Prirucnik

•˙
Content of handbook
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
CONTENT
1. Introduction 2
2. Defi nition of basic concepts and calculational formulas 3
CUTTING GRADES
3. Cutting grades Pramet
PRAMET
3.1 Grades with MTCVD coating 7
3.2 Grades with PVD coating 8
3.3 Uncoated grades 9
3.4 Comparative table - MTCVD grades 10
Comparative table - PVD grades (for turning) 11
Comparative table - PVD grades (for milling) 12
4. Choice of turning tool
OF TURNING TOOL
4.1 Tool holder choice 13
4.2 Choice of cutting insert 15
CHOICE
4.3 Choice of chip former 19
4.4 Choice of cutting conditions 24
Tables 25
4.5 Turning of recesses, parting, CTP system for copying and recessing turning 43
4.6 Threading 46
5. Choice of milling tool
5.1 Choice of milling cutter 53
OF MILLING TOOL
5.2 Choice of cutting insert 56
CHOICE
Tables 58
5.4 Special milling technology 70
6. Drilling
6.1 Procedure for optimum tool choice 74
Tables 75
6.3 Drilling of holes with larger or smaller diameter than nominal drill diameter 78
OF DRILLING
6.4 Practical recommendations 82
CHOICE
6.5 Use of cutting fluids at drilling with cutting inserts 83
6.6 Troubleshooting 84
7. Wear of cutting inserts
7.1 Types of wear 85
7.2 Mechanisms of wear formation 86
7.3 Some wear types and recommended measures for their removal 88
OF CUTTING INSERTS
8. Classifi cation of machined materials and tables of equivalents

Category of materials 92
8.1 Table of equivalents - group P 93
WEAR
8.2 Table of equivalents - group M 96

8.3 Table of equivalents - group K 97
8.4 Table of equivalents - group N 98
8.5 Table of equivalents - group S 99
8.6 Table of equivalents - group H 99
8.7 Hardness conversion table 100
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC
1. Introduction
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
The Handbook for machining with cemented carbide tools PRAMET is determined for workers of technologi-
cal divisions, technologists, programmers, machine operators. It is instrumental towards the basic for choice
of optimum tools, working and cutting conditions for turning, milling and drilling by means of tools with indexable cutting
inserts Pramet.
These tools are delivered in a wide assortment of shapes, dimensions and grades of cutting inserts, before all coated
inserts, but also uncoated ones. A condition for effective utilization of these tools, that means an achievement of maximum
cutting performance for solution of concrete technological problems, are reliable basic documents which make possible
to reach this objective under minimum machining costs.
CUTTING GRADES
At using tools in engineering practice before all we encounter a wide range of materials to be machined. The tools are also
PRAMET
applied under various engagement conditions, i.e. beginning with fine machining, through finishing machining, up to heavy
roughing. With regard to this considerable conditions variability, we believe that it is necessary to provide technologists
a systematically arranged complex of some basic pieces of knowledge concerning the machinability of engineering
materials and wear of cutting edges of tools with indexable cutting inserts made from cemented carbide
(hereafter only Inserts).
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 2
2. Defi nition of basic concepts and calculational formulas
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC Turning Milling Drilling
DEFINITION
Operation chart
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
To be machined surface
CHOICE
Surface from which material layer is removed and changed into chips.
Cut surface
Surface being created on workpiece by main and adjoining cutting edge and creates passage between the surface
to be machined and already machined surface.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Machined surface
New created surface originated by removal of material layer.
Cutting speed
It is a vector sum of all speeds – but because of simplicity we take as cutting speed the speed of main rotary motion
which is done by workpiece at turning, by tool at milling and by workpiece or tool at drilling.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
π.D.n
vc = [m.min-1]
1000
v c = cutting speed [m.min -1] v c = cutting speed [m.min -1] v c = cutting speed [m.min -1]
D = machined surface diameter [mm] D = mill diameter [mm] D = drill diameter [mm]
OF CUTTING INSERTS
n = numb. of workpiece revolutions [1.min -1] n = number of tool revolutions [1.min -1] (drilled hole diameter)
n = number of tool [1.min -1]
or workpiece revolutions
WEAR
Feed
It is a motion which is made by tool or workpiece, its speed is given in mm/rev or in mm/min and also in mm/tooth.
Feed per revolution

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1]

f
fot = min [mm.rev-1] fmin = feed per minute [mm.min -1]
n = number of spindle revolutions [1.min -1]
n Sometimes Fmin means feed speed Vf
ESC 3
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
DEFINITION
Feed per tooth
Not indicated fot fmin fot [mm.tooth-1]

fz = = [mm.tooth-1] fz =
(fz = fot) z n.z z
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
fz = feed per tooth [mm.tooth -1] fz = feed per tooth [mm.tooth -1]
fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1] fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1]
fmin = feed per minute [mm.min -1] z = number of teeth [1]
n = number of spindle
revolutions [1.min -1]
z = number of teeth [1]
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Infeed
is a motion by which the tool is set into working position for a certain cutting depth a p , a e respectively.
Cutting depth a p (a e)
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
at boring into full material
D
ap = [mm]
2
Axial cutting depth a p is measured or at enlargement of a hole
OF DRILLING
in direction of cutter of axis of revolution pre-bored to diameter d
CHOICE
Radial cutting depth a e (width of milled
surface) is measured in the surface normal D-d
to the cutter axis. ap = [mm]
2
Chip cross-section
OF CUTTING INSERTS
Herewith, the cross-section of removed material layer is understood; its amount is one of factors having the infl uence
WEAR
on the load character of cutting edge and on the absolute intensity of cutting force.
A = fot . ap [mm 2] A = fz . ap [mm 2] A = fot . ap [mm 2]

EQUIVALENT TABLES
fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1] fz = feed per revolution [mm.tooth -1] fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1]
GRADE GROUPS
a p = cutting depth [mm] a p = cutting depth [mm] a p = cutting depth [mm]

A = chip cross-section [mm2] A = chip cross-section [mm2] A = chip cross-section [mm 2]
ESC 4
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
DEFINITION
Chip thickness
is decisive for intensity of specifi c cutting resistance and herewith also for Chip thickness depends on the cutting
power stress of cutting edge; its width b, at the same feed and cutting depth, edge shape of insert (on the position
is dependent on the approach angle magnitude of the main cutting edge κ r. of functional part of cutting edge,
respectively).
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
h = f . sin κr [mm]
or for round inserts is calculated
OF TURNING TOOL
ap
CHOICE
h max = fz [mm]
D
D = insert diameter [mm]
Medium chip thickness
The chip thickness h changes during

one revolution depending on the
OF MILLING TOOL
engagement angle ϕ according to
the relation hϕ = f z ⋅ sinϕ. The curve
CHOICE
illustrated this relation is a sinusoid.
Not indicated Not indicated
The maximum chip thickness f z is
achieved in the cutter axis.
It can be calculated from equation
ae
hm = fz sin κ r 57,3 ae
D.arc sin
D
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
Roughness of machined surface
Theoretical value of maximum surface unevenness At the face milling, the roughness
125.fot2 of machined surface is mostly de-
R max = [µm] pendent on mutual position (axial
re Not indicated
Medium roughness of machined surface R a
run-out) of individual cutting edges
of a cutter; furthermore, it is infl u-
43,9.fot1,88
OF CUTTING INSERTS
enced by the cutting edge geometry

Ra = [µm]
re0,97 (by the used insert grade), by cutting
conditions and properties of machi-
WEAR
feed f [mm.rev -1] ning materials.

rε 0,10 0,12 0,16 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
roughness Ra [ µm]
0,2 2,7 3,9 6,7 10,1 15,4 - - -
0,4 1,4 2,0 3,4 5,2 7,9 11,1 14,8 -
0,5 1,1 1,6 2,7 4,2 6,3 8,9 11,9 15,3
0,8 0,7 1,0 1,8 2,6 4,0 5,7 7,6 9,7
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
1,0 0,6 0,8 1,4 2,1 3,2 4,6 6,0 7,8

1,2 - 0,65 1,2 1,8 2,7 3,8 5,1 6,6
1,5 - - 0,95 1,4 2,2 3,1 4,1 5,3
1,6 - - 0,9 1,35 2,0 2,9 3,9 5,2
2,4 - - 0,6 0,9 1,4 1,9 2,6 3,4
ESC 5
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
DEFINITION
At vertical (recessing) milling, we
distinguish the roughness in the radial
direction (waviness), which depends
on the spacing size (on the step)
–i.e. on the cutter feed fe in radial
direction. It is calculated from the
following equation:
fe2
CUTTING GRADES
R max = hmax = [µm]
4.D
PRAMET
fe = spacing feed (step) [mm]
D = cutter diameter [mm]
The roughness in axial direction

(in direction of axial cutter feed)
is to be determined from the following
empirical relation:
fz1,88
OF TURNING TOOL
Ra = 43,9 [mm]
rε 0,97
CHOICE
fz = feed per tooth [mm]
rε = radius of nose curvature [mm]
Volume of removed material
It is one of the leading criteria for the assessment of economy of cutting process; it can be calculated from the following equations:
ap.ae.fmin πD2
OF MILLING TOOL
Q = ap.fot.vc [cm3.min-1] Q= [cm3.min-1] Q = fmin 4000 [cm 3.min-1]
1000
CHOICE
Q = volume of removed material [cm 3.min -1] Q = volume of removed material [cm 3.min -1] Q = volume of removed material [cm 3.min -1]
ap = cutting depth [mm] ap = axial cutting depth [mm] f min = feed per a minute [mm.min -1]
f ot = feed per a revolution [mm.rev -1] ae = radial cutting depth [mm] D = drill or hole diameter [mm]
vc = cutting speed [m.min -1] f min = feed per a minute [mm.min -1]
Needed input of machine driving motor
It is a limit criterion for optimizing with respect to the maximum possible machine utilization. For the calculation of cutting
performance, the sort of machined material or so called the specifi c cutting resistance plays a very important role.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
With decreasing chip thickness the specific cutting resistance increasses!!!
To be simple we also quote formula for a rough calculation where the value of specific cutting resistance is not to be introduced.
a .f.k .v ap.ae.fmin.kc.kγ kc1.f1-c.D.vc

Pc = p c3 c [kW] Pc = [kW] Pc = [kW]
60.10 . η 60.106. η 24.10 4. η
OF CUTTING INSERTS
ap.f.vc ap.ae.f D.f.vc

Pc = [kW] Pc = [kW] Pc = [kW]
x x x
WEAR
Pc = needed input [kW]

Pc = needed input [kW] Pc = needed input [kW] D = drill or hole diameter [mm]
ap = cutting depth [mm] ap = axial cutting depth [mm] f = feed [mm.rev -1]
f = feed [mm.rev -1] ae = radial cutting depth [mm] c = index which represents the infl uence
kc = specifi c cutting resistance [MPa] f min = feed per minute [mm.min -1] of chip thickness h (≈ feed f) on the
vc = cutting speed [m.min -1] kc = specifi c cutting resistance [MPa] magnitude of specific cutting resistance
η = lathe effi ciency usually 0,7-0,8 kγ = correction factor for effective k c1 = specifi c cutting resistance at feed
x = factor for infl uence of material to be orthogonal rake angle γ 0 ≈ chip thickness h = 1 mm [MPa]
EQUIVALENT TABLES
machined vc = cutting speed [m.min -1] vc = cutting speed [m.min -1]

GRADE GROUPS
η = cutter miller effi ciency usually 0,75 η = machine effi ciency usually 0,7- 0,8
x = factor for infl uence of material to be x = factor for infl uence of material to be
machined machined
material steel cast iron Al material steel cast iron Al material steel cast iron Al
factor x 20 25 100 factor x 24000 30000 120000 factor x 48 60 240
ESC 6
3 Cutting grades Pramet
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.1 Grades with MTCVD coating
DEFINITION
Material with the highest wear resistance
from series 6000.
CUTTING GRADES
Suitable for fi nishing up to semi-roughing
PRAMET
turning of cast iron, carbon and alloy steels.
6620
It can be also (conditionally) used for fi ne

and fi nishing turning of hardened and stain-
less steels.
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
All-purpose grade for turning of steels with
a wide application fi eld.
Also convenient for machining of cast iron
and stainless steels.
6630
It connects a good wear resistance with high

toughness.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
The toughest grade of series 6000.
Use for operations with a strong mechanical
stress of cutting edge. Interrupted cut, rough
skin of forgings and castings. Machining
OF DRILLING
of stainless steels. Parting, recessing and
CHOICE
6640
copy turning (CTP) of common and stainless

steels. Furthermore, we also recommend this
grade for peripheral inserts of drilling tools.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
This grade is primarily intended for machining

WEAR
of carbon and alloy steels and cast irons

with medium and higher cutting speeds and
medium feeds.
It is a grade with high wear resistance that
5026
is given by a specially developed substrate

material and conceptually by a new coating
sort.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 7
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.2 Grades with PVD coating
DEFINITION
Grade for fi ne up to semi-roughing turning
of common, stainless and treated steels
CUTTING GRADES
(HRC>55).
PRAMET
Furthermore, for machining of heat-resistant
and creep-resistant steels. It can be also
8016
used for turning of alloys and cast irons

upon the basis of Al and Cu.
In the fi eld of milling we recommend this
grade for machining of both common,
heat-resistant, creep-resistant steels and
also alloys by lower up to medium feeds.
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
This grade has a predominant position for
milling of stainless steels, but it can be also
used for machining of common carbon steels
and alloy steels and cast steels with higher
and medium feeds, medium and higher
8026
speeds.
It can be used for machining of cast irons
and according to the sort of insert also for
OF MILLING TOOL
milling of Al and Cu or alloys of non-ferrous
CHOICE
metals.
Convenient both for common and copy
milling.
This grade fi nds its very wide application

fi eld, especially because of its high operation
reliability.
It is intended for inserts for threading,
OF DRILLING
parting, recessing and copy turning (CTP).
CHOICE
8030
It is used at machining of common and

stainless steels; furthermore for fi ne and
fi nishing turning of stainless and high alloy
steels and superalloys.
Besides threading, one of its main application
fi elds is drilling, where it is used both for
internal and peripheral inserts.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
It is the toughest grade intended for extremely

WEAR
interrupted cuts and bad engagement

conditions.
In the field of milling it can be recommended
as the fi rst choice for tools which are
8040
intended for machining of carbon steels and

alloy steels.
Furthermore, it fi nds its use at turning and
EQUIVALENT TABLES
milling of cast irons and especially at heavy

GRADE GROUPS
machinable alloys upon the basis of Ni, Co

and Fe. Machining of casting and forging
skin.
ESC 8
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.3 Uncoated grades
DEFINITION
Turning of grey cast iron, malleable nodular
cast iron, stainless, creep-resistant and
CUTTING GRADES
heat resistant steels and special alloys.
Turning of Al and Cu alloys and treated steels
PRAMET
HF7
(HRC > 55).
OF TURNING TOOL
Milling of grey cast iron, malleable cast iron,
Al alloys, non-ferrous metals, woods and
CHOICE
plastics. Machining with higher and medium
speeds at light and medium milling.
H10
OF MILLING TOOL
Finish-milling, semi-roughing of steel
CHOICE
and cast steel. Machining with higher and
medium speeds at light and medium milling.
Basic uncoated grade for milling of steel.
S26
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
Medium milling of steels and cast steel with
medium and lower cutting speeds at less
favourable conditions.
S30
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
Milling of steels, stainless and cast steel.

Machining al low cutting speeds and heavy
roughing. For roughing of workpieces with
uneven cutting depth and unclean surface
S45
under more diffi cult conditions.

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 9
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.4 Comparative table of MTCVD-grades
DEFINITION
Comparative table of application fi elds of foreign cutting grades with grades of the basic series
for turning
6630
6620 6640
CUTTING GRADES
TP05 TP10 TP15 TP20 TP25 TP30 TP35 TP40
PRAMET
SECO T15M TP100 TP100 TP200 TP200 TP200 TP300 TP300
TX100 TX150 TP200 TP300
GC4015
COROMANT GC3005 GC2015 GC4025 GC4025 GC4025 GC4035 GC4035 GC235
GC3015 GC3020 GC3025 GC2025 GC2025 GC2025 GC2025 GC2035
KC9010 KC9025 CM4
KENNAMETAL KC910 KC850 KC9020 KC935 KC9040 KC9045 KC250
KC990 KC950
OF TURNING TOOL
CW2 CL4
CHOICE
HERTEL CP1 CPX CM2 CM3 CM5
13E CM4
GM10 GM25
HITACHI HC5000
(MG10) (MG25)
IC815 IC825 IC656 IC635
ISCAR IC428 IC805 IC9015 IC8025 IC9025
OF MILLING TOOL
IC848 IC8048 IC835 IC3028
CHOICE
KYOCERA CR7015 CR600 CR7025 CA225
UC5005 U420 U625

MITSUBISHI U610 UC6010 UC6010 US735
UE6005 U510 UC6025
ON125
SAFETY OR1500 ORX OR110 OR500 OR50
OR2500
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
AC05 AC05A AC10
SUMITOMO AC108 AC2000 AC25 AC300
AC105 AC105G AC15
TELEDYNE NL25 MP37 MP26 MP15
Sr117 Sr127 Sr137 Gm40

OF CUTTING INSERTS
TIZIT Sr17 Gm517 Gm520

Gm517 Gm527 Gm537 Gm540
WEAR
T715X T803 T725X

TOSHIBA T5020 T7010 T7020 T813
T7015 T822 T7025
HK150 TN150 TN200 TN250
WIDIA TN25M TN350 HK35 TN7035
TN7005 TN7015 TN7015 TN7025
V01 SV235
EQUIVALENT TABLES
VALENITE SV310 SV315 VN8 SV325 V1N

GRADE GROUPS
VN5 (SV200)
WTA13 WAP20 WTA43 WTA53
WALTER WTA23 WTA33 WAM20
WAP10 WAP25 WAP30 WTA51
ESC 10
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.4 Comparative table of PVD-grades
DEFINITION
for turning
8030
* = uncoated 8016 8040
CUTTING GRADES
CP200 CP200 CP200
PRAMET
SECO CP25 CP25 CP25
CP50 CP50 CP50
GC1020 GC1020 GC1020
COROMANT GC1010 GC1010 GC1025 GC1025 GC1025
S6* S6*
KC732 KC732 KC732
KENNAMETAL KC730 KC730 KC730
KC720 KC720 KC720
OF TURNING TOOL
KC722 KC722 KC722
CHOICE
HERTEL CS5 CS5 CS5
PVA* PVA*
HC843 HC843 HC843 HC843
HITACHI HC844 HC844 HC844 HC844
IC220 IC220 IC220 IC250 IC250 IC228 IC228 IC228

ISCAR IC308 IC308 IC328 IC328 IC328
OF MILLING TOOL
IC354 IC354 IC354 IC354
PR630 PR630 PR630
CHOICE
KYOCERA PR660 PR660 PR660
UP20M UP20M UP20M

MITSUBISHI UTi20T* UTi20T* UTi20T*
STi40T* STi40T* STi40T*
KX15 KX15 KX15
SAFETY KX20 KX20 KX20
KX25 KX25 KX25
OF DRILLING
EH510Z
CHOICE
SUMITOMO EH510
A30N* A30N* A30N* A30N*
TELEDYNE TP21 TP21 TP21

OF CUTTING INSERTS
TIZIT
S40T* S40T* S40T* S40T* S40T*
AH110 AH110 AH110 GH330 GH330 GH330
WEAR
TOSHIBA AH120 AH120 AH120 AH120

AH740 AH740 AH740 GH340 GH340 GH340
TTX* TTX*
WIDIA TTM* TTM* TTM*
TTR* TTR* TTR* TTR*
VC927 VC927
EQUIVALENT TABLES
VALENITE UC907 UC907 UC905 UC905 UC905

GRADE GROUPS
VC902 VC902 VC902 VC902

WXK10 WXK10 WXK10
WALTER WXM25 WXM25 WXM25 WK40* WK40*
WXM35 WXM35 WXM35 WXM35
ESC 11
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 3.4 Comparative table of PVD-grades
DEFINITION
for milling
8026
8016 8040
CUTTING GRADES
F20M CP25 T60M F40M
PRAMET
SECO CP20 F25M F30M F40M CP50
F15M F25M F30M
GC1015 GC1020 GC1020 GC1020 GC1025 GC2030
COROMANT GC1015 GC1025 GC1120
GC1020 GC2030
KC710 KC721M KC725M KC720
KENNAMETAL KC732 KC730 KC740 KCF22
OF TURNING TOOL
KC705M KC709M KC730 KC740
CS5 CS5
CHOICE
HERTEL CM2
CY15 HC844 CY25 CZ250 CY250

HITACHI
HC830
IC250 IC950 IC354 IC928 IC328
OF MILLING TOOL
ISCAR IC220 IC308 IC228
IC910 IC508 IC3028
CHOICE
KIENINGER
CKA128 CKC128
UP20M
MITSUBISHI M20
UP10H
P25TiAlN P25TiAlN P25TiAlN P40TiAlN P40TiAlN
OF DRILLING
POKOLM P25TiAlN
CHOICE
K10
OR725
SAFETY
OR820
AC325 AC330 ACZ320 K50L
SUMITOMO KC130C
OF CUTTING INSERTS
EH10Z EH20Z
AH330 GH330 T260
WEAR
TOSHIBA GH336
T221
TPC25 HCP25
WIDIA
VC905 VC935
EQUIVALENT TABLES
VALENITE
GRADE GROUPS
VC901 VC929 VC928

