = 0
AB
Bx − 75 = 0
AB
Bx = 75.0 kN →
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
AB
By + 33.9 = 0
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AB
By = 33.9 kN ↓
The resulting solved FBD is shown in Figure 4.10.
Now that we know all of the forces acting on member AB, we can use the methods of beam analysis to nd the axial,
shear and moment diagrams which are shown in Figure 4.10.
The construction of the axial force diagram is similar to the shear force diagram, starting at one end, forces that are
parallel to the member that cause compression, move the axial force diagram one way, and forces that cause tension,
move it the other way. It doesn't matter which way is which on the diagram, as long as it is indicated on the diagram. The
compression side of the axial force diagram is shown with a 'C' in the gure. In this case, we can start at point A,
assuming that the member is xed at the other end (point B). The vertical reaction force at A of 49.5 kN causes the
member to go in compression, so we move the axial force diagram to the right by the same amount and indicate that
side as being in compression. There is no other load parallel to the member until point B, which has a force of 49.5 kN
that would cause tension in the member if it pushes it away from B (assume that the force acts just below point B). This
pushes the axial force diagram back to the left, meeting up with the member axis at 0.
The shear and moment diagrams for this member are simple and were constructed moving from bottom to top. The
moment diagram is 'drawn on the compression side.' This means that for whichever side of of the member that shows a
moment on the moment diagram, the extreme bre on that side of the beam will be in compression. For this member
AB, all of the moment is on the left side of the member. Therefore the left side of the member is in compression (and the
right side is in tension).
At a cut location, moment arrows always point towards the compression side of the member.
Now that member AB has been completely solved, we can move on to the next member, member BC, which is shown
in Figure 4.11.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-C.png)
Figure 4.11: Example Frame Member BC Equilibrium and Resolution of Forces into the Local Axis Direction
Part (a) of Figure 4.11 shows a free body diagram of member BC with all of the information that is currently known.
Since members AB and BC are on either side of the cut at point B, the forces and moments must be transferred at that
point. So, we can take the forces at point B from member AB and apply them to point B on member BC; however, we
must be sure to reverse the direction of the forces, since forces and moments must be equal and opposite on either side
of a cut (as previously discussed in Section 1.6 (/node/12)). The horizontal force changes direction from right to left, the
vertical force changes from down to up, and the moment changes from counter-clockwise to clockwise. Again, there are
three unknown forces/moments at point C due to the cut between member BC and member CD: CxBC , CyBC , and
M
BC
C
. These may be found using equilibrium:
↶ ∑ MC = 0
BC
M + 25(7)(3.5) − 33.9(7) − 75.0(2) − 600 = 0
C
BC
M = 374.8 kNm ↶
C
→ ∑ Fx = 0
BC
−75 + Cx = 0
BC
Cx = 75.0 kN →
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
BC
33.9 − 25(7) + Cy = 0
BC
Cy = 141.1 kN ↑
The resulting solved free body diagram is shown in Part (b) of Figure 4.11. Since member BC is an inclined member, we
need to resolve all of the forces into the local member directions (i.e. perpendicular and parallel to the member) before
we can nd the axial, shear and moment on the member. This process is shown in Parts (c) and (d) of the gure. Part (c)
shows how to convert the horizontal and vertical forces at point B into forces that are perpendicular and parallel to
member BC. To do this, each force must be split into two components, one perpendicular and one parallel to member
BC. The perpendicular components from each are then added together to get the total perpendicular point load at B:
Pperp = 75.0 sin θ + 33.9 cos θ
Pperp = 75.0 sin 15.9° + 33.9 cos 15.9°
Pperp = 53.2 kN ↖ (perpendicular to BC)
and the parallel forces are summed to get:
Ppara = −75.0 cos 15.9° + 33.9 sin 15.9°
Ppara = 62.8 kN ↙ (parallel. to BC)
The same process is followed for the point loads at point C.
Part (d) of Figure 4.11 shows the resulting point loads at either end of the member. It also shows the distributed load
resolved into the local axis (member) directions. The snow-type distributed load on the beam is resolved into the
perpendicular and parallel directions using the expressions previously shown in Figure 4.7:
2
wperp = wsnow cos θ
2
wperp = 25 cos 15.9°
wperp = 23.1 kN /m ↘
wpara = wsnow cos θ sin θ
wpara = 25 cos 15.9° sin 15.9°
wpara = 6.59 kN /m ↙
The moments are not a ected when translate the forces into the perpendicular and parallel directions.
Part (e) of Figure 4.11 shows the same fully solved free-body diagram as Part (d) but simply rotated to be horizontal so
−−−−−−
that it is easier to analyse. Note also that the length of the member itself (√72 + 2
2
= 7.28 m ) is longer that the
horizontal projection (7 m).
Now that all of the loads on member BC are known, the axial, shear and moment diagrams may be constructed using
the methods for beam analysis. This process is shown in Figure 4.12.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-D.png)
Figure 4.12: Example Frame Member BC Axial, Shear and Moment
The axial force diagram is not constant for member BC, as shown in Figure 4.12, because the snow-type distributed
