Instructions

An inference is a conclusion drawn from given facts or true statements. For instance, you see a person
wearing headphones. You can infer that this person might be listening to music.

This section begins with a passage that must be regarded as facts or true. After each passage, various
possible inferences will be presented on the basis of the given passage. The student should analyze each
possible inference and decide on its degree of truth if it is: (a.) True, (b.) Probably True, (c.)
Indeterminable, (d.) Probably False, (e.) False.

Select True if the inference is necessarily true.

Probably True if, based on the given passage, the inference is more likely to be true than false, but not
necessarily true.
Indeterminable if, more information is required in order to hold the inference.
Probably false if, based on the given passage, the inference is more likely to be false than true, but not
necessarily false.
False, if it is necessarily false; the inference misrepresents or contradicts a fact in the given passage.

In a philosophical sense, creating can be understood as an activity or an activity of creating something.

With this premise, diverse notion on what kind of creative activity is in play to understand its very
nature. It could be understood as bringing something into being that never existed before. It can also
mean arranging or modifying pre-existent materials in order to manifest or materialize something new.
In a more Freudian sense, creative activity could be understood as an outlet or expression of the
repressed unconscious thoughts and desires. Furthermore, the emergence of creativity is said to be
somewhat unexpected and sudden. When asked on how he comes up with his pieces, Mozart answered
“Whence and how these ideas come I know not nor can I force them.”

_____1.) Creativity, in a philosophical sense, is an ambiguous concept.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: A
Explanation: A concept is ambiguous if the concept is open to many interpretations. The passage
discussed more than one interpretation of creativity making the inference true.

_____2.) Freud would implement creative activity like drawing or writing in his methods in
Psychoanalysis wherein he would try extracting the repressed thoughts and desires.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False
ANSWER: B
Explanation: It was mentioned in the passage that such creative activity can be understood in the
Freudian sense. This hints us that Freud might have implemented creative activities in his practice. But,
it does not necessarily mean that Freud himself implemented it. It might be the case that Freud’s ideas
just influenced this sense of understanding creativity.

_____3.) All of Mozart’s pieces were composed out of sudden or unexpected ideas.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: A
Explanation: The last statement of the passage mentions how Mozart does not know how and when he
gets his ideas for his pieces. Given that statement, we can infer that Mozart’s pieces were composed out
of sudden or unexpected ideas.

_____4.) There are only three diverse notions in understanding creativity.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: D
Explanation: Even though the passage discussed 3 notions of creativity, the passage did not particularly
mention that there are only 3 notions in understanding creativity. However, the passage mentions that
there are diverse notions of creativity. The term “diverse” can be understood as showing a great deal of
variety suggesting that it is more likely that there are more than 3 notions of creativity.

_____5.) Since creating can be understood as an activity, all kinds of activities are creative.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: E
Explanation: This inference misrepresents the first statement of the passage: “creating can be
understood as an activity or an activity of creating something”. It just tells us that creating is an activity,
but it does not hold the inference that all kinds of activities are creative.
In a study made by neurologists, two groups of people had their brain analyzed. The first group is
composed of artists while the other group is composed of scientists. This was a study conducted to see if
there really is a significant difference in the brain activity between scientists and artists when it comes to
creative activity. To trigger the neural mechanisms of creativity, each group is asked to do word
association exercises where each one of them is tasked to silently state the first thing that comes to
their minds when a word appears in a screen for a very short period of time. In the end of the study, the
neurologists have concluded that there is no significant difference in the brain activity of both groups.

_____6.) Artists are more efficient and productive in creative activities as compared to scientists.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: C
Explanation: The passage only discussed the difference between brain activities of artists and scientists
in doing creative activities. It does not discuss the difference between efficiency and productivity. It
needs more information regarding the correlation between brain activities and efficiency/productivity.

_____7.) Artists can become innovative and creative scientists.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: C
Explanation: Similar with the previous inference, the passage does not discuss anything regarding
innovativeness of artists and scientists. It needs more information.

_____8.) Word association exercises are creative activities.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: A
Explanation: Word Association was the activity used to trigger neural mechanism of creativity; making
the inference that word association exercises are creative activities true.

_____9.) Artists do not have any advantage over scientists when it comes to creative activities.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: B
Explanation: The passage only concludes that there is no significant difference between the brain
activities of artists and scientists. It did not conclude that artists do not have any advantage over
scientists when it comes to creative activities. However, from this conclusion, we can infer that in a
broad sense, it is most likely true that artist do not have any advantage over the scientists when it
comes to creative activities.