WXM22 WXP35
WALTER
ESC 12
4 Choice of turning tool
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.1 Tool holder choice
DEFINITION
4.1.1 Tool holder choice with regard to the clamping technique
The PRAMET TOOLS offer includes tool holders, adjustable holders, turret heads and adjustable holders for external
longitudinal, facing, copy turning, and naturally also for internal turning.
Tool holders are classifi ed according to the inserts clamping system into six groups that are schematically illustrated
in the following passage.
CUTTING GRADES
ISO P - This system serves for the clamping of negative inserts with cylindrical
PRAMET
hole, both with chip formers and/or without them. The insert clamping is achieved
as a result of an angle lever that after tightening the screw presses the insert down to the
holder bed. Tool holders with this clamping system of inserts ensure a reliable and exact
clamping of an insert. They perform the best and also the most frequent use at external
turning operations, namely both fi nishing and roughing ones. Alternatively this type
of clamping can be also used for holders intended for internal turning of holes with
larger diameters.
OF TURNING TOOL
ISO M – This system is used for the clamping of cutting inserts of the same type as that
CHOICE
of the system ISO P. In this case an insert is set onto a strong pin to which it is pressed
by a clamp that is also fi xing at the same time the top of insert. This clamping system
is suitable mainly for holders with supposed enhanced dynamic load. These holders are
used almost exclusively for the external turning.
ISO C - This system serves for the clamping of both negative and positive inserts without
OF MILLING TOOL
holes, namely with both chip formers (pre-pressed, ground and side-pressed ones) and
CHOICE
without them. The insert is fi xed in the bed of a tool holder by a screw-held clamp, under
which there is still embedded a side-pressed chip former at some insert types. Holders
with this clamping system are used for both the external and internal surface machining.
At present the clamping system C loses its importance. Especially at tools for internal
turning it is replaced by the system S with benefi t.
OF DRILLING
ISO S - This clamping system is mainly used for small cross-section tools, designed
CHOICE
for both external and internal turning (drilling). In this case a special screw, going through
an insert cone hole, achieves the clamping. By tightening this screw an insert is fi xed
in the tool bed. This solution is especially convenient because there is no obstacle
for chip fl ow.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
ISO X – This marking identifies tools with so called special clamping system
(i.e. it is different at individual tool manufacturers and suppliers). In our case we have
WEAR
identifi ed under this marking tool holders that use the cutting resistance to clamp
an insert into the self-locking bed. This clamping system is used for tools intended
for parting and recessing.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
ISO G – This clamping system is used at tools for recess turning and at tools for copy
GRADE GROUPS
turning (system CTP). The insert is pushed into the holder bed by a clamp from the top.
The contact surface in the holder, in the clamp and also in the insert is shaped in such
a way that it hinders the insert displacing by a feeding component of cutting speed.
ESC 13
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.1.2 Cross-section (square) choice of tool holder
DEFINITION
The choice of tool holder cross-section is given in most cases by possibilities of the machine tool; but in case where
it is possible to carry out an optimum choice of the tool holder cross-section, we bring the following nomogram which
makes possible to do an optimum choice of a tool holder cross-section with regard to used cutting conditions (feed and
cutting depth) and holder overhang.
Cutting depth a p Feed f Holder cross-section Holder overhang

[mm] [mm.rev -1] [mm] [mm]
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
An example for using the nomogram:

EQUIVALENT TABLES
In the fi rst step we connect the selected (or maximum) cutting depth a p (Point A) with selected (or again with maximum
GRADE GROUPS
used) feed f (Point B). From the intersection of the central line and the connection of these two points (Point C), we draw
an abscissa into the point that indicates the holder overhang (Point D). At the other axis from the right we read the conve-
nient cross-section of tool holder (Point E).
ESC 14
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.2 Choice of indexable cutting insert
DEFINITION
4.2.1 Choice of basic shape of indexable cutting insert
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
4.2.2 Choice of size of indexable cutting insert
The maximum allowable cutting depth a p max depends on the one hand on the main dimension of an indexable insert and
also on the approach angle κ r under which the insert is clamped in a tool holder; naturally, it also depends on the functional
characteristics of the pre-formed chip former.
OF DRILLING
The maximum values of cutting depths a p max for turning with round inserts depending on the diameter d are mentioned
CHOICE
in the following Table.
Ø d = I.C. ap max
06 2,5
08 3,0
OF CUTTING INSERTS
Shape and size 10 3,5

WEAR
of inserts 12 5,0
RP, RC..., RN.. 13 5,5
15 6,5
16 7,0
19 8,0
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
20 8,5
25 10,5
32 16,0
ESC 15
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC In the following Table the maximum allowable values apmax for various shapes of cutting inserts and various angles κ r
DEFINITION
at turning are given.
Maximum allowable cutting

Shape and size edge length in engagement
apmax [mm]
of insert K r = 90° K r = 75° K r = 60° K r = 45°
Lmax [mm] = 105° = 120° = 135°
CUTTING GRADES
VC 11 2,8 2,8 2,7 2,4 -
PRAMET
16 4,2 4,2 4,0 3,7 -
0,25L
VN 11 2,8 2,8 - - -
16 4,1 4,1 - - -
DC 07 2,0 2,0 1,9 1,7 -
11 2,9 2,9 2,8 2,5 -
OF TURNING TOOL
DN 11 2,9 2,9 2,8 2,5 -
0,25L
15 3,9 3,9 3,8 3,4 -
CHOICE
KN 16 4,7 4,7 - 3,9 -
19 4,7 4,7 - 3,9 -
TC 11 3,6 3,6 - - -
16 5,5 5,5 - - -
TN 11 3,6 3,6 - - -
0,33L
OF MILLING TOOL
16 5,5 5,5 - 4,8 -
22 7,3 7,3 - 6,4 -
CHOICE
27 9,1 9,1 - 7,9 -
CC 06 4,2 4,2 4,1 - 3,0
09 6,4 6,4 6,2 - -
12 8,5 8,5 8,2 - -
CN 12 0,66L 8,5 8,5 8,2 - -
16 10,6 10,6 10,5 - -
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
εr = 80° 19 12,7 12,7 12,3 - -
25 16,5 16,5 16,0 - -
CN 12 8,5 - 8,2 - -
16 10,6 - 10,3 - -
0,66L
εr = 100° 19 12,7 - 12,3 - -
25 16,5 - 16,0 - -
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WC 06 3,3 3,3 - - -
0,5L
08 4,4 4,4 - - -
WEAR
WN 06 3,3 3,3 - - -
0,5L
08 4,4 4,4 - - -
SC 09 6,3 6,1 - 4,5
0,66L
12 8,4 8,1 - 6,0
SN 12 8,4 8,1 - 6,0
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
15 10,4 10,0 - 7,1

0,66L
19 12,6 12,2 - 8,9
25 16,8 16,3 - 12,0
ESC 16
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.2.2.1 Choice of optimum thickness of cutting indexable insert
DEFINITION
For determination of the thickness of a cutting indexable insert we again use a simple nomogram. For a selected combination
of the feed and cutting depth we determine the insert thickness from the intersection at the central (inclined) axis
for the interrupted or uninterrupted cut. We choose an insert with the nearest higher thickness.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 17
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.2.2.2 Choice of insert tip radius
DEFINITION
The insert tip radius rε (the last group of two digits in the insert code according to ISO) should be chosen as large
as possible. Its size, together with the insert tip angle ε r, is given by the basic insert shape and has influence on the resistance
of the cutting edge to plastic deformation of the tip. The larger the tip radius rε is, the bigger is the resistance to the plastic
deformation – to a total tip destruction as a result of an exceeding the thermal stability limit of the insert material. The larger
value of rε enables the use of larger feeds, but it also requires a higher stiffness of the system machine-tool-workpiece.
At less stiff workpiece there is a danger of vibrations generation by using inserts with larger tip radius rε .
For the first choice of the insert tip radius the following nomogram can be used:
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
Example for using the nomogram:

For the selected or for the highest feed at which the given insert will operate (Point A), and for the selected cutting depth
ap (Point B) (we select again the highest one), we subtract the size of tip radius on central axes, namely with respect
to the fact if it is a case of interrupted or continuous cut (Point C).
ESC 18
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC At the choice of cutting depth it must be paid attention to the fact that the smallest used depth is the same
DEFINITION
or preferably larger than the radius of selected cutting insert.
With the tip radius increase, the roughness of machined surface goes down.
The maximum acceptable feed values f from the point of possibility of origin the cutting edge deformation depending
on the radius rε for various indexable inserts with various shapes are mentioned in the following Table.
Insert Maximum acceptable feed f [mm.rev -1]
CUTTING GRADES
shape rε = 0,2 rε = 0,4 rε = 0,5 rε = 0,8 rε = 1,0 rε = 1,2 rε = 1,5 rε = 1,6 rε = 2,4
PRAMET
VC 0,07 0,14 - 0,28 - 0,42 - 0,56 -
DC, DN 0,09 0,18 - 0,36 - 0,54 - 0,72 -
KN - - 0,23 - 0,45 - 0,68 - -
TC.. TN 0,10 0,20 - 0,40 - 0,60 - 0,80 -
OF TURNING TOOL
CC.. TN 0,15 0,30 - 0,60 - 0,90 - 1,20 -
ε r = 80°
CHOICE
WC, WN 0,15 0,30 - 0,60 - 0,90 - 1,20 -
SC, SN 0,17 0,34 - 0,68 - 1,02 - 1,34 2,04
CC, CN 0,18 0,36 - 0,72 - 1,08 - 1,44 -
ε r = 100°
4.3 Choice of chip former
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
The shape of removed chip depends on many factors. It is a case of characteristics of the material to be machined,
of its strength, toughness and microstructure, characteristics of cutting material, especially its frictional characteristics
(at face), static and dynamic characteristics of machine tool, cutting fl uid, cutting edge geometry, cutting conditions
and the sort of chip former, thus practically of all factors of the cutting process which are decisive in their combination
for generation of either short split transportable chip or continuous or bundled chip which quickly fi lls up the workspace
of the machine and becomes an obstruction which practically hinders the machine work.
A certain type of chip former forms and breaks the chip only in a certain feed and cutting depth range. The minimum
feed at which the chip former starts to operate, depends before all on the width of stabilization facet x and its angle γ x .
OF DRILLING
The maximum feed at which the chip former function ends, depends at grooved chip former on the distance between the
CHOICE
outgoing edge of a groove and cutting edge b and on the groove depth h.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
The thickness of the removed layer a If it is used a higher feed f (bigger x << a (see drawing); fi rst it comes
(at approach angle κ r = 90° matches thickness of removed layer a), to too hard (excessive) forming
the feed) is distinctly smaller than when x < a,(f) the chip enters (crushing) and by further increase
EQUIVALENT TABLES
the facet width x; then it comes the chip former and is formed by in feed the chip already passes by
GRADE GROUPS
to the chip contact only at facet. it-incurved under a certain radius R the chip former without any influence
The chip cannot enter the chip former; (see drawing). on its shape (there is no forming).
hence it cannot be formed see
schematic drawing).
ESC 19
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC The function of a certain type of the chip former is restricted only to a certain range of cutting conditions. For this reason
DEFINITION
the respective chip formers are outlined into complex series which enable the coverage of the range for most frequently
used combinations cutting depth-feed (see the following Figure), and at the same time it is accepted that the functional
ranges of respective members of this series overlap.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 20
ESC
ESC
4
Choice of turning tool
The overview of chip formers system Pramet:
21
GRADE GROUPS WEAR CHOICE CHOICE CHOICE CUTTING GRADES DEFINITION
EQUIVALENT TABLES OF CUTTING INSERTS OF DRILLING OF MILLING TOOL OF TURNING TOOL PRAMET OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
ESC
4
22
ESC
ESC
4
23
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.4 Choice of cutting conditions
DEFINITION
In the following passage we try to facilitate the choice of a convenient tool and choice of starting (initial cutting conditions).
1. In the fi rst step we classify the material to be machined into one of the six groups according to the ISO 513
(pages 92 – 99).
2. We classify the given operation according to its character into a group (fi ne and fi nishing turning,
semi-roughing, rouging or heavy roughing) (page 29).
CUTTING GRADES
3. In the first Table for the given group of materials to be machined we choose a combination material-chip former
for an insert being chosen ahead (pages 25 – 42).
PRAMET
4. Then in the following Tables we choose the starting cutting speed and possible corrections (for machine condition,
hardness of machined material ……..) (pages 25 – 42).
Values of cutting speeds specifi ed in the Tables are valid for machining without application of cutting fl uids.
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
The basic values of cutting speeds mentioned in the Tables for fine, finishing, semi-roughing and roughing turning are specifi ed
for the cutting edge life T= 15 min (for heavy roughing there is cutting edge life T = 45 min). If a diverse value of tool life
is required, T < 15 min or T > 15 min, the tabular value v c is multiplied by a coeffi cient k vT according to the Correction Tables
which are quoted in the Tables for respective machinability groups.
If the hardness HB of workpiece differs from the basic hardness mentioned in the Table caption, the value v 15 is multiplied
by a factor k vHB .
The following product then gives the resulting cutting speed:
OF MILLING TOOL
vT = vTtab.kvX.kvT.kvHB.(kvM)
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 24
ESC
ESC
WORKING CONDITIONS TURNING
4
FINE AND FINISHING SEMI-ROUGHING ROUGHING HEAVY ROUGHING PARTING
THREADING
TURNING TURNING TURNING TURNING AND RECESSING
-1 -1 -1 -1
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,2 [mm.rev ] f = 0,2 ÷ 0,4 [mm.rev ] f = 0,4 ÷ 0,8 [mm.rev ] f > 1,0 [mm.rev ]

Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ap = 0,2 ÷ 2,0 [mm] ap = 1,5 ÷ 4,0 [mm] ap = 4,0 ÷ 10,0 [mm] ap > 10,0 [mm]
INDEXABLE INSERT TYPE
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG 8016 6630 6620 6630 6620 6630 6630 8040
I I I I I I I I I I I
DNMA DNMM DNMG F F M M R R HR HR
..M
DNMU SNMA SNMM
6620 8016 8016 6620 6640 6620 6640 6640
..G SNMG SNMX TNMA II II II II II II II II II II II
F F F R M R HR HR
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U
RNMA RNMM RNMG 8030 6630 6630 6630 8040 8040
WNMA WNMM WNMG III III III III III III III III III III III
..N F NR NR NR HR SR, XR
6620 6630 6620
72 72 74
..X KNUX
6620 6640 6630
II II II II II II II II II II II
73 74 74
8016 6630 6620 6630
CCMW CCMT SCMW UM UM UR UR
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT
6620 8016 6620 6630
TCMW TCMT VCMW II II II II II II II II II II II
..T UM UM 47 47
P VCMT WCMW WCMT
RCMW RCMT RCMX
III III
8030
III
6630
III
8030
III III III III III III III
UM UR UR
8016 6630 6620 6630
49 46 47 47
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN
6620 6630 6630 6640
SPGN TPMR TPGR II II II II II II II II II II II
..N 49 47 47, 48 47, 48
TPUN TPGN
6640 8030
III III III III III III III III III III III
46, 47 47, 48
I 8030 I 8030 I 6640 I 6640 I I I I I 6640 I 8030 I

LFMX, LFUX, LCMX
..X
TN16E
II - II 6640 II 8030 II 8030 II II II II II 8030 II 6640 II
25
TN11... TN16... TN22 I I I I I I I I I I I 8030

ESC
ESC
P
4
Grade
6620 6630 6640 14b
HB = 180
9b ÷ 16b

Range of feeds
and cutting depth CORRECTION FACTOR kvx
Forging and casting skin 0,70÷0,80
Insert Feed Cutting
S... T... S... T... S... T... Internal turning 0,75÷0,85
depth
V... V... V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev-1] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K.. Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
[mm]
Bad machine condition 0,85÷0,95
Fine and
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - - TOOL LIFE CORRECTION kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 355 335 315 390 - - - - 250 235 220 275 Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
turning
III 0,20 320 300 280 350 290 275 255 320 210 195 185 230 10 1,10 30 0,84
I 0,20 305 285 270 335 275 260 240 300 195 185 170 215 15 1,00 45 0,76
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 245 230 215 270 235 220 205 260 170 160 150 185
[m.min-1]
20 0,93 60 0,71
III 0,40 215 200 190 235 210 195 185 230 155 145 135 170 TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
I 0,40 200 190 175 220 195 185 170 215 145 135 130 160 Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 165 155 145 180 165 155 - 180 125 120 - 140 30 1,10 60 0,93
III 0,80 145 135 130 160 145 135 - 160 115 110 - 125 45 1,00
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - 110 105 - - 90 85 - - CORRECTION FOR WORKPIECE HARDNESS
V45
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - 100 95 - - 80 75 - -
[m.min-1] HB kvHB HB kvHB
turning
III 1,30 - - - - 90 85 - - 75 70 - - 120 1,18 220 0,90
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - - 140 1,12 240 0,86
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - - 160 1,05 260 0,82
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - 180 1,00 280 0,80
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - 200 0,95 300 0,77
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - - - - - -
and internal [m.min-1]
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - - - - - - - -
26
- - - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
P
4
Grade
8016 8030 8040 HB = 180

Range of feeds 14b 9b ÷ 16b
and cutting depth
CORRECTION FACTOR kvx
Insert Feed Cutting

S... T... S... T... S... T...
depth
V... V... V...
Level
shape Internal turning 0,75÷0,85

f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R...
Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
Fine and
I 0,05 375 350 330 410 250 235 220 275 - - - -
finishing II 0,10 1,0 - - - - 240 225 210 265 - - - - TOOL LIFE CORRECTION kvT
turning Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
III 0,20 - - - - 230 215 200 250 - - - -
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 - - - - 225 210 200 245 165 155 135 180
Semi-roughing V15 TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
turning II 0,30 2,5 - - - - 190 180 165 210 130 120 115 145
[m.min-1]
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
III 0,40 - - - - 170 160 150 185 110 105 95 120
30 1,10 60 0,93
I 0,40 - - - - 155 145 135 170 105 100 90 115
Roughing 45 1,00
turning II 0,60 5,0 - - - - 135 125 120 150 80 75 - 90
CORRECTION FOR WORKPIECE HARDNESS
III 0,80 - - - - 120 115 105 130 70 65 - 75
HB kvHB HB kvHB
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - 85 80 - - 45 40 - -
V45 120 1,18 220 0,90
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - 75 70 - - 40 35 - -
[m.min-1]
turning 140 1,12 240 0,86
III 1,30 - - - - 70 65 - - 35 30 - -
160 1,05 260 0,82
0,10 - - - - - - 180 - - - - -
Parting,
peripheral 180 1,00 280 0,80
0,15 - - - - - - 165 - - - - -
recesses 200 0,95 300 0,77
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - 155 - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - 140 - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - 110 - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - 105 - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - 100 - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - 90 - - - - -
- - - - - 165 - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - 155 - - - - - -
27
- - - - - 135 - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
4
THREADING
-1 1 -1 -1

Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG 8016 6640 6630 6630 6630 8030 8030 8040
DNMA DNMM DNMG F F M M NR NR HR HR
..M
DNMU SNMA SNMM
8030 8030 8030 6630 6630 6630 6640
F M NR DR DR HR HR
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U
RNMA RNMM RNMG 6630 6640 6630 8030 8040
..N WNMA WNMM WNMG III III III III III III III III III III III
NR NR R R SR, XR
6630 6630 6630
73 73 74
..X KNUX
6630 6630
74 74
8016 6630 6630 8030
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT
8030 8030 6630
..T UM UR UR
M VCMT WCMW WCMT
RCMW RCMT RCMX
III III
8030
III
6630
III
6630
III III III III III III III
UR 47 47
8016 6630 6630 6630
49 46 47 47
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN
6630 6630 6640
..N 47 48 47, 48
TPUN TPGN
6640 8030
46, 47 47, 48
I 8030 I 8030 I 6640 I 6640 I I I I I 6640 I 8030 I

LFMX, LFUX, LCMX
..X
TN16E
28

ESC
ESC
M
4
Grade
6620 6630 6640 8b
HB = 180 ÷ 210
5b ÷ 11b

Range of feeds
Insert Cutting
Feed
depth S... T... S... T... S... T... Internal turning 0,75÷0,85
shape V... V... V...
Level
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - 280 265 265 - TOOL LIFE CORRECTION kvT

Fine and
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 - - - - 205 195 180 225
turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 205 195 180 225 155 145 135 170
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 190 180 165 210 150 140 130 165
20 0,93 60 0,71
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 160 150 140 175 110 105 95 120
[m.min-1] TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
III 0,40 145 135 130 160 85 80 75 95 Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
I 0,40 135 125 120 150 80 75 70 90 30 1,10 60 0,93
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 115 110 - 125 60 55 50 65 45 1,00
III 0,80 100 95 - 110 50 45 40 55
HB kvHB HB kvHB
Heavy
I 0,80 55 50 - - 25 20 - -
V45 <150 1,40 270-300 0,72
roughing II 1,00 12 50 45 - - 20 15 - -
[m.min-1]
turning 150-180 1,18 300-330 0,68
III 1,30 45 40 - - 15 10 - -
180-210 1,00 330-360 0,66
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 110 -
Parting, 210-240 0,87 360-390 0,62
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 102 - 240-270 0,79
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - 96 -
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - 87 -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 75 -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 70 -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - 68 -
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - 60 -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - - - - - - - -
29
- - - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
M
4
Grade
8016 8030 8040 8b
HB = 180 ÷ 210
5b ÷ 11b

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D... V... R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
TOOL LIFE CORRECTION kvT
Fine and
I 0,05 140 130 125 155 125 120 110 140 - - - -
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 135 125 120 150 115 110 100 125 110 105 95 120
turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 125 115 110 140 105 100 90 115 85 80 75 95
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 - - - - 100 95 88 110 80 75 70 90
20 0,93 60 0,71
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 - - - - 80 75 70 90 70 65 60 75
[m.min-1] TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
III 0,40 - - - - 70 65 60 75 65 60 55 70 Tmin kvT Tmin kvT

I 0,40 - - - - 65 60 55 70 60 55 50 65 30 1,10 60 0,93
Roughing 45 1,00
turning II 0,60 5,0 - - - - 55 50 45 60 50 45 40 55
III 0,80 - - - - 50 45 40 55 45 40 35 50
HB kvHB HB kvHB
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - 35 35 - - 35 30 - -
V45 <150 1,40 270-300 0,72
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - 25 25 - - 30 30 - -
[m.min-1]
turning 150-180 1,18 300-330 0,68
III 1,30 - - - - 20 20 - - 25 25 - -
180-210 1,00 330-360 0,66
0,10 - - - - - - 105 - - - - - 210-240 0,87 360-390 0,62
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - 95 - - - - - 240-270 0,79
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - 91 - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - 82 - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - 75 - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - 67 - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - 64 - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - 55 - - - - -
- - - - - 130 - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - 120 - - - - - -
30
- - - - - 110 - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
4
THREADING
-1 -1 -1 -1

Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG 8016 6630 6620 6630 6620 6630 6630 6640
DNMA DNMM DNMG F F M M R R HR HR
..M
DNMU SNMA SNMM
6640 6640 6640 8040
..G SNMG SNMX TNMA II II II 6620 II II 6620 II II II II II II
R R R HR
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U
RNMA RNMM RNMG 8040
..N HR
6640 6620 6640 6620 6640
72 73 73 74 74
..X KNUX
6630
72
8016 6630 6630 6630
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT
TCMW TCMT VCMW II II 8016 II 6620 II 8016 II II II II II II II
..T
K VCMT WCMW WCMT
RCMW RCMT RCMX
8030 8030
I 8016 I I 8016 I I I I I I I I
47 47
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN
6620 6630 6620 6640
..N 46, 47 47, 48 46, 47 46, 47
TPUN TPGN
I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I I I I I 8030 I 8030 I

LFMX, LFUX, LCMX
..X
TN16E
31

ESC
ESC
K
4
Grade
6620 6630 6640 CAST IRONS
Grey, malleable, nodular, creep-resistant