load on the member has a parallel component which acts along the length of the member. This parallel distributed load
may be called a traction along the length of the member. Moving from left to right, the member starts with a tension of
62.8 kN which is then steadily reduced by a traction in the same direction of 6.59 kN m , which moves the axial force
diagram further towards the tension side. This results in a slope on the axial force diagram also equal to 6.59 kN m . At
the right end of the member, a nal compression (in the opposite direction) of 110.8 kN brings the axial force diagram
back to zero.
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are constructed as before, with particular attention to the slope of
the moment diagram at any point being directly equal to the value of the shear force diagram at the same point. The
moment diagram shown in Figure 4.12, starts with a jump up due to the clockwise moment at point B, then moves even
higher due to the shear between points B and B', before dropping once again between points B' and C. It is important to
identify the maximum moment and where that maximum moment occurs. The value of the maximum moment is easily
found by adding the moment at point B (600 kNm ) to the area under the shear force diagram between points B and B'
(a triangle with a height of 53.2 kN ). To nd the area of that triangle, we need to know the length of the base. This may
be found using similar triangles as shown (the total length of the member multiplied by the height of the small triangle
divided by the total height of both triangles). In this case the length of the smaller triangle is 2.303 m as shown. This
also identi es the location of the point of maximum moment, which should be identi ed on the moment diagram. Using
this length, the area under the shear force diagram between points B and B' is equal to
0.5(53.2)(2.303) = 61.2 kNm . This gives a maximum moment of 600 + 61.2 = 661.2 kNm at a location
2.303 m from point B.
Since the shape of the shear force diagram is linear, then the shape of the moment diagram should be parabolic. The
shape of the parabola can be easily determined by sketching in the slope of the moment diagram at both ends as shown
in Figure 4.12 and by identifying locations of zero slope, which are also the points where the shear force diagram equals
zero. This moment diagram is again drawn on the compression side of the member and it can be seen that, as
mentioned previously, the point moments at the ends of the member point towards the compression side of the beam at
either end.
Now that member BC is completely solved, we can move onto the nal member, member CD, which is shown in
Figure 4.13.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-E.png) Figure 4.13: Example Frame Member CD
The free body diagram of member CD shown in Figure 4.13 includes all of the information that is known up to this
point (including the opposite direction forces from member BC at point C). As this gure shows, there are no unknown
forces that need to be found for member CD. This is typically the case with the nal member in a frame analysis. We
have already determined the forces at point D when we found the reactions using global equilibrium; however, we can
use equilibrium on member CD as a check that we have solved the rest of the frame properly. If we do this check and
equilibrium is not satis ed, then we have made a mistake in one of the previous steps. So, let's check equilibrium for
member CD:
↶ ∑ MC = 0
−374.8 + 75(5) = 0 ✓
→ ∑ Fx = 0
75 − 75 = 0 ✓
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
141.1 − 141.1 = 0 ✓
All of the equilibrium equations are satis ed, so we can have some con dence that our solution is correct.
Knowing all of the forces on member CD, we can construct the axial, shear and moment diagrams using beam
analysis methods as shown in Figure 4.13.
Now that all of the axial, shear and moment diagrams have been constructed for each member, the last optional step
is to combine them onto a single diagram which shows the axial, shear and moment for the entire structure. Such
diagrams are shown in Figure 4.14.
(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-F.png) Figure 4.14: Example Frame Solution Summary
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4.4 Determinate Frame Analysis

Method for Analysing Determinate Frames

The general steps for analysing a determinate frame are:

1. Use equilibrium to nd all reaction forces.

2. Split the frame into separate members.

(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example.png) Figure 4.8: Example Determinate Frame Structure

(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-A.png) Figure 4.9: Example Frame Free Body Diagram

−75(5) − 25(7)(3.5) + Dy (7) = 0

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(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-B.png) Figure 4.10: Example Frame Member AB

The FBD, has three unknowns: BAB

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The resulting solved FBD is shown in Figure 4.10.

Pperp = 75.0 sin θ + 33.9 cos θ

Pperp = 75.0 sin 15.9° + 33.9 cos 15.9°

Pperp = 53.2 kN ↖ (perpendicular to BC)

and the parallel forces are summed to get:

Ppara = −75.0 cos 15.9° + 33.9 sin 15.9°

Ppara = 62.8 kN ↙ (parallel. to BC)

The same process is followed for the point loads at point C.

wpara = wsnow cos θ sin θ

wpara = 25 cos 15.9° sin 15.9°

(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-E.png) Figure 4.13: Example Frame Member CD

(/sites/default/ les/images/3-Frames/Det-Frame-Example-F.png) Figure 4.14: Example Frame Solution Summary

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