_____10.) Neurologists can evaluate if a person is creative or not through analyzing brain activities.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: C
Explanation: The passage showed that neurologist can measure brain activities, but does not mention
determining a person being creative through measuring brain activities. More information is required in
order to hold this inference to be either true or false.

Consequentialism is an ethical theory that focuses on the consequence of an action in order to

determine if an action is good or bad. This ethical theory in establishing a good action has many forms,
arising from differences in understanding what a good consequence is. One way of understanding a
good consequence is through distinguishing it to be either egotistic or non-egotistic. Here,
consequentialism is either egoistic, when good consequences are defined solely in terms of the good or
welfare of the agent; or non-egoistic, when good consequences are defined not in terms of the welfare
of the agent but in terms of the welfare of all affected individual.

_____11.) Person A has a time machine and went back to the past and killed Adolf Hitler before he
established the Nazi regime in order to save millions of lives. Such a consequence is non-egotistic.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: A
Explanation: The passage mentions that a good consequence is non-egotistic “when good consequences
are defined not in terms of the welfare of the agent but in terms of the welfare of all affected
individual.” The action of killing Hitler does not only concern the welfare of the agent, but also the
welfare of others. In this case, the millions of lives saved by the agent’s action.

_____12.) Good actions are actions that entail good consequences, while bad actions are actions that
entail bad consequences.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: B
Explanation: The second sentence of the passage mentions that different forms of good actions depend
on the different understanding of good consequences. We can infer from this statement that good
actions are actions that entail good consequences. However, the passage does not mention anything
regarding establishing a bad action through bad consequence. Nevertheless, we can still draw the
conclusion from the passage that the inference is most likely to be true.

_____13.) Non-egoistic consequentialism is better than Egotistic consequentialism.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: C
Explanation: The passage does not discuss anything that can suggest that one form of consequentialism
as superior or inferior. It needs more information.

_____14.) There are only two forms of consequentialism.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: E
Explanation: The passage mentions that there are many forms of consequentialism depending on the
various understanding of a good consequence. The passage just presented two forms of
consequentialism that is rooted from just one way of understanding a good consequence. This suggests
that there are at least more than one way of understanding a good consequence and further suggests
that there are necessarily more than two forms of consequentialism.

_____15.) The agent in the text can be understood as not the doer of the action.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: E
Explanation: An agent can be understood in the text as the doer of the action. Therefore, this inference
contradicts the usage of the term agent in the passage.
To identify virtues or good moral traits, Aristotle provided a guiding principle known as the Principle of
the Golden Mean. According to this principle, a good character trait is that which lies in between two
extreme traits relevant to the situation: one is an excessive form and the other is a deficient form.
Regarding the feeling of confidence, rashness and cowardice would lie in both ends of the extreme
traits. The mean for this situation or the trait that can be found in between of rashness and cowardice
would be courage. This then makes courage as a good character trait in facing situations that would
require the feeling of confidence.

_____16.) We should act in accordance to the Principle of the Golden Mean.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: C
Explanation: The passage just discussed Aristotle’s Principle of Golden Mean. It does not mention or
suggest anything if we should act in accordance to this principle. It needs more information.

_____17.) Regarding the feeling of pleasure and pain, temperance can be considered as the golden
mean.
a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: B
Explanation: Even though the passage did not mention anything regarding the feeling of pleasure and
pain, we can infer from the information provided that the golden mean between extreme traits
(extreme pleasure and extreme pain) is temperance to be probably true in accordance to the definition
of the Golden mean provided in the passage.

_____18.) Aristotle created a system to obtain good character traits.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: A
Explanation: Aristotle’s Principle of the Golden Mean serves as a system in obtaining good character
traits and it was discussed in the passage. Therefore, this inference is necessarily true.

_____19.) Rashness is the deficient form of the feeling of confidence.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: E
Explanation: Rashness can be understood in the passage as having too much confidence, while
cowardice as lacking confidence. Therefore, cowardice is the deficient form of the feeling confidence—
not rashness.

_____20.) Being a coward is a bad character trait to have as a person.

a. True
b. Probably True
c. Indeterminable
d. Probably False
e. False

ANSWER: D
Explanation: The passage did not mention anything regarding bad character traits for it only discussed in
establishing good character traits. However, we can infer in the passage that since confidence is
identified as the good trait, the other extreme traits (Rashness and cowardice) are both bad traits to
have as a person to be likely true.