Range of feeds and special cast iron
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V... V... V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
[mm.rev ] -1
[mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
Fine and
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 340 320 300 375 275 260 240 305 200 190 175 220
turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 290 275 255 320 260 245 230 286 175 165 155 195
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 275 260 240 300 250 235 220 275 170 160 150 185 20 0,93 60 0,71
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 250 235 220 275 205 195 180 225 135 125 120 150
[m.min-1]
TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
III 0,40 230 215 200 255 185 175 165 205 115 110 100 125 Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
30 1,10 60 0,93
I 0,40 215 200 190 235 170 160 150 185 105 100 90 115
Roughing 45 1,00
turning II 0,60 5,0 195 185 170 215 145 135 130 160 85 80 75 95
III 0,80 185 175 165 205 125 120 110 140 75 70 65 80 Workpiece
hardness
kvHB - Sort of cast iron
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - 85 80 - - 45 40 - -
HB grey nodular creep-resist.
V45 150-180 1,40 1,15 -
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - 75 70 - - 40 35 - -
[m.min-1]
turning 180-200 1,25 1,08 -
III 1,30 - - - - 70 65 - - 35 30 - -
200-220 1,10 1,03 -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 110 -
Parting, 220-240 1,00 1,00 -
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 100 - 240-280 0,86 0,95 -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - 90 - 280-330 0,60 0,85 -
(CTP) 260-300 - - 1,25
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - 80 -
300-360 - - 1,00
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 80 -
V15 360-450 - - 0,75
Face 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 70 -
and internal [m.min-1] MATERIAL CORRECTION
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - 65 -
Sort of cast iron kvM
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - 60 - grey 1,00
- - - - - - - - - - - - nodular 0,85
Threading - - - - - - - - - - - - malleable 0,95

32
creep-resistant 0,40
- - - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
K
4
Grade
8016 8030 CAST IRONS
Grey, malleable, nodular, creep-resistant

Range of feeds and special cast iron
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V... V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev ] -1
[mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
Fine and
I 0,05 260 245 230 285 145 135 130 160 - - - -
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 230 215 200 255 135 125 120 150 - - - -
turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 0,93 60 0,71
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
TOOL LIFR CORRECTION FOR HEAVY ROUGHING
III 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - - Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
I 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 1,10 60 0,93

Roughing 45 1,00
turning II 0,60 5,0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
III 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - - Workpiece
hardness
kvHB - Sort of cast iron
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
HB grey nodular creep-resist.
V45 150-180 1,40 1,15 -
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning 180-200 1,25 1,08 -
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
200-220 1,10 1,03 -
0,10 - - - - - - 100 - - - - -
Parting, 220-240 1,00 1,00 -
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - 90 - - - - - 240-280 0,86 0,95 -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - 80 - - - - - 280-330 0,60 0,85 -
(CTP) 260-300 - - 1,25
0,30 - - - - - - 70 - - - - -
300-360 - - 1,00
0,10 - - - - - - 70 - - - - -
V15 360-450 - - 0,75
Face 0,15 - - - - - - 65 - - - - -
and internal [m.min-1] MATERIAL CORRECTION
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - 60 - - - - -
Sort of cast iron kvM
0,30 - - - - - - 50 - - - - - grey 1,00
- - - - - 150 - - - - - - nodular 0,85
Threading - - - - - 130 - - - - - - malleable 0,95

33
creep-resistant 0,40
- - - - - 120 - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
4
THREADING
-1 -1 -1 -1

Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG I I PKD I PKD I PKD I I I I I I I
DNMA DNMM DNMG
..M
DNMU SNMA SNMM
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U
RNMA RNMM RNMG
..N
8016 8016 8016 8016

72 73 74 74
..X KNUX
HF7 HF7 HF7
73 74 74
8016 8016 8016 8016 8016
CCMW CCMT SCMW Al Al Al Al Al
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT
HF7 HF7 HF7 HF7 HF7
..T Al Al Al Al Al
N VCMT WCMW WCMT
RCMW RCMT RCMX
III III PKD III PKD III PKD III III III III III III III
8030 8030 8030

I I I 8016 I I 8016 I I I I I I
47 47 47, 48
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN
8030 8030
SPGN TPMR TPGR II II 8016 II II 8016 II II 8016 II II II II II
..N 47 47, 48
TPUN TPGN
I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I I I I I 8030 I 8030 I

LFMX, LFUX, LCMX
..X
TN16E
34

ESC
ESC
N
4
Grade Al alloys wrought, heat-treated HB = 100 Al alloys with amount Si > 12%
Al alloys
8016, 8030 HF7 PCD Cu alloys

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev-1] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K.. Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
[mm]
I 0,10 900 - - - 700 - - - 850 - - - Al alloys

Fine and
finishing II 0,15 1,0 800 - - - 650 - - - 600 - - - Material kvN
turning Al alloys wrought non-hardened HB 60 2,6
III 0,20 750 - - - 600 - - - 550 - - -
Al alloys wrought hardened HB 100 1,0
I 0,20 750 - - - 550 - - - 700 - - -
Semi-roughing V15 Al alloys cast non-hardened HB 75 0,9
turning II 0,30 2,5 600 - - - 480 - - - 550 - - -
[m.min-1] Al alloys cast hardened HB 90 0,6
III 0,40 550 - - - 400 - - - 500 - - - Al alloys cast non-hardened
PCD
HB 130 >12% Si
I 0,40 450 - - - 400 - - - 500 - - - Cu alloys
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 400 - - - 350 - - - 450 - - - material kvN
III 0,80 300 - - - 300 - - - 400 - - - Brass for automatic machine (>1% Pb) 1,8
Brass HB 90 0,76
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
V45 Electrolytic bronze Cu 0,7
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - 650 - - - - - - - - -
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - 550 - - - - - - - - -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - 450 - - - - - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - 400 - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - 500 - - - - - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - 450 - - - - - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - 360 - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - 320 - - - - - - - - -
- 400 - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - 350 - - - - - - - - - -
35
- 250 - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
N
4
Grade Cu alloys - brass HB = 100
Al alloys
Cu alloys
8016, 8030 HF7

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80÷0,90
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
I 0,10 500 - - - 400 - - - - - - - Al alloys

Fine and
material kvN
finishing II 0,15 1,0 450 - - - 360 - - - - - - -
turning Al alloys wrought non-hardened HB 60 2,6
III 0,20 400 - - - 300 - - - - - - -
Al alloys wrought hardened HB 100 1,0
I 0,20 400 - - - 350 - - - - - - -
Al alloys cast non-hardened HB 75 0,9
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 350 - - - 300 - - - - - - -
[m.min-1] Al alloys cast hardened HB 90 0,6
III 0,40 300 - - - 250 - - - - - - - Al alloys cast non-hardened
HB 130 >12% Si PKD
I 0,40 350 - - - 300 - - - - - - - Cu alloys
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 300 - - - 270 - - - - - - - material kvN
III 0,80 250 - - - 250 - - - - - - - Brass for automatic machine (>1% Pb) 1,8
Brass HB 90 0,76
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
V45 Electrolytic bronze Cu 0,7
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - 250 - - - - - - - - -
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - 200 - - - - - - - - -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - 150 - - - - - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - 100 - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - 200 - - - - - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - 180 - - - - - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - 140 - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - 100 - - - - - - - - -
- 300 - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - 250 - - - - - - - - - -
36
- 220 - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
4
THREADING
-1 -1 -1 -1
f = 0,05 - 0,2 [mm.rev ] f = 0,2 - 0,4 [mm.rev ] f = 0,4 - 0,8 [mm.rev ] f > 1,0 [mm.rev ]

Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ap = 0,2 - 2,0 [mm] ap = 1,5 - 4,0 [mm] ap = 4,0 - 10,0 [mm] ap > 10,0 [mm]
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG 8030 6640 8030 6640 8030
DNMA DNMM DNMG F NR NR NR NR
..M
DNMU SNMA SNMM
8030 6640 8030 6640
NR NR NR NR
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U
RNMA RNMM RNMG
..N
6640 6640 6640

73 73 74
..X KNUX
8030 8030 8030

CCMW CCMT SCMW UM UR UR
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT
..T
s VCMT WCMW WCMT
RCMW RCMT RCMX
6630 8030 8030

46 47 47
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN
6640 6640 6640
..N 47, 61 47, 61 47, 61
TPUN TPGN
I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I 8030 I I I I I 8030 I 8030 I

LFMX, LFUX, LCMX
..X
TN16E
II - II II II II II II II II II II
37

ESC
ESC
S
4
Grade
8016 8030 8040 Creep-resistant alloys on basis
of Ni, Co, Fe and Ti

Range of feeds
Forging and casting skin 0,70-0,80
Insert Feed Cutting
S... T... S... T... S... T... Internal turning 0,75-0,85
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D... V... R... C... D...
(L...)
R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80-0,90
Good machine condition 1,05-1,20
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K..
Bad machine condition 0,85-0,95
Fine and
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tmin kvT Tmin kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 60 56 53 65 55 50 48 60 50 45 44 55
turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 50 47 45 55 45 43 40 50 40 35 33 44
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 45 42 40 50 40 35 33 45 35 30 28 40
20 0,93 60 0,71
Semi-roughing V15
turning II 0,30 2,5 40 38 35 45 35 30 28 40 30 28 26 33
[m.min-1] CORRECTION FOR SORT OF ALLOY
III 0,40 30 28 25 33 30 25 23 35 25 23 20 28 Sort of alloy kvN Sort of alloy kvN
I 0,40 40 38 - 45 35 33 - 40 30 28 - 35 Ti alloy 2,30 Ni alloy 1,00
Roughing 1,25 0,70
turning II 0,60 5,0 35 33 - 40 30 28 - 33 25 23 - 28 Fe alloy Co alloy

III 0,80 30 28 - 35 25 23 - 28 20 18 - 22
Hardness
Hardness
Hardness
Hardness
Co [HB]
Fe [HB]
Ni [HB]
Ti [Rm]
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - - kvHB kvHB kvHB kvHB
V45
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -1
[m.min ] 230 1,05 200 1,30 180 1,05 450 2,50
turning
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
250 1,00 250 1,14 200 1,00 900 1,00
0,10 - - - - - - 30 - - - - -
Parting, 280 0,92 300 1,00 240 0,90 1100 0,90
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - 25 - - - - - 320 0,84 320 0,95 280 0,83
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - 20 - - - - - 350 0,79
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - 20 - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - 20 - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - 18 - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - 15 - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - 15 - - - - -
- - - - - 20 - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - 15 - - - - - -
38
- - - - - 10 - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
S
4
Grade
HF7 Creep-resistant alloys on basis
of Ni, Co, Fe and Ti

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
Level
shape
f ap C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... Interrupted cut 0,80-0,90
[mm.rev-1] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K.. Good machine condition 1,05-1,20
[mm]
Fine and
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - - TOOL LIFE CORRECTION kvT
finishing II 0,10 1,0 45 40 - 50 - - - - - - - - Tmin kvT Tmin kvT

turning 10 1,10 30 0,84
III 0,20 35 30 - 40 - - - - - - - -
15 1,00 45 0,76
I 0,20 30 25 - 35 - - - - - - - -
Semi-roughing V15 20 0,93 60 0,71
turning II 0,30 2,5 27 20 - 30 - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1] CORRECTION FOR SORT OF ALLOY
III 0,40 22 20 - 25 - - - - - - - - Sort of alloy kvN Sort of alloy kvN
I 0,40 25 23 - 28 - - - - - - - - Ti alloy 2,30 Ni alloy 1,00
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 20 18 - 25 - - - - - - - - Fe alloy 1,25 Co alloy 0,70
III 0,80 15 10 - 18 - - - - - - - - CORRECTION FOR WORKPIECE HARDNESS
Hardness
Hardness
Hardness
Hardness
Co [HB]
Fe [HB]
Ni [HB]
Ti [Rm]
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - - kvHB kvHB kvHB kvHB
V45
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning 230 1,05 200 1,30 180 1,05 450 2,50
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
250 1,00 250 1,14 200 1,00 900 1,00
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Parting, 280 0,92 300 1,00 240 0,90 1100 0,90
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - - - 320 0,84 320 0,95 280 0,83
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - - 350 0,79
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - - - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - - - - - - - -
39
- - - - - - - - - - - -

ESC
ESC
4
THREADING
-1 -1 -1 -1
f = 0,05 - 0,2 [mm.rev ] f = 0,2 - 0,4 [mm.rev ] f = 0,4 - 0,8 [mm.rev ] f > 1,0 [mm.rev ]

WORKPIECE MATERIAL
Machined material
f = 0,05 ÷ 0,3 [mm.rev-1] -

main group ISO
ap = 0,2 - 2,0 [mm] ap = 1,5 - 4,0 [mm] ap = 4,0 - 10,0 [mm] ap > 10,0 [mm]
ACCORDING ISO
peripheral recesses
machined surface
machined surface
machined surface
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
uninterrupted cut
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
casting, forging
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
interrupted cut
rolled product
rolled product
face recesses
and parting
and parting
-
8030
I 6620 I I I I I I I I I I
M
..A CNMA CNMM CNMG TREATED
8016
DNMA DNMM DNMG STEELS II II 8030 II II II II II II II II II
..M F
DNMU SNMA SNMM 55 - 60 HRC
PKBN PKBN
..G SNMG SNMX TNMA III III III III III III III III III III III
PB0 PB2
TNMM TNMG VNMU
..U HARDENED CAST IRON PKBN PKBN
RNMA RNMM RNMG I I I I I I I I I I I
..N WNMA WNMM WNMG 400 - 500 HB PB0 PB2
HARDENED CAST IRON
I 6620 I 8030 I I I I I I I I I
> 500 HB
..X KNUX
8030
CCMW CCMT SCMW I 6620 I I I I I I I I I I
UM
..W SCMT DCMW DCMT TREATED
8030
H ..T
TCMW TCMT VCMW
VCMT WCMW WCMT
STEELS
55 - 60 HRC
II 8016 II
UR
II II II II II II II II II
RCMW RCMT RCMX 6620

UM
6620 8030
47 47
..R SPMR SPGR SPUN TREATED
SPGN TPMR TPGR STEELS II 8016 II 8016 II II II II II II II II II
..N TPUN TPGN 55 - 60 HRC
III 6620 III III III III III III III III III III
TREATED STEELS
I 8030 I 8030 I I I I I I I 8030 I 8030 I
LFMX, LFUX, LCMX 55 - 60 HRC
..X
TN16E HARDENED CAST IRON
> 500 HB II 8030 II 8030 II II II II II II II 8030 II 8030 II
TREATED STEELS
I I I I I I I I I I I 8030
55 - 60 HRC
TN11... TN16... TN22
40
HARDENED CAST IRON

> 500 HB
I I I I I I I I I I I 8030

ESC
ESC
H
4
Grade
6620 8016 8030 Treated steels
Hardened cast iron

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... C... D...
(L...)
[mm.rev-1] [mm] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K.. Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
Fine and
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - - MATERIAL CORRECTION
6620
finishing II 0,10 1,0 60 56 - 70 60 56 - 70 55 52 - 60 Material Hardness 8016, 8030 PCBN
turning Treated
HRC 55-60 1 1
III 0,20 45 42 - 50 45 42 - 50 40 38 - 45 steels
Hardened HsH 55-70 0,5 1

I 0,20 45 42 - 50 45 42 - 50 40 38 - 45 cast iron
Semi-roughing V15 HsH 75-80 - 0,7
turning II 0,30 2,5 40 38 - 45 40 38 - 45 30 28 - 35
[m.min-1]
III 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - -
I 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
III 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
V45
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 20 -
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 10 -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - 15 -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - - - - - 8 -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - 45 - -
Threading - - - - - - - - - 40 - -
41
- - - - - - - - - 30 - -

ESC
ESC
H
4
Grade
PKBN Treated steels
Hardened cast iron

Range of feeds
Insert Feed Cutting
depth
V...
Level
shape
f ap C... D... V... R... C... D... V... R... C... D...
(L...)
R... Interrupted cut 0,80-0,90
[mm.rev-1] W.. K.. W.. K.. W.. K.. Good machine condition 1,05-1,20
[mm]
I 0,05 - - - - - - - - - - - - MATERIAL CORRECTION

Fine and 6620
finishing II 0,10 1,0 110 105 95 120 - - - - - - - - Material Hardness 8016, 8030 PKBN
turning Treated
HRC 55-60 1 1
III 0,20 90 85 80 100 - - - - - - - - steels
hardened HsH 55-70 0,5 1

I 0,20 90 85 80 100 - - - - - - - - cast iron
Semi-roughing V15 HsH 75-80 - 0,7
turning II 0,30 2,5 80 75 70 90 - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
III 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - -
I 0,40 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Roughing
turning II 0,60 5,0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
III 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Heavy
I 0,80 - - - - - - - - - - - -
V45
roughing II 1,00 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -
[m.min-1]
turning
III 1,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Parting,
peripheral 0,15 - - - - - - - - - - - -
recesses
and copying 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
(CTP)
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,10 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Face V15
0,15 - - - - - - - - - - - -
recesses 0,20 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,30 - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Threading - - - - - - - - - - - -
42
- - - - - - - - - - - -

OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.5 Turning of recesses, parting, CTP system for copying and recessing turning
DEFINITION
The tools manufacturing programme Pramet enables productive turning of shallow and deep radial and axial (face)
recesses. Furthermore, recesses with round profi le with the possibility of a subsequent starting by longitudinal feed
(in general copy turning - CTP system).
Technological possibilities of recessing and parting tools Pramet are schematically indicated in the following picture.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
For turning of deep radial and face recesses (B: T≈1÷4, where B is recess width and T its depth), we can use cutting inserts
OF DRILLING
LFMX LFMX 3.10–020 SN up to 6.35–020 SN or cutting inserts LCMX 020502TN up to 050502TN which are clamped into
CHOICE
tool holders by a clamp from the top with fi xed radial position.
The cutting inserts LFMX 3.10–020 SN up to 6.35–020 SN or cutting inserts VBD LFUX 030802TN up to 060802TN
are also intended for parting; they are clamped either in fi rm holders or in holders with blade by means of cutting force
in V-shaped bed in holder. Alternatively, these tools are also delivered with cutting insert LCMX with radially fi xed position
of clamped insert that is also clamped by the cutting force.
For shallow recesses with small width (B: T≈max.1), the inserts with three edges TN16E are intended for external recesses
OF CUTTING INSERTS
and inserts TN16N for internal recesses. The widths of recesses are in the range of B = 1,1÷2,15 mm. These inserts
are clamped into tool holders for threads turning.
Cutting inserts LCMX 030502MO up to 0605MO are used for recessing and subsequent starting (enlargement of recesses)
WEAR
by means of longitudinal feed.

This CTP system (Copy Turning Pramet) is in general used for copy turning.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
4.5.1 Cutting inserts grades for recessing, parting and copying (CTP)
GRADE GROUPS
Cutting inserts grades for turning of recesses must have before all a good toughness and suffi cient wear resistance. These
requirements are maximally fulfilled with Pramet grades 8030 and 6640. Their characteristics and application are mentioned
in Chapters 3.1 and 3.2 (pages 7-8).
ESC 43
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.5.2 Cutting conditions for recessing and parting tools
DEFINITION
The guide values of radial and axial feeds for turning with inserts LCMX and TN16E; N are mentioned in the following Table:
Radial and recesses (LFMX, LCMX; TN16E; N)

feed f [mm.rev-1]
Insert width
range
[mm] initial
CUTTING GRADES
(starting)
min. max.
PRAMET
1,1 ÷ 1,6 0,05 0,02 0,08
1,85 ÷ 2,15 0,06 0,02 0,12
2÷3 0,12 0,08 0,18
3÷4 0,15 0,08 0,25
5 ÷ 6,5 0,20 0,12 0,30
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
The guide values of radial feeds for parting are mentioned in the following Table:
Parting (LFMX, LFUX, LCMX)

feed f [mm.rev-1]
Insert width
range range
[mm] initial initial
OF MILLING TOOL
(starting) (starting)
min. max. min. max.
CHOICE
2,0 ÷ 2,65 0,10 0,08 0,20 0,08 0,07 0,15
3 ÷ 3,15 0,13 0,09 0,22 0,10 0,08 0,20
4 ÷ 4,15 0,15 0,10 0,25 0,13 0,08 0,23
5 ÷ 5,15 0,18 0,10 0,30 0,15 0,08 0,25
6 ÷ 6,35 0,20 0,12 0,35 0,16 0,10 0,30
Insert LFMX, LCMX, LFUX..TN LFUX..TR;TL
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
The initial (starting) cutting speeds for turning of external, internal and face recesses and for parting are mentioned herei-
nafter in the overall Tables for turning.
These values are valid on condition that cutting liquid is applied.
Recommendations for practical turning of recesses and parting:

OF CUTTING INSERTS
Because of vibration restriction of the system it is necessary to choose a tool holder with maximum cross-section
WEAR
and minimum overhang

The longitudinal cutting insert axis must be normal to the workpiece rotation axis (at radial recesses)
The cutting edge of the insert must be at height of the workpiece rotation with tolerance of ±0,1 mm
The cutting liquid must be fed directly to the cutting edge in a suffi cient amount in order that it is provided
an effi cient cooling, but also to the holder under the cutting insert
At turning of face recesses it is before all necessary to choose a suitable tool holder for a certain range of recess
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
diameters. Furthermore, the longitudinal axis of tool holder must be parallel with the rotation axis. In the reverse
case there is a risk of an excessive friction of tool fl ank against recess walls. If it comes to fl ank seizing
at the external wall of holder, - the case A on the following page, it is necessary to shift the insert cutting edge
over the workpiece axis. Provided that it comes to seizing at the internal wall of groove, the case A, it is necessary
to shift the cutting edge under the workpiece axis
ESC 44
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC At the face recessing it must be also put particular stress on the location of a tool into the axis, otherwise it can come
DEFINITION
to the tool friction against the workpiece and to the subsequent damage.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
The multiple-function system of tools CTP (Copy Turning Pramet) signifi cantly extends the programme for turning tools.
OF TURNING TOOL
These tools enable longitudinal and face turning and copy turning of surfaces with various shapes.
CHOICE
By one tool with tool holder of common recessing tool with a cutting insert clamped from the top it is possible to carry out
the turning of parts with complicated surfaces.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
The “starting” cutting speeds are mentioned in Tables being presented in one of foregoing chapters that were dedicated
to the choice of cutting speeds for turning tools.
Recommended range of radial and axial feeds and cutting depths for CTP tools with various diameter of round heads
of inserts are mentioned in the following graphs.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
It is very important to use cutting fl uid with a considerable cooling effect; the cutting fl uid must be fed to the cutting
edge in a suffi cient amount. The abundant cooling must safeguard the temperature reduction of cutting edge, but also
the temperature reduction of the bottom part of tool holder with the bed for insert.
ESC 45
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
4.6 Threading
4.6.1 Threading technique choice

