Power System

Gate - 10 -11 Marks

Syllabus
Power generation concepts, ac and dc transmission concepts, Models and
performance of transmission lines and cables, Series and shunt
compensation, Electric field distribution and insulators, Distribution
systems, Per‐unit quantities, Bus admittance matrix, Gauss- Seidel and
Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency control, Power
factor correction, Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and
unsymmetrical fault analysis, Principles of over‐current, differential and
distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability concepts, Equal area
criterion.
Topics
1) Per Unit System
2) Fault Analysis
3) Transmission Line
4) Power System Stability
5) Protection System
6) Load flow analysis
7) Miscellaneous topics
 Per Unit System

Representation of Power system

1) Single line diagram / one line diagram-

- In single line diagram the components of system are represented by standard
symbols and transmission lines are represented by straight line.

- The rating of components are also written on the components. The purpose of rating is to
provide significant information about the system. In this any component may or may not be
shown depending upon the information needed in the system for study.

for example circuit breaker are not shown in load flow study but they are shown in short
circuit study.
2) Impedance Diagram

It is used for load flow study. The current limiting impedance

between the generator neutral and ground are neglected
- since the magnetizing current in the transformer is negligible.
Hence the shunt branch of the transformer also neglected.
If the value of reactance is very large in comparision to resistance then
resistance may also be neglected.
 single line diagram

Transmission
line

Transmission line

Transformer
Generator

Syn. Motor
Static Load
Impedance diagram
Reactance diagram
 Steps and rules to draw a reactance diagram

1) Select appropriate value of MVA base And KV base ( but it can be

any value)

2) MVA base does not change for any section of the power system

3) Choose KV base for any section and proceed on the single line diagram
when ever there is a transformer the KV base changes.
(the new KV base on the other side of transformer will be the line to line
transformation ratio)

4) Calculate per unit values of voltage and impedences of each section and
connect them to obtain impedance or reactance diagram

Note - while evaluating Zpu in case of transformer, (KV)b and (MVA)b

should be selected either LV side or HV side.
Ques. A 100 MVA, 33 KV 3 Phase generator has a short transient reactance of
15%. The Generator is connected to motors through Transmission Line. The
Motor has rated at 30 MVA, 20 MVA and 50 MVA, 30 KV with 18% short
transient Reactance. The 3 phase transformers are rated 100 MVA, 33 KV/
110 KV, delta/star with leakage reactance of 9%. The line has reactance of 50
ohm. Selecting the gen. rating as a base value obtain a per unit reactance
diagram.
Ques. Two generators rated at 10 MVA, 11 KV and 15 MVA,11 KV respectively
are connected in parallel to bus . The bus bar feds two motors rated at 7.5
MVA and 10 MVA respectively. The rated voltage of motors is 9 KV & the
reactance of each gen. is 12 %. and that of each motor is 15 % on their on
rating. Assume 50 MVA 10 KV as base value. Draw Reactance diagram.
Ques. Draw the per unit impedance diagram of power system used as base value of
100 MVA, 220 KV at 50 ohm line. The rating of generator, motor and
transformer are shown in figure.
Ques. Determine generator voltage.