According to the workpiece shape and lathe type the basic turning technique is chosen, i.e. the feed direction and the sense
of spindle rotation to produce a right external or internal thread, or a left external or internal thread as the case may be.
The choice can be carried out according to the following Table.
Typical threading techniques
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
TURNED SENSE OF SPINDLE DIRECTION
INSERT + HOLDER
THREAD TOOL FEED DIRECTION
EXTERNAL
TN.....ER...
OF TURNING TOOL
THREAD
+ SER
RIGHT
CHOICE
EXTERNAL
TN.....ER...
THREAD
+ SER
RIGHT
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
EXTERNAL
TN.....EL...
THREAD
+ SEL
LEFT
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
EXTERNAL
TN.....EL...
THREAD
+ SEL
LEFT
OF CUTTING INSERTS
INTERNAL
WEAR
TN.....NR...
THREAD
+ SIR
RIGHT
EQUIVALENT TABLES
INTERNAL
GRADE GROUPS
TN.....NL...
THREAD
+ SIL
LEFT
ESC 46
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC Complementary threading techniques
DEFINITION
TURNED SENSE OF SPINDLE DIRECTION
INSERT + HOLDER
THREAD TOOL FEED DIRECTION
CUTTING GRADES
EXTERNAL
TN.....EL...
PRAMET
THREAD
+ SEL
RIGHT
OF TURNING TOOL
EXTERNAL
TN.....EL...
THREAD
CHOICE
+ SEL
RIGHT
OF MILLING TOOL
EXTERNAL
TN.....ER...
THREAD
CHOICE
+ SER
LEFT
EXTERNAL
TN.....ER...
OF DRILLING
THREAD
CHOICE
+ SER
LEFT
OF CUTTING INSERTS
INTERNAL
TN.....NL...
THREAD
+ SIL
WEAR
RIGHT
INTERNAL
EQUIVALENT TABLES
TN.....NL...
GRADE GROUPS
THREAD
+ SIR
LEFT
ESC 47
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.6.2 Choice of angle of inclination of indexable insert λ and reduction shim
DEFINITION
All holders of threading tools PRAMET TOOLS have a constant angle of inclination (insert tilt) λ = 1,5°. For the achievement
of a necessary angle of inclination λ which is close to the helix angle ω given by the thread diameter and its thread pitch,
it is necessary to embed under the cutting insert a special reduction shim, whereby the necessary insert angle of inclina-
tion λ is achieved. Its adherence is a condition for distortionless thread profi le and also for uniform wear of both insert
cutting edges. The following graph serves for the choice of a convenient shim under thread cutting insert for threading
the thread with diameter of d and thread pitch p.
CUTTING GRADES
Technique for shim choice:
1. In accordance with the thread diameter on the horizontal axis of graph and thread pitch on the vertical axis, the required
PRAMET
angle of inclination of cutting insert λ is determined.
2. In accordance with the required angle of inclination the reduction shim for respective tool holder is chosen according
to the following Table.
EXAMPLE
Thread turning d = 80 mm and thread pitch p = 4 mm by means of cutting insert being clamped in the holder SER 22.
1. In the graph we determine the required angle of inclination λ = 0,5° (the intersection of both values lies in the fi eld
marked by λ = 0,5°).
OF TURNING TOOL
2. In the Table we determine the reduction shim PE 22 + 0,5 for required angle of inclination λ = 0,5° and tool holder SER 22.
CHOICE
In the Table there are mentioned shims with negative inclination angle λ. These shims enable using e.g. the right hand
tool holder also for turning the left thread on condition of the opposite feed direction of a tool.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
Positive Negative For parting

Angle of inclination λ inserts
OF CUTTING INSERTS
4,5° 3,5° 2,5° 1,5° 0,5° -0,5° -1,5° (TN16.. ... ZZ)
Threading tool Shim

WEAR
SER .... .16 SIL .... .16 PE16+4,5 PE16+3,5 PE16+2,5 PE16+1,5* PE16+0,5 PE16-0,5 PE16-1,5 PE16ZZ
SEL .... .16 SIR .... .16 PI16+4,5 PI16+3,5 PI16+2,5 PI16+1,5* PI16+0,5 PI16-0,5 PI16-1,5 PI16ZZ
SER .... .22 SIL .... .22 PE22+4,5 PE22+3,5 PE22+2,5 PE22+1,5* PE22+0,5 PE22-0,5 PE22-1,5 -
SEL .... .22 SIR .... .22 PI22+4,5 PI22+3,5 PI22+2,5 PI22+1,5* PI22+0,5 PI22-0,5 PI22-1,5 -
SER-S .... .16 SIL .... .16 PE16S+4,5 PE16S+3,5 PE16S+2,5 PE16S+1,5* PE16S+0,5 PE16S-0,5 PE16S-1,5 -
EQUIVALENT TABLES
SEL-S .... .16 SIR .... .16 PI16S+4,5 PI16S+3,5 PI16S+2,5 PI16S+1,5* PI16S+0,5 PI16S-0,5 PI16S-1,5 -
GRADE GROUPS
SER-S .... .22 SIL .... .22 PE22S+4,5 PE22S+3,5 PE22S+2,5 PE22S+1,5* PE22S+0,5 PE22S-0,5 PE22S-1,5 -
SEL-S .... .22 SIR .... .22 PI22S+4,5 PI22S+3,5 PI22S+2,5 PI22S+1,5* PI22S+0,5 PI22S-0,5 PI22S-1,5 -
Note: All holders have the angle of inclination λ = 0,5º. The angle of inclination can be changed by means of a removable
shim, see the Table and graph
ESC 48
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 4.6.3 Choice of cutting insert grade
DEFINITION
Cutting inserts for threading are made of an universal grade 8030 with PVD coating whose properties enable a productive
thread manufacturing in all material groups P, M, K, N, S, H.
4.6.4 Choice of cutting speed

In accordance with the group of machined material (material groups P, M, K, N, S, H), a starting cutting speed according
to the foregoing Tables is chosen.
CUTTING GRADES
4.6.5 Chip parting, methods and infeed rate
PRAMET
For removal rate of the whole thread profile, there are four various infeed techniques, namely radial infeed –Figure a, side
infeed - Figure b, side infeed with inclination of 3-5° - Figure c and alternating radial and side infeed – Figure d.
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
The choice of respective infeed technique depends on the lathe type, sort of material to be machined and thread pitch.
Radial infeed – is the simplest and most frequently used threading technique. The infeed is perpendicular to the workpiece
rotation axis – the material is removed on both sides of the profi le. With this technique the chip formation is favourable
and cutting edge wear is even. It is convenient for threads with small pitch (p <1,5 mm). With higher feeds this technique
can produce vibrations. The radial infeed is convenient for materials giving during machining short chips and materials
OF CUTTING INSERTS
that tend to harden in cold state – e.g. austenitic stainless steels and low-carbon steels.
Side infeed – reduces the insert nose heat load and consequently the wear. It improves the chip shape and chip disposal.
WEAR
It is used for threads with pitch p >1,5 mm for producing of trapeze threads. Its disadvantage is that the right hand cutting
edge touches the right fl ank profi le which causes uneven wear and quality deterioration of machined surface of the right
fl ank profi le.
Side infeed with inclination 3-5° – it eliminates the side friction caused by the side infeed.
Alternating radial and side infeed – it is recommended with large pitch and materials that tend to generate long and firm
chips. Its advantage is more uniform removal distribution to both sides and consequently, more uniform wear of insert’s
edge. It sets higher requirements to programming of machine tool.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
Infeed range and number of engagements – it depend on the thread pitch. For various types of threads it is possible
to choose them using the next presented Tables. These values should be seen as guide-starting ones that can be modified
according to concrete experience.
ESC 49
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC ISO thread - metric - internal
DEFINITION
reduce cutting speed proportionally to increasing the thread pitch
No. of
infeed pitch [mm] 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,0
Radial infeed [mm]
1 0,11 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,22 0,22 0,25 0,27 0,28 0,32 0,33 0,36 0,41 0,41 0,44
2 0,09 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,21 0,21 0,23 0,25 0,26 0,30 0,31 0,33 0,38 0,38 0,41
3 0,07 0,10 0,11 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,17 0,18 0,20 0,23 0,24 0,27 0,30 0,32 0,35
CUTTING GRADES
4 0,07 0,07 0,09 0,10 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,21 0,23 0,25 0,26 0,28
PRAMET
5 0,34 0,48 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,10 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,17 0,18 0,21 0,22 0,22 0,24
6 0,63 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,19 0,20 0,20 0,22
7 0,77 0,90 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,20
8 0,08 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,19
9 1,07 1,20 0,10 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,18
10 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,16
OF TURNING TOOL
11 1,49 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,14 0,15
CHOICE
12 0,08 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,14 0,15
13 1,77 2,04 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,14
14 0,08 0,10 0,10 0,12 0,13
15 2,32 2,62 2,89 0,12 0,12
16 0,10 0,10
3,20 3,46
OF MILLING TOOL
Table a
CHOICE
ISO thread - metric - external

No. of
infeed pitch [mm] 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,0
Radial infeed [mm]
OF DRILLING
1 0,11 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,22 0,22 0,25 0,27 0,28 0,34 0,34 0,37 0,41 0,43 0,46
CHOICE
2 0,09 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,21 0,21 0,24 0,25 0,26 0,31 0,32 0,34 0,39 0,40 0,43
3 0,07 0,11 0,13 0,14 0,17 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,25 0,25 0,28 0,32 0,32 0,35
4 0,07 0,07 0,11 0,11 0,14 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,21 0,22 0,24 0,27 0,27 0,30
5 0,34 0,48 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,18 0,19 0,22 0,24 0,24 0,27
6 0,67 0,08 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,17 0,17 0,20 0,22 0,22 0,24
OF CUTTING INSERTS
7 0,80 0,94 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,18 0,20 0,20 0,22
8 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,17 0,19 0,19 0,21
WEAR
9 1,14 1,28 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,18 0,20
10 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,17 0,19
11 1,58 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,16 0,18
12 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,16
13 1,89 2,20 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,15

EQUIVALENT TABLES
14 0,08 0,10 0,10 0,13 0,14

GRADE GROUPS
15 2,50 2,80 3,12 0,12 0,12
16 0,10 0,10
3,41 3,72
Table b
ESC 50
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC UN thread - internal
DEFINITION
No. of
infeed pitch
[threads/inch] 32 28 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4,5 4
Radial infeed [mm]
1 0,17 0,17 0,18 0,20 0,23 0,22 0,23 0,25 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,28 0,30 0,34 0,35 0,42 0,41 0,44
2 0,14 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,22 0,24 0,24 0,25 0,26 0,28 0,32 0,33 0,38 0,38 0,41
3 0,10 0,10 0,14 0,13 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,23 0,24 0,30 0,32 0,36
CUTTING GRADES
4 0,08 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,20 0,20 0,25 0,26 0,30
PRAMET
5 0,49 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,17 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,26
6 0,59 0,66 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,20 0,20 0,23
7 0,78 0,86 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,18 0,19 0,22
8 0,95 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,14 0,17 0,18 0,21
9 1,10 1,17 1,26 0,08 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,16 0,17 0,20
10 1,38 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,15 0,16 0,18
OF TURNING TOOL
11 1,49 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,17
CHOICE
12 1,66 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,14 0,14 0,16
13 1,86 2,11 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,15
14 0,10 0,10 0,13 0,14
15 2,44 2,93 0,12 0,12
16 0,10 0,10
3,27 3,65
OF MILLING TOOL
Table c
CHOICE
UN thread - external

No. of
infeed pitch
[threads/inch] 32 28 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4,5 4
Radial infeed [mm]
OF DRILLING
1 0,17 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,23 0,22 0,23 0,25 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,28 0,30 0,35 0,36 0,43 0,45 0,47
CHOICE
2 0,15 0,15 0,17 0,19 0,21 0,21 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,26 0,26 0,26 0,28 0,33 0,34 0,40 0,41 0,44
3 0,12 0,12 0,15 0,14 0,16 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,21 0,22 0,26 0,27 0,32 0,35 0,36
4 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,22 0,23 0,28 0,28 0,33
5 0,52 0,08 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,24 0,24 0,30
6 0,62 0,71 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,17 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,26
OF CUTTING INSERTS
7 0,83 0,93 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,20 0,21 0,24
8 1,03 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,20 0,23
WEAR
9 1,17 1,26 1,36 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,19 0,18 0,22
10 1,48 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,18 0,17 0,21
11 1,63 0,08 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,17 0,16 0,19
12 1,79 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,15 0,15 0,18
13 2,01 2,28 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,16
14 0,10 0,10 0,14 0,15

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
15 2,66 3,19 0,12 0,12
16 0,10 0,10
3,52 3,96
Table d
ESC 51
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC Whitworth thread - internal and external
DEFINITION
No. of
infeed pitch
[threads/inch] 32 28 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4,5 4
Radial infeed [mm]
1 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,22 0,23 0,22 0,24 0,28 0,27 0,27 0,28 0,30 0,35 0,36 0,43 0,44 0,47 0,44
2 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,20 0,22 0,26 0,25 0,26 0,27 0,28 0,33 0,34 0,41 0,41 0,44 0,41
CUTTING GRADES
3 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,16 0,18 0,21 0,21 0,21 0,22 0,23 0,27 0,28 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,36
4 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,17 0,18 0,18 0,19 0,20 0,23 0,24 0,30 0,31 0,34 0,30
PRAMET
5 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,21 0,21 0,27 0,27 0,32 0,26
6 0,64 0,68 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,20 0,24 0,24 0,29 0,23
7 0,87 0,91 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,18 0,19 0,22 0,23 0,28 0,22
8 1,07 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,16 0,17 0,20 0,22 0,26 0,21
9 1,12 1,23 1,42 0,08 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,20 0,24 0,20
10 1,54 0,08 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,15 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,18
OF TURNING TOOL
11 1,69 0,08 0,12 0,12 0,14 0,17 0,17 0,20 0,17
CHOICE
12 1,87 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,19 0,16
13 2,09 2,41 0,12 0,12 0,15 0,17 0,15
14 0,10 0,10 0,14 0,17 0,14
15 2,80 3,34 0,12 0,12 0,12
16 0,10 0,10 0,10
3,70 4,15 3,65
OF MILLING TOOL
Table e
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 52
5 Choice of milling tool
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 5.1 Choice of milling cutter
DEFINITION
The following pages contain brief instructions how to proceed at tool choice for any milling operation. In praxis
we mostly proceed from a current warehouse stock, that is why at the end we concentrate on the choice of starting conditions
which guarantee the optimum utilization of a milling tool.
5.1.1 Type choice of milling tool with regard to the basic tool geometry and engagement conditions
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
Place of the first contact with regard to the basic tool geometry
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 53
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC Nomograms for determination of milling cutter working geometry
DEFINITION
tan γo = tan γp . sin κ r + tan γf . cos κ r
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
tan λ s = tan γf . sin κ r - tan γp . cos κ r
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 54
ESC
ESC
5.1.2
5
Choice of milling tool type with regard to the sort of machined material
Choice of milling tool

55

OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 5.2 Choice of cutting inserts for milling
DEFINITION
5.2.1 Choice of cutting insert with respect to cutting edge design
PRAMET cutting inserts for milling jobs are supplied in several versions of cutting edge. The marking of this modifi cation
is specifi ed at the eight fi gure of the respective ISO code in accordance with the standard ISO.
The cutting edge modifi cation distinctly infl uences tool functional properties, corresponding to specifi c requirements
which are set on cutting edge for milling of various materials.
CUTTING GRADES
Sharp cutting edge - it is recommended to use this insert for milling cutters
PRAMET
that serve for machining Al alloys. With sharp cutting edge minimum distortion
of the layer being removed is achieved, built-ups are minimized as well as the level
of cutting forces. The cutting edge strength is smaller compared with other
modifi cations of cutting edge.
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Cutting edge with facet (rake land) – the facet of width x and angle γ x increases
the lip angle γ n close to the cutting edge and therefore also the cutting edge
strength – its resistance against the mechanical load – i.e. resistance against
fragile failure or break of the whole cutting edge increases. Today it is used only
exceptionally because it is replaced by version “S”.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Tool edge with protected cutting edge - it is a case of slightly rounded cutting
edge to improve cutting edge’s micro-roughness. By rectifying the cutting
edge under some very small radius ρ its resistance to mechanical damage of
OF DRILLING
cutting edge is achieved – i.e. a failure caused by a brittle break or so called
CHOICE
micro-erosion. Today this modifi cation of cutting edge is used at all cutting
inserts without a facet (formerly the modifi cation F), which are used for mil-
ling of nearly all material sorts (in general of materials classifi ed into groups
P, M, K, N, S, H). OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
Protected tool edge with a facet - Compared to the modifi cation T, in addition
the rectifi cation has been carried out to round out the tool edge reinforced
by a facet. This modifi cation enhances the cutting edge resistance to mechanical
failure at most.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 56
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 5.2.2 Choice of cutting insert grade
DEFINITION
At present the current series of grades with PVD coatings PVD 8016, 8026 and 8040, replaced by the new grade 5026,
cover most of operations for face milling, end milling, copy milling; their application virtually prevails at all milling cutters
delivered by Pramet.
The meaning of uncoated grades fell down very strongly, but to have the full picture they are classifi ed into the comple-
mentary assortment of the firm PRAMET.
The current grades of series 8000 have an outstanding cutting edge strength which enables to implement designing solution
of cutting inserts with very high positive geometry – with rake angles γ 0 = 20 ÷ 25° for milling of carbon and alloy steels
with enhanced strength. As an example can be the milling of dies and moulds made from tool steels with the strength
CUTTING GRADES
of Rm = 900 ÷ 1400 MPa. They signifi cantly enlarge the application of Pramet’s milling cutters also for milling of austenitic,
stainless and creep-resistant steels, superalloys and very hard treated steels. For these cases they bring a sharp
PRAMET
and strong cutting edge with relatively large positive rake angles.
The substrate of grade 5026 is on the basis of WC+TaC+Co and also guarantees a high toughness thanks to a relatively
high amount of cobalt.
For achievement of high wear resistance, the fi ne-grained substrate is used; its wear resistance is amplifi ed by a coating
deposited by the MTCVD method which is deposited under medium temperatures which guarantees a substantially higher
toughness in comparison with the formerly used CVD method.
Owing to these properties an excellent wear resistance together with high operation reliability characterizes
OF TURNING TOOL
the grade 5026.
Its positive properties fi nd their expression in applications where a stress is put on a high productivity that means
CHOICE
the use of high cutting speeds and also high feeds. Higher thermal stability limits can be utilized at operations with high
milling performance where the cutting (cooling) fluid cannot be used.
The overview of application fi elds and recommended use of grades 8016, 8026, 8040 and 5026 are demonstrated in Tables
presented in the section that refers to machined materials (Chapter 3 – pages 7 - 8).
5.3 Choice of cutting conditions
In the following passage we try to facilitate the choice of a convenient tool and choice of starting (initial) cutting conditions.
OF MILLING TOOL
1. In the fi rst step we classify the material to be machined into one of the seven groups according to the PRAMET
CHOICE
classifi cation (Chapter 8, page 92).
2. We classify the given operation according to its character into a group (light, medium or heavy milling).
Light milling – one interruption per a revolution, favourable engagement conditions, pre-machined workpiece surface,
of surface of forgings and castings without any larger defects and unevenness. Feed range f z = 0,1- 0,25 mm/tooth, cutting
depth a p < 2 mm (criterion f z is just an additional one).
Medium milling – one up to two interruptions during one tool revolution. Engagement conditions cannot be chosen quite
optimally. Workpiece surface nature – rolled material skin, casting and forging skin with minor defects and irregularities.
Top feed rate f z = 0,30 - 0,40 mm/tooth and cutting depth a p = 2 - 4 mm.
OF DRILLING
Heavy milling – more than two interruptions during one tool revolution. Adverse engagement conditions (negative values
CHOICE
of engagement angle). Rough skin of castings with surface defects, uneven rough forging skin and uneven surface of burnt
piece. Varying cutting depth a p = 3 - 10 mm.
3. In the fi rst Table for the given group of materials to be machined, we choose a combination material + modifi cation
of cutting edge for an insert being chosen ahead. In these Tables there are several options for every group of machined
materials, they are marked as I - III. (pages 58-68).
4. In the following Tables we choose the starting cutting speed and possible corrections (for machine condition, hardness
of machined material ……..) (pages 58-68).
OF CUTTING INSERTS
The Tables are replenished with correction factors k VX for the conversion of cutting speeds at milling with regard to a good
or bad technical machine state.
WEAR
If a diverse value of cutting edge T than 30 min. is required, the tabular value is multiplied by a coeffi cient k vT according
to Table of correction factors for tool life. If the hardness HB of workpiece differs from the hardness mentioned in the Table
caption, the value v 30 is multiplied by a factor k vHB.
The following product then gives the resulting cutting speed:
vc = v30 . kVX . kVT . kVHB . (kVM)

EQUIVALENT TABLES
It is necessary to point out that cutting speed calculated in this way is just an initial (starting) value for the determination
GRADE GROUPS
of a basic level of cutting speeds for a given operation.

Above all the machinability dispersion of machined material, which can spread at high-grade steels over two machinability,
is quite often a reason for the necessity of some cutting speed correction if a relatively exact observance of economical
tool life is required.
ESC 57
ESC
ESC
P
5
Machining conditions for milling
TOOL TYPE INSERT SHAPE

light medium heavy
I. - I. 5026 I. 8026-E
SNHN 12-EN; SNHN 15-EN
II. 8026 II. 8026-E II. 8040
CNE 635; CNM 563; SNHQ 12
III. III. 8026 III.
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 5026-S I. 5026-S I. 8040-S
SEER15..EN; SN; SEEN15..FN;SN
SPGN25..SR; SPUN25..S
II. 8026-S II. 8040-S II. 5026-S
SPKR12..SR; SPKN12..ER;SR;EL;SL
SPUN25..S III. 8016-S III. 8026-S III. S45 -S
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 5026-S I. 5026-S I. 8040-S
SEET12..FN; SDET; SDEX; SNKX12..ER
SPET12..SN; APET15..EN;SN
II. 8026-S II. 8040-S II. 5026-S
APEW15..ER;SR; SPET12..EN;SN
SPEW12;EN;SN; SDEW09..EN;SN,
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. 8016-S III. 8026-S III. S45 -S
I. 8026-E,S I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
APKX15..ER-F; ER-M; SR-R
II. 8016-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. 8026-E,S
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
III. 5026-E,S III. 5026-E,S III. 5026-E,S
I. 8026-ES I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8016-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. 8026-E,S
III. III. III.
I. 8026-S I. 8040-S I. 8040-S

TPKR22..SR; TPKN22..ER
TPKN22..SR II. S26 -S II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
TPCN16..SN
III. 5026-S III. 5026-S III. 5026-S
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S I. 8040-S

RDET08..SN; RDEW08..SN
RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. 8016-S II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
RDEX12..EN;SN; RDET12..SN
RDEW12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN,SN III. III. III.
RC08-RC32 I. 8016 I. 8040 I. 8040
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. 8040 II. 8016 II.
LC12..12F
58
LC16..16F
LC20..20F III. III. III.

ESC
ESC
P Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Cutting speed v30 [m.min-1]
Working Recommen-

Sort Insert Approach
conditions ded Correction factor kvx fz fz
of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz 5026 8016 8026 8040 S26 S45 inserts inserts
[mm.tooth-1] [mm.tooth-1]
Forging and casting

light 0,1÷0,2 330 - 255 - - - 0,70÷0,90
W75SN12 SNHN, SNKX skin APKX 1103PD ER-F 0,05÷0,12 APKX 1505PD ER-F 0,05÷0,20
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 75° medium 0,1÷0,3 315 - 220 - - - Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,1÷0,4 290 - 185 180 - - APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10÷0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15÷0,30
light 0,1÷0,35 315 240 255 - 165 -
45° medium 0,15÷0,4 300 - 220 200 145 - APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25÷0,50
heavy 0,15÷0,5 280 - 185 180 - 65 Tool life correction
F.. finishing M.. medium R.. roughing
light 0,09÷0,3 315 240 255 - 165 -
W45SE123. SEER
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 300 - 220 200 145 - Tmin kvT
W45SE15.. SEEN
heavy 0,12÷0,4 280 - 185 180 - 65 15 1,23
W60SP25.. SPKN Recommended feeds and cutting depths
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 315 240 255 - 165 - 20 1,13
W75SP15.. SPUN for tools with round indexable inserts
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 300 - 220 200 145 - 30 1,00
W90SP25.. SPGN
heavy 0,15÷0,35 280 - 185 180 - 65 45 0,89 Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,2 315 240 255 - 165 - 60 0,81 inserts Cutting
depth 8 - 12 10 - 20 25 - 32 40 - 63 80 - 125
90° medium 0,1÷0,25 300 - 220 200 145 - 90 0,72
heavy 0,15÷0,3 280 - 185 180 - 65 fz 0,10÷0,30
Workpiece hardness correction RDEW 0802MO
light 0,1÷0,35 315 240 255 - 165 - ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,4 300 - 220 200 145 - fz
SEEW HB kvHB 0,10÷0,35
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,5 280 - 185 180 - 65 RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW
S90SP12 ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,2 315 240 255 - 165 - 120 1,18
SSAP-A, SSAP
SDET SDEX fz 0,10÷0,30
S90SAP ,SSD09 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 300 - 220 200 145 - 140 1,12
APEW,APET RDEW 1003MO
heavy 0,15÷0,3 280 - 185 180 - 65 160 1,05 ap 1,00÷2,00
Finishing 315 240 255 - - - 180 1,00 fz 0,10÷0,35
S90AP11.. S90AP15 RDEW 10T3MO
90° Medium 300 - 220 200 - - 200 0,95 ap
SAP11 SAP15 1,00÷2,00
APKX Roughing 280 - 185 180 - - 220 0,90
SAP Modul fz
APKT 0,12÷0,35
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 315 240 255 - - - 240 0,86 RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 ap 1,50÷2,50
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 300 - 220 200 - - 260 0,82
heavy 0,15÷0,35 280 - 185 180 - - 280 0,80 fz 0,12÷0,40
RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,2 280 - 235 - 140 - 300 0,77 ap 1,50÷2,50
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 270 - 200 180 - - fz 0,20÷0,45
LC08-20 heavy 0,15÷0,30 250 - 170 165 - - RDEX 1604MO
ap 2,00÷4,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light - 240 255 - - -
fz 0,15÷0,50 0,15÷0,50
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium - - 220 200 - -
59
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy - - 185 180 - - ap 2,00÷4,00 2,00÷4,00

ESC
ESC
M
5

light medium heavy
I. 8026 I. 8040 I. 8040

II. 8040 II. 8026 II. -
III. - III. - III. -
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S
II. 8040-E II. 8026-S II. -
SPUN25..S III. 5026-S III. 5026-S III. -
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S
II. 8040-E II. 8026-S II. -
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. 5026-S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-ES I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8040-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. -
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
III. 8016-E,S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-ES I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8040-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. -
III. 8016-E,S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S

TPKN22..SR II. 8040-E II. 8026-S II. -
TPCN16..SN
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8016-E I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S

RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. 8040-E II. 8026-S II. -
RDEW12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN,SN III. - III. - III. -
RC08-RC32 I. 8016 I. 8040 I. 8040
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. 8040 II. - II. -
LC12..12F
60
LC16..16F
LC20..20F III. - III. - III. -

ESC
ESC
M Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Working Recommen-

of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz 5026 8016 8026 8040 S26 H10 inserts inserts
Forging and casting

75° light 0,1÷0,2 195 - 125 110 - - 0,70÷0,90
W75SN12 SNHN, SNKX skin APKX 1103PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,12 APKX 1505PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,20
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 medium 0,1÷0,3 185 - 110 100 - - Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,1÷0,4 170 - - 90 - - APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10 ÷ 0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15 ÷ 0,30
light 0,1÷0,35 185 120 125 110 - -
45° medium 0,15÷0,4 180 - 110 100 - - APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25 ÷ 0,50
heavy 0,15÷0,5 165 - - 90 - - Tool life correction
light 0,09÷0,3 185 120 125 110 - -
W45SE123. SEER
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 180 - 110 100 - -
Tmin kvT
W45SE15.. SEEN
heavy 0,12÷0,4 165 - - 90 - - 15 1,23
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 185 120 125 110 - - 20 1,13
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 180 - 110 100 - - 30 1,00
W90SP25.. SPGN
heavy 0,15÷0,35 165 - - 90 - - 45 0,89 Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,2 185 120 125 110 - - 60 0,81 inserts Cutting
depth 8 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 20 25 ÷ 32 40 ÷ 63 80 ÷ 125
90° medium 0,1÷0,25 180 - 110 100 - - 90 0,72
heavy 0,15÷0,3 165 - - 90 - - fz 0,10÷0,30
Workpiece hardness correction RDEW 0802MO
light 0,1÷0,35 185 120 125 110 - - ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,4 180 - 110 100 - - fz
SEEW HB kvHB 0,10÷0,35
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,5 165 - - 90 - - RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW
S90SP12 ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,2 185 120 125 110 - - >150 1,40
SSAP-A, SSAP
S90SAP ,SSD09 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 180 - 110 100 - - 150 ÷ 180 1,18
heavy 0,15÷0,3 165 - - 90 - - 180 ÷ 210 1,00 ap 1,00÷2,00
Finishing 185 120 125 110 - - 210 ÷ 240 0,87 fz 0,10÷0,35
90° Medium 180 - 110 100 - - 240 ÷ 270 0,79 ap
SAP11 SAP15 1,00÷2,00
APKX Roughing 165 - - 90 - -
SAP Modul 270 ÷ 300 0,72
APKT fz 0,12÷0,35
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 185 120 125 110 - - 300 ÷ 330 0,68 RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 ap 1,50÷2,50
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 180 - 110 100 - - 330 ÷ 360 0,66
heavy 0,15÷0,35 165 - - 90 - - 360 ÷ 390 0,62 fz 0,12÷0,40
RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,2 165 - 115 100 - - - - ap 1,50÷2,50
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 160 - 100 90 - - fz 0,20÷0,45
LC08-20 heavy 0,15-0,30 150 - 85 80 - - RDEX 1604MO
ap 2,00÷4,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light - 120 - - - -
fz 0,15÷0,50 0,15÷0,50
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium - - 110 100 - -
61
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy - - - 90 - - ap 2,00÷4,00 2,00÷4,00

ESC
ESC
K
5

light medium heavy
I. 5026 I. 5026 I. 8026-E

II. 8016-E II. 8016-E II. 5026
III. 8026 III. 8026 III. 8040
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 5026-S I. 5026-S I. 8026-S
II. 8016-S II. 8016-S II. 5026-S
SPUN25..S III. 8026-S III. 8026-S III. 8040-S
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 5026-S I. 5026-S I. 8026-S
II. 8016-S II. 8016-S II. 5026-S
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. 8026-S III. 8026-S III. 8040-S
I. 8016-E,S I. 8026-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 5026-S II. 5026-S II. 5026-S
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
I. 8016-E,S I. 8026-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 5026-S II. 5026-S II. 5026-S
I. 8016-S I. 8026-S I. 8040-S

TPKN22..SR II. 8026-S II. 8016-S II. 8026-S
TPCN16..SN
III. 5026-S III. 5026-S III. 5026-S
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8016-S I. 8026-S I. 8040-S

RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. 8026-S II. 8016-S II. 8026-S
RC08-RC32 I. 8016 I. 8040 I. -
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. - II. - II. -
LC12..12F
62
LC16..16F

ESC
ESC
K Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Working Recommen-

Sort Insert Approach Correction factor kvx
conditions ded fz fz
of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz 5026 8016 8026 8040 S26 H10 inserts inserts
Forging and casting
0,70÷0,90
W75SN12 SNHN, SNKX 75° light 0,08÷0,25 380 260 250 - - - skin APKX 1103PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,12 APKX 1505PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,20
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 medium 0,10÷0,30 330 240 235 - - - Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,10÷0,50 290 - 200 100 - - Bad machine condition 0,80÷0,95 APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10 ÷ 0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15 ÷ 0,30
light 0,10÷0,35 350 260 250 - - 145
Tool life correction APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25 ÷ 0,50
45° medium 0,15÷0,40 315 240 235 - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,50 270 - 200 100 - -
Tmin kvT F.. finishing M.. medium R.. roughing
light 0,09÷0,30 365 260 250 - - 145
W45SE123. SEER 15 1,23
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 320 240 235 - - -
W45SE15.. SEEN
heavy 0,12÷0,45 285 - 200 100 - - 20 1,13
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 370 260 250 - - 145 30 1,00
W75SP15.. SPUN 45 0,89
for tools with round indexable inserts
75° medium 0,10÷0,30 330 240 235 - - -
W90SP25.. SPGN
heavy 0,15÷0,40 290 - 200 100 - - 60 0,81
Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,25 380 260 250 - - 145 90 0,72 inserts Cutting
depth 8 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 20 25 ÷ 32 40 ÷ 63 80 ÷ 125
90° medium 0,10÷0,30 340 240 235 - - -
Workpiece hardness correction
heavy 0,15÷0,40 - - 200 100 - - fz 0,10÷0,30
kvHB RDEW 0802MO
light 0,10÷0,35 350 260 250 - - 145 HB ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET grey nodular creep-res.
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,40 315 240 235 - - - fz
SEEW 150 ÷ 180 1,40 1,15 - 0,10÷0,35
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,60 280 - 200 100 - - RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW
S90SP12 180 ÷ 200 1,25 1,08 - ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,25 380 260 250 - - 145
SSAP-A, SSAP
SDET, SDEX 200 ÷ 220 1,10 1,03 - fz 0,10÷0,30
S90SAP, SSD09 90° medium 0,10÷0,30 340 240 235 - - -
APEW, APET RDEW 1003MO
heavy 0,10÷0,40 - - 200 100 - - 220 ÷ 240 1,00 1,00 - ap 1,00÷2,00
Finishing 380 260 250 - - 145 240 ÷ 280 0,86 0,95 -

fz 0,10÷0,35
S90AP11.. S90AP15 280 ÷ 330 0,60 0,85 - RDEW 10T3MO
90° Medium 340 240 235 - - - ap
SAP11 SAP15 1,00÷2,00
APKX Roughing - - 200 100 - - 260 ÷ 300 - - 1,25
SAP Modul fz
APKT 300 ÷ 360 - - 1,00 0,12÷0,35
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 370 260 250 - - 145 RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 360 ÷ 450 - - 0,75 ap 1,50÷2,50
75° medium 0,10÷0,30 330 240 235 - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,40 - - 200 100 - - fz 0,12÷0,40
Material correction RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,25 345 240 230 - - - ap 1,50÷2,50
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,10÷0,30 305 220 215 - - - Sort of cast kvM fz 0,20÷0,45
LC08-20 heavy 0,15÷0,35 - - 200 90 - - grey 1,00 RDEX 1604MO
ap 2,00÷4,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light - 260 250 - - 145 nodular 0,85
fz 0,15÷0,50 0,15÷0,50
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium - 240 235 - - - malleable 0,95
63
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy - - 200 100 - - creep-resistant 0,40 ap 2,00÷4,00 2,00÷4,00

ESC
ESC
N
5

light medium heavy
I. 8016 I. 8016 I. 8016

II. - II. - II. -
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E
II. H10-F II. H10-F II. H10-F
SPUN25..S III. - III. - III. -
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E
II. - II. - II. -
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. - III. - III. -
I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. - II. - II. -
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. - II. - II. -
I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E

TPKN22..SR II. H10-F II. H10-F II. H10-F
TPCN16..SN
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8016-E I. 8016-E I. 8016-E

RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. - II. - II. -
RC08-RC32 I. 8016 I. 8016 I. 8016
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. - II. - II. -
LC12..12F
64
LC16..16F

ESC
ESC
N Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Working Recommen-

conditions ded Al alloys Cu alloys Correction factor kvx fz fz
of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz inserts inserts
8016 HF7 8016 HF7
Forging and casting, skin 0,70÷0,90
W75SN12 SNHN, SNKX 75° light 0,1÷0,2 - - - - - - APKX 1103PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,12 APKX 1505PD ER-F 0,05 ÷ 0,20
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 medium 0,1÷0,3 - - - - - -
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,1÷0,4 - - - - - - Bad machine condition 0,80÷0,95
APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10 ÷ 0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15 ÷ 0,30
light 0,1÷0,35 650 600 - 330 300 -
Tool life correction APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25 ÷ 0,50
45° medium 0,15÷0,4 550 500 - 280 260 -
heavy 0,15÷0,5 500 450 - 250 240 -
Tmin kvT F.. finishing M.. medium R.. roughing
light 0,09÷0,3 650 600 - 330 300 -
W45SE123. SEER 15 1,23
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 550 500 - 280 260 -
W45SE15.. SEEN
heavy 0,12÷0,4 500 450 - 250 240 - 20 1,13
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 650 600 - 330 300 - 30 1,00
W75SP15.. SPUN 45 0,89
for tools with round indexable inserts
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 550 500 - 280 260 -
W90SP25.. SPGN
heavy 0,15÷0,35 500 450 - 250 240 - 60 0,81
Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,2 650 600 - 330 300 - 90 0,72 inserts Cutting
depth 8 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 20 25 ÷ 32 40 ÷ 63 80 ÷ 125
90° medium 0,1÷0,25 550 500 - 280 260 -
Material correction
heavy 0,15÷0,3 500 450 - 250 240 - fz 0,10÷0,30
RDEW 0802MO
light 0,1÷0,35 650 600 - 330 300 - Material kvM ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,4 550 500 - 280 260 - fz
SEEW Al alloys wrought 0,10÷0,35
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,5 500 450 - 250 240 - 2,60 RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW non-hardened HB 60
S90SP12 ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,2 650 600 - 330 300 - Al alloys wrought hardened
SSAP-A, SSAP 1,00
SDET SDEX HB 100 fz 0,10÷0,30
S90SAP ,SSD09 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 550 500 - 280 260 -
APEW,APET Al alloys cast non-hardened RDEW 1003MO
heavy 0,15÷0,3 500 450 - 250 240 - 0,90 ap 1,00÷2,00
HB 75
Finishing 650 600 - 330 300 - Al alloys cast hardened fz 0,10÷0,40
S90AP11.. S90AP15 0,60
90° Medium 550 500 - 280 260 - HB 90 RDEW 10T3MO
SAP11 SAP15 ap 1,00÷2,00
APKX Al alloys cast non-hardened
SAP Modul Roughing 500 450 - 250 240 - (>12% Si) HB 130
PKD
APKT fz 0,12÷0,40
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 650 600 - 330 300 - RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 ap 1,50÷2,50
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 550 500 - 280 260 -
Brass for automatic machines
heavy 0,15÷0,35 500 450 - 250 240 - 1,80 fz 0,12÷0,40
(>1% Pb) HB 110
RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,2 500 450 - 280 260 - Brass ap 1,50÷2,50
HB 90
1,00
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 450 400 - 250 230 - fz 0,20÷0,45
LC08-20 heavy 0,15÷0,30 400 350 - 230 210 - Bronze electrolytic Cu 0,70 RDEX 1604MO
ap 2,00÷4,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light 650 600 - 330 300 -
fz 0,15÷0,50 0,15÷0,50
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium 550 500 - 280 260 -
65
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy 500 450 - 250 240 - ap 2,00÷4,00 2,00÷4,00

ESC
ESC
S
5

light medium heavy
I. 8040 I. 8040 I. 8040

II. - II. 8026 II. -
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S
II. 8040-S II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
SPUN25..S III. 8016-S III. 5026-S III. -
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S
II. 8040-S II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. 8016-S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-E,S I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8040-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. 8026-E,S
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
III. 8016-E,S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-E,S I. 8040-E,S I. 8040-E,S

APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8040-E,S II. 8026-E,S II. 8026-E,S
III. 8016-E,S III. 5026-S III. -
I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S

TPKN22..SR II. 8040-S II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
TPCN16..SN
III. 8016-S III. - III. -
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8026-S I. 8040-S,E I. 8040-S

RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. 8040-E II. 8026-S II. 8026-S
RDEW12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN,SN III. 8016-S III. - III. -
RC08-RC32 I. 8040 I. 8040 I. 8040
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. 8016 II. - II. -
LC12..12F
66
LC16..16F

ESC
ESC
S Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Working Recomen-

of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz 8016 8026 8040 S26 H10 S45 inserts inserts
Forging and casting

light 0,1÷0,2 - - 40 - - - 0,70÷0,90
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 75° medium 0,1÷0,3 - - 35 - - - Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,1÷0,4 - - - - - - APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10 ÷ 0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15 ÷ 0,30
light 0,1÷0,35 50 45 40 - - -
45° medium 0,15÷0,4 - 40 35 - - - APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25 ÷ 0,50
Correction for sort of alloy
heavy 0,15÷0,5 - - - - - -
light 0,09÷0,3 50 45 40 - - -
W45SE123. SEER sort of alloy kvT
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 - 40 35 - - -
W45SE15.. SEEN Ti alloy 2,30
heavy 0,12÷0,4 - - - - - -
W60SP25.. SPKN
Fe alloy 1,25 Recommended feeds and cutting depths
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 50 45 40 - - -
W75SP15.. SPUN Ni alloy 1,00 for tools with round indexable inserts
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 - 40 35 - - -
W90SP25.. SPGN Co alloy 0,70
heavy 0,15÷0,35 - - - - - - Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,2 50 45 40 - - - inserts Cutting
Workpiece hardness correction depth 8 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 20 25 ÷ 32 40 ÷ 63 80 ÷ 125
90° medium 0,1÷0,25 - 40 35 - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,3 - - - - - - fz 0,10÷0,20
light 0,1÷0,35 50 45 40 - - -
HB kvHB RDEW 0802MO
ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,4 - 40 35 - - - 230 1,05 fz
SEEW 0,10÷0,25
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,5 - - - - - - 250 1,00 RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW
Ni alloy
S90SP12 ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,2 50 45 40 - - - 280 0,92
SSAP-A, SSAP
SDET SDEX 320 0,84 fz 0,10÷0,20
S90SAP ,SSD09 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 - 40 35 - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,3 - - - - - - 350 0,79 ap 1,00÷1,50
Finishing 50 45 40 - - - 200 1,30 fz 0,10÷0,25
Ti alloy
S90AP11.. S90AP15 250 1,14 RDEW 10T3MO
90° Medium - 40 35 - - - ap
SAP11 SAP15 1,00÷1,50
APKX Roughing - - - - - - 300 1,00
SAP Modul fz
APKT 320 0,95 0,12÷0,25
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 50 45 40 - - - RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 180 1,05 ap 1,00÷1,50
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 - 40 35 - - -
Fe alloy
200 1,00 fz
heavy 0,15÷0,35 - - - - - - 0,12÷0,25
240 0,90 RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,2 40 40 35 - - - ap 1,00÷1,50
280 0,83
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 - 35 30 - - - fz 0,20÷0,30
LC08-20 heavy 0,15÷0,30 - - - - - - Strength Rm kRm RDEX 1604MO
ap 1,00÷2,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light 50 45 40 - - - 450 2,50
Ti alloy
fz 0,15÷0,30 0,15÷0,30
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium - 40 35 - - - 900 1,00
67
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy - - - - - - 1100 0,90 ap 1,00÷2,00 1,00÷2,00

ESC
ESC
H
5

light medium heavy
I. 8016-E I. 8026-E I. -
II. 8026 II. H10-E II. -
SEER12..EN; SN; SEEN12..FN;SN I. 8016-S I. 8016-S I. -
II. 8026-S II. 8026-S II. -
SPUN25..S III. - III. - III. -
SEET12..EN; SN; SEEW12..EN, SN I. 8016-S I. 8026-S I. -
II. 8026-S II. 8016-S II. -
SEMT09, SOMT 09 III. - III. - III. -
I. 8016-E,S I. 8026-E,S I. -
APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8026-E,S II. 8016-E,S II. -
ADKT15..ER-M
APKT10..ER-M
I. 8016-E,S I. 8026-E,S I. -
APKX11..ER-F; ER-M
II. 8026-E,S II. 8016-E,S II. -
I. 8016-S I. 8026-S I. -
TPKN22..SR II. 8026-S II. 8016-S II. -
TPCN16..SN
RPEX12..EN;SN; RDEX16..EN;SN I. 8016-S I. 8026-S I. -

RDET10..SN;RDEW10..EN;SN II. 8026-S II. 8016-S II. -
RC08-RC32 I. 8016 I. - I. -
LC08..08F
LC10..10F
II. - II. - II. -
LC12..12F
68
LC16..16F

ESC
ESC
H Choice of cutting speed vc v depending on feed fz CORRECTION VC Recommended feeds
5
for inserts APKX
Working Recommen-

of tool shape angle
milling feeds fz 8016 8026 8040 S26 H10 S45 inserts inserts
Forging and casting

light 0,1÷0,2 45 35 - - 25 - 0,70÷0,90
W75SN15 CNE635, CNM563 75° medium 0,1÷0,3 35 30 - - 20 - Good machine condition 1,05÷1,20
S88CN, S90 SN12 SNHQ12 heavy 0,1÷0,4 - - - - - - APKX 1103PD ER-M 0,10 ÷ 0,25 APKX 1505PD ER-M 0,15 ÷ 0,30
light 0,1÷0,35 45 35 - - - -
45° medium 0,15÷0,4 35 30 - - - - APKX 1505PD ER-R 0,25 ÷ 0,50
heavy 0,15÷0,5 - - - - - -
light 0,09÷0,3 45 35 - - - -
W45SE123. SEER
60° medium 0,12÷0,35 35 30 - - - -
W45SE15.. SEEN
heavy 0,12÷0,4 - - - - - -
W75SP12.. SPKR light 0,08÷0,25 45 35 - - - -
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 35 30 - - - -
W90SP25.. SPGN
heavy 0,15÷0,35 - - - - - - Feed Milling cutter diameter [mm]
light 0,08÷0,2 45 35 - - - - inserts Cutting
depth 8 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 20 25 ÷ 32 40 ÷ 63 80 ÷ 125
90° medium 0,1÷0,25 35 30 - - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,3 - - - - - - fz 0,10÷0,20
RDEW 0802MO
light 0,1÷0,35 45 35 - - - - ap 0,50÷1,50
SEET
S45SE12.. 45° medium 0,15÷0,4 35 30 - - - - fz
SEEW 0,10÷0,25
S45SN12.. heavy 0,15÷0,5 - - - - - - RDEW 0803MO
SPET, SPEW
S90SP12 ap 0,50÷1,50
SNKX, SDEW light 0,08÷0,2 45 35 - - - -
SSAP-A, SSAP
S90SAP ,SSD09 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 35 30 - - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,3 - - - - - - ap 1,00÷1,50
Finishing 45 35 - - - - fz 0,10÷0,25
90° Medium 35 30 - - - - ap
SAP11 SAP15 1,00÷1,50
APKX Roughing - - - - - -
SAP Modul fz
APKT 0,12÷0,25
S90AP11 S90AP15.. light 0,08÷0,25 45 35 - - - - RDEW 12T3MO
ADKT
S75AP11 S75AP15 ap 1,00÷1,50
75° medium 0,1÷0,3 35 30 - - - -
heavy 0,15÷0,35 - - - - - - fz 0,12÷0,25
RDEX 1204MO
TPKR light 0,08÷0,2 40 30 - - - - ap 1,00÷1,50
W90TP22 F90TP16 TPKN TPCN 90° medium 0,1÷0,25 30 25 - - - - fz 0,20÷0,30
LC08-20 heavy 0,15÷0,30 - - - - - - RDEX 1604MO
ap 1,00÷2,00
SMORP12, SMORD16 RPEX, RDEX light 50 45 - - - -
fz 0,15÷0,30 0,15÷0,30
BSRD, E-SRD, E(2)SRD RDET, RDEW medium 45 40 - - - -
69
RPEX 1204MO
K2 SRC, K2-SLC RC08-RC25 heavy - - - - - - ap 1,00÷2,00 1,00÷2,00

OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 5.4 Special milling technology
DEFINITION
5.4.1 Descending milling
Milling into material under an angle. In the following Table in the fi gure there are given the maximum acceptable angle
of descent α max for face cutter millers PRAMET with cutting inserts APKX 1505PD and APKX 1103PD.
APKX 1103 PD APKX 1505 PD
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
Entering the material under angle
Ø mill [mm] αmax [°] Ø mill [mm] αmax [°]
16 5 25 4
20 4,5 32 3,5
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
25 4 40 3,5
OF MILLING TOOL
Recessing milling
Ø mill [mm] aemax [mm] Ø mill [mm] aemax [mm]
CHOICE
16 4 25 7
20 4 32 7
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
25 4 40 7
5.4.2 Recessing milling

It is mainly used for semi-roughing and fi nishing milling of vertical surfaces of deep cavities with a relatively high
perpendicular accuracy; it can be also achieved very good quality of machined workpiece (the roughness in axial direction)
OF CUTTING INSERTS
depending on the chosen cutting conditions, above all the feed per tooth f z and radius of the nose curvature rε of cutting
insert, or by using the milling cutters with round cutting inserts.
The waviness of the machined surface in radial direction depends on the slotting dimension – i.e. on the feed f e of the
WEAR
milling cutter in radial direction.

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 70
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 5.4.3 Ramping
DEFINITION
Repeated ramping into depth a p with a subsequent starting is used for milling of closed cavities. In combination with
circular interpolation it is possible with this technique to mill closed cavities with various cross-sections and shapes.
The maximum acceptable radial cutting depths ae for cutter millers with cutting inserts APKX 1103PD and APKX 1505PD
are given in the following Table. In case a special ramping cutter is used then the value a p max is limited by the length
of cutting edge of peripheral cutting insert l.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
Ramping
Ø mill [mm] apmax [mm] Ø mill [mm] apmax [mm]
16 0,5 25 0,5
OF TURNING TOOL
20 0,5 32 0,5
CHOICE
25 0,5 40 0,5
5.4.4 Milling by using circular and helical interpolation
OF MILLING TOOL
Milling with circular interpolation is used to increase the diameter of a hole or in general a cavity in workpiece. In combination
with descent milling (ramping) it comes to helical interpolation in this case the internal surface is machined, therefore
CHOICE
we speak about the internal circular or helical interpolation. Similarly it is possible to machine external cylindrical or general
surfaces. In this case we speak about the external interpolation.
For milling cutters PRAMET with cutting inserts APKX 1103PD and APKX 1505PD, the following Table gives on the one
hand the minimum initial diameter of an increased hole D1 and maximum acceptable feed per revolution in axial direction
for each cutter diameter mentioned in the Table.
When calculating the feed speed v f [mm.min -1] and feed per tooth from the medium chip thickness hm , at circular interpolation
both values are related to the centre of the cutter. For determination of the feed per tooth f z , which guarantees the observance
of a certain optimum mean chip thickness h m , it is necessary to proceed from the radial cutting depth ae (see next Figure).
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
Milling by using circular Ø mill Ø d1 min smax Ø d1 min smax Ø mill Ø d1 min smax Ø d1 min smax
and helical interpolation [mm] [mm] [mm.rev-1] [mm] [mm.rev-1] [mm] [mm] [mm.rev-1] [mm] [mm.rev-1]
OF CUTTING INSERTS
16 24 1,5 30 2,8 25 42 3,2 48 4,5

WEAR
20 32 1,6 38 2,5 32 55 2,7 62 3,5
25 42 1,8 48 2,4 40 72 1,4 78 1,8

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 71
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC The magnitude ae at circular interpolation is given by the following relation:
DEFINITION
d22 - d12
ae = [mm]
4(d2 - D) a e = radial cutting depth [mm]
d2 = resulting hole diameter [mm]
d1 = initial hole diameter [mm]
CUTTING GRADES
D = cutter diameter [mm]
PRAMET
The feed per tooth for required optimum medium chip thickness h m is determined from the relation:
D
fz = hm [mm.tooth-1]
ae
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
or vice versa, the medium chip thickness h m for chosen feed f z is given by the relation:
ae
h m = fz [mm]
D
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 72
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC At the external circular interpolation, at which the external initial diameter d 2 decreases to the resulting diameter d 1
DEFINITION
by milling with a cutter with diameter of D, the radial cutting depth is calculated according to the following relation:
d22 - d12
ae = [mm]
4(d1 + D)
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
At the same difference of diameters d 2 - d 1, the larger radial cutting depth ae is achieved by milling of a tool with the same
diameter D by means of internal circular interpolation than that by external interpolation.
The medium chip thickness h m is dependent according to the above mentioned formula on the ratio a e /D, and therefore
it is at milling by the circular interpolation smaller. For the maintenance of a medium chip thickness in a certain range
of optimum values it is necessary to choose higher feeds per tooth f z .
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
Fig. a Fig. b
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
The gradual entrance (Fig. a) is more convenient from the point of continuous tool load.
When choosing the direct entrance in radial direction (Fig. b) then during entrance it is necessary to reduce feed and cutting
speed by 30 - 50 % because of an impact elimination which can cause vibrations, especially at larger tool overhang.
ESC 73
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 6.1 Procedure for optimum tool choice
DEFINITION
6.1.1 Choice of insert grade and chip former
For drills with cutting inserts Pramet, the cutting inserts WCM ... from grades 6640 and 8030 have an optimum cutting efficiency.
Cutting inserts from grade 6640 with MTCVD coating show a high cutting performance and they are used as peripheral
inserts for drilling of smooth uninterrupted holes into workpiece from carbon steels and also alloy steels and slightly
machinable stainless steels and for drilling of cast iron.
Cutting inserts from grade 8030 are all-purpose powerful and reliable inserts with PVD coating. It is convenient for peripheral
CUTTING GRADES
and internal inserts for hole drilling into workpieces from carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels and cast iron and non-
-ferrous metals. Cutting inserts from grade 8030 are convenient for drilling of holes being interrupted by transversal holes
PRAMET
and also for drilling of holes with another sort of interruption. It can be also used for drilling in the surface skin of castings
and for drilling in inclined and generally uneven surfaces.
Chip former geometry of cutting inserts for drilling. Cutting inserts WCMT(X) .....UM, UD, 45 are optimal for medium
values of feeds at drilling of steels. Cutting inserts WCMT ...UR, 46, 47, 48 can be also used for drilling of cast iron. Chip
formers 46, 47, 48 are an alternative solution for harder steels at higher feeds.
OF TURNING TOOL
6.2 Choice of cutting conditions for drilling with drills with inserts Pramet
CHOICE
The recommended range of cutting speeds v c and feeds f for drilling of material groups P, M, K, N, S, H is given
in the following Tables; there are given the range of feeds for drills with various diameters D, recommended grade
of internal and peripheral cutting inserts, the range of cutting speeds and values of correction factors k VMB for machined
materials with different hardness HB. Expected tool life is T ≈ 20 min.
Recommended cutting speeds are specifi ed in 3 levels – marked with I, II, III.
The highest values of initial (“starting”) cutting speeds, marked as „I” correspond to “good” machining conditions
at a high stiffness of the system machine-tool-workpiece, that means a stabile clamping of a tough workpiece at minimum
OF MILLING TOOL
drill overhang and at machining with a rigid machine with a suffi cient power of driving motor and a suffi cient reserve
of the torque.
CHOICE
Medium values of cutting speeds, marked as „II”, correspond to common machining conditions at a suitable stiffness
of the system machine-tool-workpiece. They represent the medium level of “starting” cutting speeds in most cases of hole
drillings in deeper cavities.
The lowest values of cutting speeds at the level marked as „III“.: it is convenient to choose them in cases of reduced stiffness
of the system machine-tool-workpiece. It is above all a case of drilling of less tough workpieces by tools which are clamped
for technological reasons with a longer overhang, furthermore at drilling holes which are interrupted by transverse holes
and for drilling into inclined and generally uneven surfaces.
The Tables also content the corrections of recommended cutting speeds v c , for a different material hardness and also
OF DRILLING
for the sort of alloy.
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 74
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
Drill Insert grade Cutting speed HB 180 ÷ 200
Feed
Material diameter
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
[mm] Internal Peripheral [m.min-1] Workpiece hardness correction
16 ÷ 20 0,07 ÷ 0,10 HB kvHB HB kvHB
CUTTING GRADES
21 ÷ 25 0,08 ÷ 0,13 120 1,18 220 0,90
PRAMET
240
6640 (8030) I 230
220
26 ÷ 30 0,10 ÷ 0,14 140 1,12 240 0,86
8030
220
P II 210
200
OF TURNING TOOL
31 ÷ 40 0,12 ÷ 0,16 160 1,05 260 0,82
190
CHOICE
III 180
170
41 ÷ 50 0,13 ÷ 0,18 180 1,00 280 0,80
51 ÷ 58 0,13 ÷ 0,20 200 0,95 300 0,77
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Feed
Material diameter
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
OF DRILLING
16 ÷ 20 0,07 ÷ 0,10 HB kvHB HB kvHB
CHOICE
21 ÷ 25 0,09 ÷ 0,12 <150 1,40 270÷300 0,72
170
I 160
150
OF CUTTING INSERTS
26 ÷ 30 0,08 ÷ 0,14 150÷180 1,18 300÷330 0,68

8030
8030
140
WEAR
M II 130
120
31 ÷ 40 0,10 ÷ 0,16 180÷210 1,00 330÷360 0,66
115
III 100
95
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
41 ÷ 50 0,10 ÷ 0,18 210÷240 0,87 360÷390 0,62
51 ÷ 58 0,11 ÷ 0,20 240÷270 0,79
ESC 75
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
Feed
Material diameter
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
kvHB kvHB kvHB
16 ÷ 20 0,04 ÷ 0,10 for special
HB for grey for grey
creep-resistant
cast iron cast iron cast iron
CUTTING GRADES
150÷180 1,40 1,15 -
21 ÷ 25 0,08 ÷ 0,14
PRAMET
275 180÷200 1,25 1,08 -
I 260 200÷220 1,10 1,03 -

250 220÷240 1,00 1,00 -
26 ÷ 30 0,12 ÷ 0,18
8030
6640
175 240÷280 0,86 0,95 -
K II 160 280÷330 0,60 0,85 -
150
OF TURNING TOOL
260÷300 - - 0,5
31 ÷ 40 0,14 ÷ 0,20
300÷360 - - 0,4
CHOICE
120
III 110 Correction for sort of cast iron
95 Sort of cast iron kvM
41 ÷ 50 0,15 ÷ 0,22
Grey cast iron 1,00
Nodular cast iron 0,85

51 ÷ 58 0,18 ÷ 0,25 Malleable cast iron 0,95
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Drill Insert grade Cutting speed AL and Cu alloys
Feed
Material diameter
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
[mm] Internal Peripheral [m.min-1] CORRECTION FOR SORT OF ALLOYS
OF DRILLING
16 ÷ 20 0,04 ÷ 0,12 Al alloys
CHOICE
slitiny slitiny
Al Cu Material kvM
21 ÷ 25 0,06 ÷ 0,16
Al alloys wrought non-hardened HB 60 2,6
I 380 330 Al alloys wrought hardened HB 100 1,0

OF CUTTING INSERTS
26 ÷ 30 0,10 ÷ 0,18 Al alloys wrought non-hardened HB 75 0,9

8030
8030
WEAR
N II 350 300 Al alloys wrought hardened HB 90 0,6
Cu alloys
31 ÷ 40 0,12 ÷ 0,22
Material kvM
III 310 260
EQUIVALENT TABLES
Brass for automatic machines HB 110 1,8

GRADE GROUPS
41 ÷ 50 0,13 ÷ 0,23
Brass HB 90 1,0
51 ÷ 58 0,14 ÷ 0,26 Bronze electrolytic Cu 0,7
ESC 76
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
Drill Cutting speed
Creep-resistant alloys on basis
Insert grade Feed
Material diameter of Ni, Co, Fe, Ti
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
[mm] Internal Peripheral [m.min-1] Correction on sort of alloy
16 ÷ 20 0,05 ÷ 0,08
Sort of alloy kvHB
CUTTING GRADES
21 ÷ 25 0,06 ÷ 0,09
PRAMET
80
I 75
60
26 ÷ 30 0,06 ÷ 0,10 Ti alloys 1,80
8030
8030
50
S II 40
30
OF TURNING TOOL
31 ÷ 40 0,08 ÷ 0,12 Fe alloys 1,25
30
CHOICE
III 25
15
41 ÷ 50 0,09 ÷ 0,12 Ni alloys 1,00
51 ÷ 58 0,09 ÷ 0,14 Co alloys 0,70
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Drill Insert grade Cutting speed Treated steels 46 ÷ 50 HRC
Feed
Material diameter
f vc
group D [mm.rev-1]
[mm] Internal Peripheral [m.min-1]
OF DRILLING
16 ÷ 20 0,04 ÷ 0,08
CHOICE
21 ÷ 25 0,06 ÷ 0,10
65
I 60
55
OF CUTTING INSERTS
26 ÷ 30 0,08 ÷ 0,12
8030
8030
50
WEAR
H II 45
40
31 ÷ 40 0,10 ÷ 0,15
35
III 30
25
EQUIVALENT TABLES
41 ÷ 50 0,11 ÷ 0,15
GRADE GROUPS
51 ÷ 58 0,12 ÷ 0,18
ESC 77
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 6.3 Drilling of holes with larger or smaller diameter than nominal drill diameter
DEFINITION
By means of misalignment of drills with cutting inserts we acquire the possibility to machine holes with a diameter (larger
or smaller) differing from a nominal drill diameter. It is generally accepted that the misalignment (displacement) of drill axis
with nominal diameter D c towards the hole axis (axis of revolution) by the value + x or – x, results in a hole with diameter
D o = D c ± 2 x , thus larger or smaller one than the nominal drill diameter is. Both cases are shown in the following Figure.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Fig. a Fig. b
In the Figure a, the drill was misaligned by a value of +x (in direction of peripheral insert from the workpiece axis
of revolution; on the contrary in the Figure b, the drill was misaligned by a value of –x in direction towards the workpiece
OF MILLING TOOL
axis of revolution.
In the case according to the Fig. a, it comes to the formation of a larger hole with the diameter of Do = Dc + 2x
CHOICE
In the case according to the Fig. b, it comes to the formation of a smaller hole with the diameter of Do = Dc - 2x.
The magnitude of misalignment -x is before all restricted by the difference between the nominal drill diameter D c
and the diameter of its body D 1 – thus by the clearance between a drilled hole and a drill body.
At drills with cutting inserts Pramet, the holes of diameters in the range of 16 ÷ 59 mm can be drilled in this way.
The possibility to drill holes with a diameter of D o that differs from the nominal drill diameter D c extends the application
fi eld of drills with cutting inserts. Pre-adjustment of the position of drill body enables the tolerance reduction of drilled holes.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
From the technological point of view, two differing cases must be distinguished:
a) Stationary drill – it is used on turning lathe – the workpiece performs the main rotary motion, the tool usually does the feed
b) Rotating drill – it is mostly used in machining centres where the drill performs the main rotary motion, the feed
is mostly performed by drill or also by workpiece
6.3.1 Stacionary drill

OF CUTTING INSERTS
At drill clamping it is necessary to maintain the insert edge position (tool tip) which shall be parallel with the axis
of the transverse feed (infeed) of a machine. The misalignment has to be carried out in direction of tool tip, and drill axis
WEAR
and hole axis have to be at the same line. A larger hole diameter is achieved by the misalignment in direction of a peripheral
cutting insert. The maximum allowable misalignment in the perpendicular direction to the misalignment direction is 0,03 mm.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 78
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC The maximum drill misalignment +x is for each drill diameter D c different; it depends on the dimension of a cutting
DEFINITION
insert – depending on the “effi cient length” tip x L of a cutting insert. At cutting inserts with shape WCMT which are used
on drills Pramet, the value x L is indicated in the following Figure. The maximum value +x can be determined for a certain
drill diameter Dc from the condition that both drill edges must remove the whole hole material with an increased diameter
of D o = D c + 2x.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
Problems with the determination of maximum drill misalignment +x max are displayed in the following Figure.
CHOICE
A/ Without misalignment ≈ drill axis in the hole axis
D c .......... drill diameter [mm]
D o .......... hole diameter [mm]
x Lo ......... effi cient length of peripheral edge [mm]
x Lv ......... effi cient length of internal edge [mm]
x´ Lv ........ overhang of internal edge over the drill axis [mm]
OF MILLING TOOL
It is usually accepted x Lo = x Lv then it is accepted Dc
CHOICE
x Lo + (x Lv - x´Lv) - xp =
2
Dc
2x L - x´Lv - xp =
2
In case without misalignment, both edges operate with a certain overlapping x p
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 79
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC B/ Misalignment by value of +x
DEFINITION
By drill misalignment +x, the axis of revolution shifts in accordance with the Figures 4-9 along the internal edge, its effective
length shortens consequently. Furthermore, the effective length of each edge shortens by a value of radius of the nose
curvature rε .
Then it means according to the following Figure:
2(x Lo + rε)+2(x Lv - rε - x´Lv-xmax) = Dc + 2xmax
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
for x Lo = x Lv = x L is accepted:
x´L Dc
xmax = (xL - rε) - -
2 4
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
It is necessary to reduce the maximum misalignment with regard to a possible drill springing-back (pressing off),
for instance at drilling in an inclined concave or convex surface. At the same time the infl uence of the hole
depth ≈ relation L/D of a drill must be taken into account.
At drills with small diameters in the range of D c = 16 ÷ 25 mm, where cutting inserts VBD WCMX 0302 and WCMT 0402
OF CUTTING INSERTS
are applied, it is necessary to reduce the values x max with regard to the fact that the axis of revolution moves with
an increasing misalignment in direction to the centre of the internal cutting insert and the edge length x Lv increases
and it comes to a friction of machined material. Consequently, a very unfavourable stress of cutting insert develops
WEAR
and a risk of its destruction increases.

The maximum misalignment value –x (D o < D c) is determined by the requirement that the tip of the internal cutting insert
is not moved to the right direction from the axis of revolution, that no material remains in the middle of the hole bottom
which could cause stamping and practically could aggravate or disable a drilling (x´Lv < 0).
Maximum values +x max a -x max for different drill diameters with cutting inserts Pramet are given in the following Table.
Simultaneously, the values of hole diameter D 0min and D 0max are also mentioned which can be achieved by the respective
misalignment. It concerns the values for stationary drills. The data “A” are valid for smaller tool overhang and drills for hole
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
depth 2,5D, and the data “B” for tools with a larger overhang and for a hole depth 3,5D and larger.
ESC 80
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
Drill Drill misalignment Range of diameters
diameter VBD x [mm] D0 [mm]
Dc [mm]
A +x B +x -x A D0max B D0max D0min
16 1,25 1,0 0,2 18,5 18 15,6
16,5 1,2 1,0 0,2 18,9 18,5 16,1
17 1,15 0,9 0,2 19,3 18,8 16,6
030208EUD
17,5 1,1 0,85 0,2 19,7 19,2 17,1

WCMX
CUTTING GRADES
18 1,0 0,8 0,2 20 19,6 17,6
PRAMET
18,5 0,95 0,75 0,2 20,4 20 18,1
19 0,9 0,7 0,2 20,8 20,4 18,6
19,5 0,85 0,65 0,2 21,2 20,8 19,1
20 0,75 0,6 0,2 21,5 21,2 19,6
21 1,35 1,0 0,2 23,7 23 20,6
040208E46
22 1,2 0,9 0,2 24,4 23,8 21,6

WCMT
OF TURNING TOOL
23 1,05 0,8 0,2 25,1 24,6 22,6
24 0,9 0,7 0,2 25,8 25,4 23,6
CHOICE
25 0,75 0,55 0,2 26,5 26,1 24,6
WCMT 050308E
26 2,4 1,9 0,25 30,8 29,8 25,5

27 2,2 1,75 0,25 31,4 30,5 26,5
28 2,0 1,6 0,25 32,0 31,2 27,5
29 1,85 1,45 0,25 32,7 31,9 28,5
30 1,65 1,3 0,25 33,3 32,6 29,5
OF MILLING TOOL
31 3,0 2,5 0,25 37 36 30,5
32 2,9 2,3 0,25 37,8 36,6 31,5
CHOICE
33 2,7 2,15 0,25 38,4 37,3 32,5
34 2,5 2,0 0,25 39 38 33,5
06T308
WCMT
35 2,3 1,85 0,25 39,6 38,7 34,5

36 2,15 1,7 0,25 40,3 39,4 35,5
37 1,95 1,55 0,25 40,9 40,1 36,5
38 1,75 1,4 0,25 41,5 40,8 37,5
39 1,6 1,25 0,25 42,2 41,5 38,5
OF DRILLING
40 1,4 1,1 0,25 42,8 42,2 39,5
CHOICE
41 4,15 3,3 0,25 49,3 47,6 40,5
42 3,95 3,15 0,25 49,9 48,3 41,5
43 3,8 3,0 0,25 50,6 49 42,5
44 3,6 2,9 0,25 51,2 49,8 43,5
45 3,4 2,7 0,25 51,8 50,4 44,5
OF CUTTING INSERTS
46 3,2 2,6 0,25 52,4 51,2 45,5

47 3,05 2,4 0,25 53,1 51,8 46,5
48 2,85 2,25 0,25 53,7 52,5 47,5
WEAR
080412
WCMT
49 2,65 2,1 0,25 54,3 53,2 48,5

50 2,45 1,95 0,25 54,9 53,9 49,5
51 2,3 1,8 0,25 55,6 54,6 50,5
52 2,1 1,65 0,25 56,2 55,3 51,5
53 1,9 1,5 0,25 56,8 56,0 52,5
EQUIVALENT TABLES
54 1,7 1,35 0,25 57,4 56,7 53,5

GRADE GROUPS
55 1,55 1,2 0,25 58,1 57,4 54,5

56 1,35 1,05 0,25 58,7 58,1 55,5
57 1,15 0,9 0,25 59,3 58,8 56,5
58 0,95 0,75 0,25 59,9 59,5 57,5
ESC 81
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 6.3.2 Rotating drill
DEFINITION
For misalignment of rotating drills it is necessary to use special eccentric chucks, by which it is possible to adjust intermediate
diameters of holes up to the nearest higher standard diameter. Chucks of various products enable a misalignment
in the range of around –0,2 ÷ +1,4 mm. The misalignment enables to compensate production tolerances of the drill
body and cutting insert; by the diameter pre-adjustment on the machine, it is possible to improve the hole tolerance
up to ± 0,1mm. By controlling the misalignment during drilling at stationary drills it is possible to carry out e.g. a hole
pre-drilling (hole recessing) for threads including chamfering. The hole accuracy is dependent on the drill length; at drills
with 2D ÷ 2,5D it is usually in the range of +0,2 ÷ -0,1mm. The roughness of machined hole surface usually achieves the
values of R a = 3,2 ÷ 6,4 µm.
CUTTING GRADES
For achievement of better roughness values of machined surface it is recommended to retain the speed at the level
PRAMET
of double up to three-fold working feed during withdrawal the drill from the hole.
At drills misalignment it comes to a specifi c balance disruption of radial components of the cutting force; therefore
it is necessary to reduce feed values to the level of 0,05 - 0,1 mm.rev -1.
6.4 Practical recommendations
OF TURNING TOOL
Drills intended for the depth of hole up to 3D can be also used for drilling in inclined concave, convex and generally uneven
CHOICE
surfaces. They can be also used for re-drilling of pre-drilled (coaxial) holes or also in cases of drilling other holes which
are perpendicular or inclined to the axis of drilled hole. But in this case it is necessary to respect the recommendations
mentioned for the two following Figures.
Drills intended for the depth of hole > 3D and drills working with a large overhang require a planar entrance surface
and a homogeneous workpiece.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
Provided that a drill drills in an inclined concave, convex and generally uneven surface, it is necessary to reduce the feed
by 50 % up to the full drilling completion. The same is accepted for drill exit after drilling a hole.
At the re-drilling of a pre-drilled hole the diameter of pre-drilled hole must not be larger than ¼ of drill diameter. Otherwise
there is a risk of drill defl ection (pressing off).
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
At drilling of a hole with perpendicular or inclined axis towards the axis of another hole, the diameter of drilled hole must
not be larger than ¼ of drilled hole diameter. In the course of drilling it is necessary to reduce the feed by 50%.
ESC 82
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Important notice!
At drilling of a through hole in a rotating workpiece by the stationary drill, a small disc is created after drilling completion;
it springs out by a high speed. For the safety reason it is necessary to cover up the working spot.
That is impossible to drill a sheet-metal pack by this type of tool. !!!
OF MILLING TOOL
6.5 Use of cutting fl uids at drilling with drills with cuting inserts
CHOICE
An extreme power and thermal edges load of indexable cutting inserts and a large quantity of chips which are generated
in a closed compartment set above all high requirements for the quantity and pressure of a supplied cutting fluid.
The cutting fluid supply in a sufficient quantity is a necessary condition for the reliable function of drills with cutting inserts.
The most important function of the cutting fl uid during drilling is the removal of generated chips from the cut place
and furthermore lubricative and cooling functions.
Water emulsions of emulsifying oils upon the petroleum basis are recommended for using as cutting fluids; furthermore,
half-synthetic or synthetic emulsifying oils with usual concentration of 3 ÷ 5%.
OF DRILLING
The cutting fluid supply in a suffi cient quantity and the pressure of cutting fluid are necessary conditions for the reliable
CHOICE
function of drills with cutting inserts; the cutting fluid is usually supplied directly into the cut place.
The quantity of cutting fl uid and its pressure depend above all on the drill diameter, thus of the diameter of a hole
to be drilled, and consequently on the material volume which is removed within unit of time; furthermore on the depth
of drilled hole, on the drill position (drill in horizontal or vertical position) and on the function of chip former on the cutting
insert. All these technological factors have above all the influence on the chip disposal from the cut place.
Naturally, another no less important factor is the infl uence of properties of machined material. The recommended guide
OF CUTTING INSERTS
values for quantity of supplied cutting fluid Q l/min and pressure P in MPa are given in the following Table.
WEAR
Cutting fluid quantity Q [l.min-1] Cutting fluid pressure P [MPa]

Drill diameter
Dc [mm] Drill length Drill length
2,5 D 3,5 D 2,5 D 3,5 D
16 ÷ 20 20 28 0,25 0,36
21 ÷ 25 21 30 0,24 0,35
26 ÷ 30 22 31 0,23 0,34
EQUIVALENT TABLES
31 ÷ 35 25 34 0,23 0,34
GRADE GROUPS
36 ÷ 40 28 36 0,23 0,34
41 ÷ 45 30 38 0,22 0,33
46 ÷ 50 32 40 0,22 0,32
51 ÷ 55 35 42 0,22 0,32
56 ÷ 58 37 45 0,22 0,31
ESC 83
6 Drilling
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC These values are valid for drills in the horizontal position. For drills in the vertical position it is necessary to increase
DEFINITION
the quantity and pressure of supplied cutting fluid by 40%.
At a good function of chip former, the cutting liquid quantity and pressure can be reduced by 20-30%.
On the contrary, when the chip generation is bad and there is a risk of crowding the grooves for chip disposal, the cutting
fluid quantity and pressure must be increased by 40 ÷ 50%.
At assessment of the right chosen cutting liquid quantity and pressure, its cooling impact cannot be forgotten. A large
heat quantity generating by mechanical energy expended for drilling should be reliably taken away by cutting fluid.
The fl owing chip should not be coloured as a result of heat. Provided that the fl owing chip has a blue shade or is straw-
CUTTING GRADES
-coloured, it is necessary to increase the cutting liquid quantity and the pressure. Otherwise there is a risk of reduction
of edge longevity and drill body life.
PRAMET
It means in general that with increasing drill diameter the recommended quantity Q increases and recommended cutting
liquid pressure slightly falls.
In case that a Table with recommended values Q and P is not available, a very approximate rule is valid that the cutting
liquid quantity Q in l.min -1. should numerically correspond to the drill diameter D c in mm.
6.6 Drills with cutting inserts - troubleshooting
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Problem Problem remedy
1. Low performance of machine driving motor a) Reduce the cutting speed – reduce the spindle revolutions
(low twisting moment at spindle) b) Reduce the feed
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
a) Reduce the cutting speed
2. Excessive wear of edge of peripheral cutting
b) Choose more wear-resistant insert grade
insert
c) Increase the cutting liquid volume and pressure
a) Reduce feed during drilling (especially at an uneven

entrance workpiece surface)
OF DRILLING
3. Crumbling – fragile failure of peripheral insert edge b) Choose a tougher insert grade
CHOICE
c) Reduce the cutting speed
d) Choose another geometry of chip former
a) Choose a tougher insert grade

b) Reduce the feed during drilling
4. Crumbling – fragile failure of internal insert edge
OF CUTTING INSERTS
c) Check the drill and workpiece clamping

d) Choose another geometry of chip former
WEAR
a) Increase the feed

5. Continuous, badly formed chip b) Enhance the cutting speed and reduce the feed
c) Choose another geometry of chip former
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
a) Increase the cutting fluid quantity and pressure

6. Crowding of short chips in disposal grooves b) Reduce the cutting speed
c) Choose another geometry of chip former
ESC 84
7 Wear of cutting inserts
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 7.1 Types (sorts) of wear
DEFINITION
The following Figure specifi es the wear types of the edge according to the standard ISO 3685 together with the identifi cation
of their characteristic dimensions.
Sectional view A-A
Kf = distance of crater wear margin
CUTTING GRADES
KB = width of crater wear
PRAMET
KM = distance of crater wear centre
KT = depth of crater wear
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
Time relationship between the fl ank wear and face wear is displayed in the following Figure.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 85
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC In a concrete case of machining there usually occur several wear types in parallel; but their growth with the machining time
DEFINITION
is not in progress with the same intensity. According to the machining conditions, one of the present wear types usually
reaches a higher intensity in comparison with the others and it becomes decisive for the tool blunting and consequently
it limits the tool life.
For a certain tool couple tool material-workpiece material, the prevailing edge wear type is above all dependent
on the applied cutting conditions, especially on the cutting speed and the feed.
The dependence of the prevailing wear type on the feed f and cutting speed v is illustrated in the following Figure.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
OF MILLING TOOL
The wear type caused by abrasion of fl owing hard components of built-ups, prevails at the lowest values of cutting speed
CHOICE
and feeds when there is a built-up edge. With increasing the cutting speed and feed, the cutting temperature is increasing;
fi rst the fl ank wear becomes the prevailing wear type, furthermore the cratering, then the oxidation of incidental fl ank
close to the tip and fi nally at the highest cutting speeds and feeds it comes to the cutting edge plastic deformation which
practically indicates the exceeding of limit cutting values.
At choosing feeds it is necessary to maintain the limit values depending on the angle insert’s nose r and radius
of the nose curvature rε.
In addition to the mentioned wear types which to a large extent occur and proceed regularly, it comes at carbide tools
OF DRILLING
very often to a mechanical edge failure either in the form of edge crumbling or a fracture of a part of edge or of the whole
CHOICE
cutting insert.
These types of tools blunting arise especially doe to a strong mechanical stress of the edge (i.e. the impacts during inter-
rupted cut or as a consequence of preceding edge disruption due to thermal impacts). A fragile edge failure also occurs
very often when the machined material contains hard inclusions (sand etc.).
Mechanical edge damage is a type of blunting which occurs accidentally. It can occur at a sharp tool in the course of cut
beginning as well as at a tool with a certain wear grade. Substrates of cemented carbide with high amount of cobalt, which
OF CUTTING INSERTS
increases their toughness, are more resistant to mechanical damage.

WEAR
7.2 Mechanisms of wear formation
From the point of physical nature, the wear of tool edge due to abrasion is a result of the whole complex of effects including
chemical and mechanical processes that proceed in contact surfaces with machined material and they fade into one anther
and overlap.
Two types of phenomena, namely mechanical and chemical ones, characterize the mechanism of a tool wear.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
At the mechanical wear type, it comes to the failure of surface and face by the impact of chip fl owing off and workpiece
GRADE GROUPS
material in the cut area without any change of chemical composition of these surface layers of the cemented carbide.
On the other hand at chemical wear type, to a large or small extent it first comes to the change of the chemical composition
in the surface layer of tool material in the contact place chip-face and fl ank-cut area. By this change, the mechanical
properties of surface layers of tool material are usually worsened and consequently also their resistance to wear due
to abrasion. In other cases it comes to a direct diffusional dissolution of structural components of the cemented carbide.
ESC 86
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC While the intensity of mechanical wear types is dependent on the temperature to the extent that it infl uences the ratio of
DEFINITION
the hardness of tool and machined material (HSK/Hobr) under conditions which exist in the contact, the physical-chemical
wear is above all dependent on the temperature of contact place and on the mutual chemical activity of both materials
irrespective of the hardness ratio.
Processes, which directly lead to the edge wear, can be divided by the following manner:
abrasion
mechanical wear types
CUTTING GRADES
adhesion
PRAMET
diffusion
chemical wear types
oxidation
OF TURNING TOOL
Under certain machining conditions, all processes do not participate in the total wear alike. For a certain couple machined
material–cemented carbide, the one or the other process can prevail (according to the machining conditions).
CHOICE
The decisive factor, which determines the prevalence the type of wear process, is the contact temperature of the toll
with the workpiece.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
Abrasive wear is a mechanical wear type. Microscopic, very hard parts cut the tool material similarly like abrasive grains
at grinding. This wear type depends on the total tool path with respect to the workpiece, on the shape, amount and occurrence
frequency of abrasive particles and their hardness.
Adhesive wear is an abrasion caused by the adhesion effect (formation of micro-welds) between pure metal surfaces
of cemented carbide and machined material which come each other in contact on the fl ank and on the face.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
Oxidation wear at higher cutting speeds, some components of cemented carbide react at higher cutting speeds either
with the air from ambient atmosphere or with the cutting liquid which substitutes the air environment, or eventually with
the machined material.
Diffusion wear the atoms of tool or workpiece material diffuse one another and create on the one hand solid solutions
and on the other hand chemical compositions, whose properties differ from the properties of the initial tool material.
ESC 87
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 7.3 Some undesirable edge wear types and recommended measures for their removal
DEFINITION
Provided that some undesirable problems with application of tools with cutting inserts occur, for instance undesirable
or excessive edge wear, worsened surface roughness, bad chip forming or vibrations, it is necessary to respect the following
specifi ed recommendations.
Wear type Description and remedy
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
FLANK WEAR
It is one of the main criteria for characterization of the indexable insert operating life.
It originates as a result of wear mechanisms on the tool. Its impact (intensity) can be
only reduced.
Recommendation:
- Apply a tougher cemented carbide grade.
- Use a coolant or increase the cooling intensity.
- Reduce the cutting speed.
- Increase the feed if it is smaller than 0,1 mm.rev-1 (at MTCVD coated grades).
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
CRATERING
A characteristic wear which appears most distinctly on cutting inserts with plain face;
but its occurrence is not limited only to this type of inserts.
Recommendation:
- Use a more wear-resistant cemented carbide grade.
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
- Use another (more positive) type of cutting geometry.
OXIDATION GROOVE ON THE SIDE FLANK

it is one of the most meaningful criteria limiting the cutting insert operating life.
The interconnection of the oxidation groove with the face cratering becomes evident
OF DRILLING
in an enhancement of the workpiece surface roughness; it comes to the effect for which
CHOICE
the slang expression is ”fuzzing”.
Recommendation:
- Use a coated or more wear-resistant cemented carbide grade; use coated indexable
inserts incorporating Al2O3 if it is possible.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
NOTCH FLANK WEAR

WEAR
it originates in the area of contact of the cutting edge with the workpiece surface.
It is mainly caused by hardening of surface workpiece layers and burrs. This wear
type occurs especially at austenitic stainless steels and at operations characterized
by the variation of cutting depth.
Recommendation:
- Choose a tool with a smaller approach angle.
- Use a coated or more wear-resistant cemented carbide grade; use coated indexable
inserts incorporating Al2O3 if it is possible.
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 88
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
PLASTIC NOSE DEFORMATION
the reason for this wear is the edge overloading in consequence of high cutting speeds
and feeds.
Recommendation:
- Use a more wear-resistant cemented carbide grade.
- Reduce the feed.
- Use cutting inserts with larger radius of nose curvature.
CUTTING GRADES
- Use cutting inserts with larger nose angle.
PRAMET
BUILT-UP EDGE
The chips from the machined workpiece stick on the tool nose. It is a kind of micro-welded
deposit on the cutting edge. When it is torn away, the cutting edge can be slightly
damaged. Another consequence is the quality deterioration of machined surface.
Recommendation:
- Increase the cutting speed.
OF TURNING TOOL
- Increase the feed.
- Apply coated types of cemented carbides (especially PVD coating).
CHOICE
- use another (more positive or sharper) cutting geometry.
- Use a coolant with better anti-built-up-edge impact (if it is not available,
desist from cooling).
CHIPPING OF CUTTING EDGE (OUT OF ENGAGEMENT)

its reason is the unsuitable chip forming which at departing from the cut impinges
OF MILLING TOOL
on the cutting edge causing its mechanical damage.
Recommendation:
CHOICE
- Change the feed.
- Use a tool with different approach angle.
- Use another cutting geometry (another chip former).
- Use a tougher cemented carbide grade.
OF DRILLING
CHIPPING OF CUTTING EDGE
CHOICE
In most cases they appear in combination with other wear types; separately they
are hardly identifiable.
Recommendation:
- Use a tougher type of cemented carbide.
- Choose less intensive cutting conditions.
- Use another cutting geometry.
- Reduce the feed while entering the cut.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
BRITTLE FAILURE IN THE TIP AREA

There are many reasons depending upon properties of tool material and workpiece material,
upon condition and especially upon the stiffness of the system machine – tool – machined
workpiece; furthermore, it is also influenced by magnitude and type of wear and engagement
conditions.
Recommendation:
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
- Use a tougher type of cemented carbide. - Use cutting inserts with larger nose angle.
- Choose less intensive cutting conditions - Use another cutting geometry
(reduce the feed and cutting depth). (another chip former).
- Use cutting inserts with larger radius - Stabilize the cutting edge.
of nose curvature. - Reduce feed while entering the cut.
ESC 89
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
COMB RACK CRACKS
this phenomenon appears due to dynamic thermal load at interrupted cut.
Recommendation:
- Do not apply cutting fluids (compressed air should be applied for removing
chips from the place of cut).
- Use a tougher cemented carbide grade.
CUTTING GRADES
PRAMET
OF TURNING TOOL
CHOICE
Undesirable phenomena Description and remedy
At present it is a criterion of the same importance as the tool life. It is especially

influenced by the workpiece material, feed, cutting depth and, naturally, by a suitable
cutting geometry (chip former). A long (unshaped), continuous chip cannot be accepted
OF MILLING TOOL
for many reasons, but a too short, ”crushed” chip is undesirable (it shows the overloading
UNSUITABLE CHIP SHAPE of the cutting edge and leads to the origin of vibrations).
CHOICE
Recommendation:
- Adjust feed and depth of cut according to the diagram.
- Chose more suitable chip former according to diagram for chip forming.
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
This is a very frequent phenomenon; it cannot be always avoided. The burr mainly
originates at turning (machining) of soft steels and plastic materials.
Recommendation:
BURR FORMATION - Use cutting inserts with a sharp cutting edge (uncoated cemented carbide
or PVD coated grade).
- Use cutting inserts with positive geometry.
- Reduce the approach angle.
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
This phenomenon can be seen very often, especially at finishing operations with
requirement for the surface roughness, which is naturally affected by many factors,
under which belong workpiece material, cutting environment, design and condition of the
cutting edge, cutting conditions (especially the feed and cutting speed) and the stability
LOWER MACHINED of the system machine-tool-workpiece.
SURFACE QUALITY Recommendation:
EQUIVALENT TABLES
- Reduce the feed.

GRADE GROUPS

- Eliminate vibrations.
- Use cutting inserts with a suitable cutting geometry or a chip former.
- Optimize the type of cutting environment.
- Enhance the cutting depth over the nose radius.
ESC 90
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC
DEFINITION
Quality of machined surface – we meet this phenomenon mainly at finishing operations
where the requirement on surface roughness is set; it is influenced by many factors, e.g.
material of workpiece, cutting environment, style and state of tool edge, cutting condition
(mainly feed and cutting speed) and stability of the system machine-tool-workpiece.
DIMENSIONAL AND SHAPE
Recommendation:
INACCURACY OF WORKPIECE - Reduce the feed.
- Eliminate vibrations.
- Use cutting inserts with a suitable cutting geometry or a chip former.
CUTTING GRADES
- Optimize the type of cutting environment.
PRAMET
- Enhance the cutting depth over the nose radius.
It is a very frequent phenomenon; the main reasons are an unbalanced workpiece and a high
value of cutting forces. It also appears when turning long thin shafts.
Recommendation:
VIBRATION AND INSTABILITY - Reduce the cutting depth.
- Use a tool with the approach angle 90°.
- Use cutting inserts with a smaller radius of nose curvature.
OF TURNING TOOL
- Check the workpiece clamping stability (or safeguard balancing).
- Check the tool clamping stability (reduce the overhang).
CHOICE
- Optimize suitably cutting conditions (feed and speed).
Minimize the power balance of cutting process by means of a suitable choice of cutting
geometry and tool grade ( the sharpest and most positive tool).
OF MILLING TOOL
CHOICE
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
ESC 91
8 Classifi cation of machined materials and tables of equivalents
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC In past Pramet’s system used its own classifi cation of the machined materials, namely into seven fundamental groups
DEFINITION
which proceed was corresponding with this new classifi cation according to the new proposal ISO 513; materials
to be machined are here classifi ed into six groups where such materials are associated which cause the same load type
(stress) of a cutting edge and thus also a similar wear type. This new classifi cation according to the standard ISO 513
is given in the following Table in comparison with the old Pramet’s classifi cation.
NEW OLD
CUTTING GRADES
carbon (unalloyed) steels, grade 10, 11, 12
PI
PRAMET
low and medium alloy steels, grade 13 (13. 0, 13.1., …)
alloy steels, grades 14, 15, 16
ferritic and martensitic stainless steels, (grades 17 and cast 4229…)
P carbon tool steels (19 1.., 19 2.., 19 3..)
alloy tool steels (19 3 up to 19 8..)
PII
OF TURNING TOOL
carbon cast steel grade 26 (4226 …)
low and medium alloy steels, grade 27 (42 27 …)
CHOICE
austenitic and ferritic-austenitic steels; stainless,
M MI creep-resistant and heat-resistant steels
OF MILLING TOOL
non-magnetic and wear-resistant steels
CHOICE
grey cast irons, unalloyed and alloyed ones (42 24 …)
K KI nodular cast irons
malleable cast irons
(42 23 …)
(42 25 …)
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
N KII non-ferrous metals, Al and Cu alloys OF CUTTING INSERTS
WEAR
S MII special creep-resistant alloys on the basis of Ni, Co, Fe and Ti

EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
treated steels, hardness over 1500 MPa

H MIII hardened steels HRC 48 - 60
ESC 92
ESC
ESC
8.1 Machined materials, group P
8
CZ EURO ISO F IT D PL A RU S
Main
Classifi cation of machined materials and tables of equivalents

Czech Rep. France Italy Germany Poland Austria Russia Sweden
group
ČSN EN ISO AFNOR UNI DIN PN ÖNORM GOST SS
10425 - - FeE 40 - BSt420 S St50B - A III 2164
10505 FeB500 RB50W - Fe430B BSt500S - - - -
11109 11SMn28 11SMn28 S 250 CF9Smn28 9 SMn 28 A10X - CF9SMn28 1912-04
11300 - - - 3CD5 D6-2 - UC6 05kp -
11373 S235JRG1 Fe360B E 24-2 Fe360BFU USt 37-2 St3SX St 37F St3Kp 1311
11500 E295 Fe490 A 50-2 Fe 490,E295 St 50-2 St5, MSt5 St 490, St 50F S285, St5sp 2172, 1151
11523 Fe 510 Fe 510 E 36-3 Fe 510 St 52-3 16G2, G355 St 510C,D 17GS, 17G1S
11600 E335, Fe590-2 Fe 590 A 60-2, E335 Fe590, E335 St 60-2 MSt6, St6 St60F STt6sp
12010 2C10 C10 XC10, C10RR C10 C10, Ck10 10 RC12, UC12 08, 10
12020 C15E, 2C15 C15E4, C16E4 C18RR, XC18 C15 C 15, Ckl5 - - C15, C16
12040 C35 C35E4 C35, XC38 C35 C35, Ck35 35 C35 35 1550, 1572-02
12050 C45 C60E4 C45 C45 C 45, Ck45 45 C45SW 45 1650

P 12060 C55 C55E4 C54, XC55 C55 C 55 55 - 50, 55 1655
12090 2 CS 85 CS85 C90RR C85 C85E, Ck85 85 - 85 -
13180 - - - - 80Mn4 65G - 70G -
19191 CT105 C105U C105E2U C100KU C105W1 N10E K990 U101 1880
19192 CT105 U90U C105E2U C100KU C105W2 N10E K990 U10-1
19255 CT120 CT120 C120E3U C120KU C125W N12 K995 U13-1 -
19314 95MnWCr5 95MnWCr 95MnWCrV5 95MnWCr5KU 100MnCrW4 NMWV K460 9ChVG 2140
422630 C18D 20-40 20-40M FeG400 GS38 LII400 GS38 15L-I -
422640 - 23-45 A48M1 FeG450 GS-45 LII 400 GS-45 25 L 1305
422650 - 26-52 E26-52-M FeG49-1 GS52 LII 500 GS52 30L -

93
422660 - 30-57 30M6M FeG570 GS-60 LII 600 GS-60 45L2 1606

ESC
ESC
Machined materials, group P
8
Main Czech Rep. France Italy Germany Poland Austria Russia Sweden

group
13180 - - - - 80Mn4 65G - 70G -

13240 - - 38M S5 - 37MnSi5 35SG - 35SG
13250 45Si7 type3 45S7 - 46Si7 45S - 50S2 -
14100 100Cr 6 Type 1-0 100C6 100Cr6 100Cr6 LH15 - Šch15 2258
14109 100Cr6 Type 1-0 100 Cr6 10Cr6 100 Cr 6 LH15 - Šch15 2258
14220 16MnCr5 Type 5 16 M C 5 16MnCr5 16 Mn Cr 5 15HG - 18ChG 2127
14260 - - 54SiCr6 48Si7 54SiCr6 60S2 - 60S2ChA 2090
15217 S355JOWP Fe 355 W-1A E36W-A3 S355JOWP 9CrNiCuP324 10H - - -
15231 - - - - 27MnCrV4 - - - -
15260 51CrV4 type 13 51CrV4 51CrV4 50 Cr V 4 50HF - 50ChFA 2230
15340 - - 40CAD6.12 41CrAlMo7 41CrAlMo7 38HMJ - 38Ch2MJuA -
16220 15NiCr6 - 16NC6 16CrNi4 15CrNi6 15HN - 12ChN2 2512
16320 - - - 18Ni14 - - - 12ChN3 -
16343 34CrNiMo6 type3, 36CrNiMo6 35NCD6 35CrNiMo6 34CrNiMo6 34HNM - 38Ch2N2MA 2541
P 16420 - - 13NiCr14 - 14NiCr14 - - 12Ch2N4A -
16440 - - 30NC12, 18 NC13 - 31 Ni Cr 14 37HN3A - 30ChN3A -
17022 X20Cr13 Type4 X20Cr13 X20Cr13 X20Cr13 2H13 - 12Ch13 2302
17023 X30Cr13 Type5 Z30 C13 30Ch13 X30Cr13 3H13 - 30Ch13 2304-03
17024 X39Cr13 Type6 Z40C13 X40Cr14 X39Cr13 4H13 - 40Ch13 -
17042 - - - H18 - 95Ch18 -
17102 5CrMo16 TS37 Z10 CD5.05 A16CrMo25 5KG,KV 12 Cr Mo 195 H5M - 15Ch5M -
17153 - - Z10C24 X16Cr26 X8CrTi25 - - 15Ch25T 2322
19312 90MnV8 90MnCrV8 90MV8 90MnCrV8KU 90MnCrV8 NMV K720 9G2V -
19314 95MnWCr5 95MnWCr 95MnWCrV5 95MnWCr5KU 100MnCrW4 NMWV K460 9ChVG 2140
19356 100V2 TCV105 C105E2UV1 102V2KU 100V1 NV K760 - -
19436 X210Cr12 X210Cr12 Z200C12 X205Cr12KU X210Cr12 NC11 - Ch12 -
19452 - - Y60SC7 - 58SiCr8 - K224 - -
94
19541 30CrMoV12-11 32CrMoV12-28 32CDV12-28 30CrMoV12-27KU X32CrMoV33 WLM W320 3Ch3M3F -

ESC
ESC
Machined materials, group P
8

group
19552 X37CrMoV5-1 X37CrMoV51 Z38CDV5 X37CrMoV51KU X38CrMoV5.1 WCL W300 4Ch5MFS -
19554 X40CrMoV511 40CrMoV5 X40CrMoV5 X40CrMoV511KU X40CrMoV5.1 WCLV W302 4Ch5MF1S 2214
19662 55NiCrMoV7 - 55CNDV7 55NiCrMoV7KU 55NNiCrMoV6 WLN W502 5ChNM -
19721 X30WCrV93 X30WCrV9-3 Z30WCV9 X30WCrV93KU X30WCrV9.3 WWV W100 3Ch2V8F -
19732 45WCrSiV8 50WCrV8 45WCV20 45WCrV8KU 45WCrV7 NZ2 K450 5ChV2SF 2710
19733 55WCrV8 60WCrV8 55WC20 55WCrV8KU 60WCrV7 NZ3 K455 5ChV2S -
19824 HS18-0-1 HS18-0-1 HS18-0-1 HS18-0-1 HS18-0-1 SW18 S200 R18 2750
19829 - HS6-5-2 C HS6-5-2 HC HS6-5-3 HS6-5-2 C - S604 - -
19852 HS6-5-2-5 HS6-5-2-5 Z85WDKCV06 HS6-5-2-5 HS6-5-2-5 SK5M S705 R6M5K5 2723
422709 - - 35M5 - GS-20Mn5 L20G - 35G -

P 422714 G-21Mn5 - - G22Mn3 GS-20Mn5 L20G GS-21Mn5 20GL -
422744 GS-17CrMo55 - 15CD5-05M G15CrMo55 GS-17CrMo55 L18HM GS-17CrMo55 20ChMFL -
422771 - - Z15CD505-M GX15CrMo5 - - - 20Ch5ML -
422895 - - - - AlNiCo44/5 - - Jun13dK24S -
422905 - - Z12C13-M GX12Cr13 G-X12Cr13 LOH13 - 15Ch13L -
422920 - - Z120M12M XG120Mn12 G-X120Mn13 C120G13 AoMn10 110G13L -
422930 G-X5CrNi19-10 - ZGCN18-10-N G-X6CrNi2010 G-X5CrNi18-9 - - 07Ch18N9L -
422940 - - Z6CND18-12-M G-X2CrNiMo19 11 G-X6CrNiMo18-12 LOH18N10M2 G-X6CrNiMo18-10 07Ch18N10G2S2M2L 2343

95
422952 - - Z40CN25-20M G X40CrNi2620 G -X40CrNiSi2520 LH25N19S2 - 20Ch25N19S2L -

ESC
ESC
8.2 Machined materials, group M
8
Main

group
17240 X5CrNi18-10 Type 11 Z6 CN 18-09 X5CrNi18-10 X5CrNi18-10 OH18N9 X5CrNi18-10S 08Ch18N10 2333-02
17241 - - - X10CrNi 1809 X12CrNi 18 8 1H18N9 - - -
17246 X10CrNiTi18-10 Type 15 Z6 CNT 18-10 X8CrNiTi1811 X12CrNiTi189 1H18N9T X6CrNiTi1810KKW 08Ch18N10T 2237-02
17247 X10CrNiTi18-10 Type 15 Z6 CNT 18-10 X6CrNiTi1811 X6CrNiTi1810 - X6CrNiTi1810S 08Ch18N10T 2237
17248 X6CrNiTi18-10 Type 15 Z6 CNT 18-10 X6CrNiTi1811 X6CrNiTi1810 OH18N10T X6CrNiTi1810KKW 08Ch18N10T 2237
17251 X15CrNiSi2012 Type H13 Z 17CNS 20 12 X16CrNi13 14 X15CrNiSi20 12 H20N12S2 - 20Ch20N14S2 -
17253 X12NiCrSi35-16 H17 Z12NCS37.18 - X12NiCrSi36-16 H16N36S2 - - -
17255 X8CrNi25-21 H16 Z8CN25-20 X6CrNi2520 X8CrNi25-21 H25N20S2 - 20Ch23N18 2361
17341 - TS 63 Z6CND17-13B X5CrNiMo1712 X6CrNiMo1713 - X5CrNiMo17122S - -
M 17346 X5CrNiMo17122 Type 20 Z6 CND 17.11 X5CrNiMo17 12 X 5 Cr Ni Mo 17122 - X5CrNiMo 17122KKW XSCrNiMo 1712 2247
17352 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 Type 20a Z7 CND 18-12-03 X5CrNiMo17 13 X5CrNiMo17 13 3 - X5CrNiMo17 13 3KW - 2343
X6CrNiMo17 12
17353 X10CrNiMoTi1812 Type21A Y 6CNDT 17-12 X6CrNiMo17 13 X10CrNiMoTi1812 - - 2350
2KKW
17436 - - - - X40MnCr18 - - - -
17465 X53CrMnNiN21 9 Type 9 Z 52 CMN 21.09 X53CrMnNiN21 9 X53 CrMnNiN21 9 50 H21G9N4 - 55Ch20G9AN4 -
17618 - - Y120M12 - X120Mn12 - - 110G13L 2183
*SAF 2304 X2CrNin23 - X2CrNin23 4 X2CrNin23 4 X2CrNin23 4 - - - 2308
* SAF 2507 X2CrNiMon25-74 - X2CrNiMon25-74 X2CrNiMon25-74 X2CrNiMon25-74 - - - 2328

96
* SAF 2205 X2CrNiMoN 22 5 3 - Z3CND 22-05Az X2CrNiMoN 22 5 3 X2CrNiMoN 22 5 3 - - - 2377

ESC
ESC
8.3 Machined materials, group K
8

group
Nodular cast iron
422304 - 400-12 FGS400-12 GS400-12 GGG40 Zs40015 - VČ40 0717-00
422307 GJS-700-2 700-2 FGS-700-2 GS 700-2 GGG70 Zs70002 GGG-700 VČ70 0737-01
422308 - 800-2 FGS800-2 GS800-2 GGG80 Zs80002 - VČ80 -
Grey cast iron
422410 - Gr.100 Ft10 G10 GG10 Zl100 GG100 SČ10 0110-00
422420 - Gr.200 Ft20 G20 GG20 Zl200 GG200 SČ20 0120-00
K 422425 - Gr.250 Ft25 G25 GG25 Zl250 GG250 SČ25 0125-00
422430 - Gr.300 Ft30 G30 GG30 Zl300 GG300 SČ30 0130-00
Malleable cast iron
422533 - B35-10 MN35-10 B35-10 GTS35-10 Zcc35010 GTS-350 KČ35-10 0815-00
422536 - W35-04 MB35-7 GMN35 GTW35-04 Zcb35004 GTW-350 - -
422540 - W 40-05 MB 400-5 GMN 40 GTW 40-05 Zcb 40005 GTW 400 - -
422555 - P55-04 MN 550-4 P 55-04 GTS 55-04 Zpc 55004 - KČ55-4 -

97

ESC
ESC
8.4 Machined materials, group N
8

group
Cu 99,95 * Cu-OF Cu-OF Cu-c1 - OF+Cu Cu99,95B Cu-OF M00 -
CuNi2Si * CuNi2Si CuNi2Si - P- CuNi2Si CuNi2Si CuNi2Si CuNi2Si - -
CuSn6 * CuSn6 CuSn6 CuSn6P - CuSn6 CuSn6 CuSn6 Br0F6,5-0,15 CuSn6
CuAl5 * CuAl5As CuAl5 CuAl6 P- CuAl5 CuAl5As CuAl5As CuAl5As BrA5 -
CuAl10Fe4Ni4 * CuAl10Ni5 Fe4 CuAl10Ni5 Fe4 CuAl9Ni5Fe3 P-CuAl10Fe5Ni5 CuAl10Ni5 Fe4 CuAl10Ni5 Fe4 CuAl10Ni5 Fe4 BrAZN10-4-4 -
CuSi3Mn1 * CuSi3Mn1 CuSi3Mn1 - P- CuSi3Mn1 - CuSi3Mn1 CuSi3Mn BrKMc3-1 -
CuCd1 * CuCd1 - - - CuCd1 - BrKd1 -
CuPb30Fe * CuPb30 - - - CuPb30 - - BrS30 -
CuZn4 * CuZn5 CuZn5 CuZn5 - CuZn5 CuZn5 - L 96 -
CuZn15 CuZn15 CuZn15 CuZn15 P- CuZn15 CuZn15 CuZn15 CuZn15 L85 CuZn15
CuZn20 CuZn20 CuZn20 CuZn20 - CuZn20 CuZn20 CuZn20 L80 CuZn20
CuZn30 CuZn30 CuZn30 CuZn30 P- CuZn30 CuZn30 CuZn30 CuZn30 L70 CuZn30
CuZn40 CuZn40 CuZn40 CuZn40 P-CuZn40 CuZn40 CuZn40 CuZn40 L60 CuZn40
* Al 99,8 AW-Al 99,8(A) Al 99,8(A) 1080A P- Al 99,8 Al 99,8 Al 99,8 Al 99,8 AD000 -
N * AlCu4Mg
* AlZn6Mg2Cu
AW - AlCu4MgSI (A)
AL-P7075
AlCu4MgSi
AlZn6MgCu
2017A
7075
P- AlCu4MgMnSi
P-AlZn5,8MgCuCr
AlCuMg1
AlZnMgCu 1,5
AlCu4Mg1
AlZn6Mg2Cu
AlCuMg1
AlZnMgCu 1,5
D1
V95
-
-
* AlMg1Si1Mn Al-P6082 AlMg1Si1Mn 6082 P- AlSi1MgMn ALMgSi1 AlMgSi1Mn AlMgSi1 AD35 AlSi1MgMn
* AlMg2 AW- AlMg2 AlMg2 5052 P- AlMg2,5 AlMg2,5 AlMg2 AlMg2,5 AlMg2 AlMg2,5
* AlMg3 AW- AlMg3,5Mn0,3 AlMg3,5(A) 5754 P- AlMg2,7Mn AlMg2,7Mn AlMg3 AlMg3 AlMg3 AlMg3
* AlMn1 AW-AlMn1 AlMn1 3103 P- AlMn1,2Cu AlMn1 AlMn1 AlMn AMc AlMn
* AlCu4SiMg - AlCu4SiMg 2014 P- AlCu4,4SiMnMg AlCu4SiMn AlCu4SiMg AlCu4SiMn AK8 AlCu4SiMg
* AlCu6Mn 2219 ALCu6Mn - - - ALCu6MnTi - - -
* AlMn1 - AlMn1 3103 P- AlMn1,2 AlMn1 AlMn1 AlMn1 Amc AlMn1
* AlMg4 - AlMg4 5086 P- AlMg4,4 AlMg4Mn - - AlMg4 -
* AlMgSi - AlMgSi 6060 P AlMg0,5Si0,4Fe AlMgSi0,5 - AlMgSi0,5 - AlMgSi
* AlZn4,5Mg1 - AlZn4,5Mg1 7020 P- AlZn4,5Mg1 AlZn4,5Mg1 AlZn5Mg1 AlZn4,5Mg1 1915 AlZn4,5Mg1
* AlSi7MgTi AC-AlSiMg0,3 Al-Si7Mg A-S7G03 G-AlSi7MgTi G-AlSi7Mg - GAlSi7Mg AK7pc AlSi7Mg
* AlSi8Cu2Mn AC-AlSi9Cu3(Fe) Al-Si8Cu3Fe A-S9U3 Y4 G-AlSi8,5Cu G-AlSi9Cu3 - GAlSi8Cu3 AK8M3 AlSi9Cu3
98
* AlSi5Cu4Zn - Al-Si6Cu4Fe A-S5UZ G-AlSi5,5Cu G-AlSi6Cu4 AlSi6Cu4 GAlSi6Cu4 AK5M4 AlSi6Cu4

ESC
ESC
8.5 Machined materials, group S
8
Main

group
INCOLOY 800 330 - Z12NCS35.16 F-3313 X12NiCrSi36 16 - - - -
Ni70Cu30 - NiCu30 NiCu32Fe1,5Mn - NiCu30Fe NiCu30 - NMZMc28-2,5-1,5 -
NiFe17CuCr - - - - NiFe16CuCr - - - -
NiFe48 - - Fe-Ni50 - NiFe47 NiFe49Pr - - -
NiCr21Mo16Al ALLOY 59 - - - - - - - -
NiCr21Mo16W INCONEL alloy 686 - - - - - - - -
NIMONIC 80A UNS N07080 - NC 20 TA - - - - El –437 B -
NIMONIC alloy 90
NiCrCo18Ti - - - - - - - -
(HEV 6)
NiCo20Cr15MoAlTi NIMONIC alloy 105 - - - - - - - -
S INCONEL 617 N06617 - - - - - - - -
INCONEL 718 UNS N07718 - NC 19FeNb - - - - - -

NiMoCr15W
UNS N10276 - NiMo16Cr16 - - - - - -
(ALLOY C-276)
NiCr22Mo9Nb
- - NC22DNb - - - - - -
(ALLOY625)
CoCr23Ni10W7Ta4 MAR-M509 - - - - - - - -
Air Resist 213 5537C - KC20WN - CoCr20W15Ni - - - -
Jetalloy 209 AMS 5772 - KC22WN - CoCr22W14Ni - - - -
TiAl5Sn2.5 AMS R54520 - T-A5E - TiAl5Sn2.5 - - - -
TiAl6V4 AMS R56400 - T-A6V - TiAl6V4 - - - -
TiAl6V4ELI AMS R56401 - - - TiAl6V4ELI - - - -
8.6 Machined materials, group H

99
The equivalents are not mentioned because it is generally a case of heat-treated materials from other groups.

8 Classifi cation of machined materials and tables of equivalents
OF BASIC CONCEPTS
ESC 8.7 Hardness conversion table
DEFINITION
Breaking Breaking
strength BRINELL VICKERS ROCKWELL ROCKWELL strength BRINELL VICKERS ROCKWELL ROCKWELL
[MPa] [MPa]
HB HV HRB HRC HB HV HRB HRC
Rm Rm
285 86 90 1190 352 370 37,7
CUTTING GRADES
320 95 100 56,2 1220 361 380 38,8
PRAMET
350 105 110 62,3 1255 371 390 39,8
385 114 120 66,7 1290 380 400 40,8
415 124 130 71,2 1320 390 410 41,8
450 133 140 75,0 1350 399 420 42,7
OF TURNING TOOL
480 143 150 78,7 1385 409 430 43,6
CHOICE
510 152 160 81,7 1420 418 440 44,5
545 162 170 85,8 1455 428 450 45,3
575 171 180 87,1 1485 437 460 46,1
610 181 190 89,5 1520 447 470 46,9
OF MILLING TOOL
640 190 200 91,5 1555 456 480 47,7
CHOICE
675 199 210 93,5 1595 466 490 48,4
705 209 220 95,0 1630 475 500 49,1
740 219 230 96,7 1665 485 510 49,8
770 228 240 98,1 1700 494 520 50,5
800 238 250 99,5 1740 504 530 51,1
OF DRILLING
CHOICE
820 242 255 23,1 1775 513 540 51,7
850 252 265 24,8 1810 523 550 52,3
880 261 275 26,4 1845 532 560 53,0
900 266 280 27,1 1880 542 570 53,6
OF CUTTING INSERTS
930 276 290 28,5 1920 551 580 54,1

WEAR
950 280 295 29,2 1955 561 590 54,7

995 295 310 31,0 1995 570 600 55,2
1030 304 320 32,2 2030 580 610 55,7
1060 314 330 33,3 2070 589 620 56,3
EQUIVALENT TABLES
GRADE GROUPS
1095 323 340 34,4 2105 599 630 56,8

1125 333 350 35,5 2145 608 640 57,3
1155 342 360 36,6 2180 618 650 57,8
ESC 100

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•˙

8. Classiﬁ cation of machined materials and tables of equivalents

8.2 Table of equivalents - group M 96

Feed per revolution

fot = feed per revolution [mm.rev -1]

Not indicated fot fmin fot [mm.tooth-1]

A = fot . ap [mm 2] A = fz . ap [mm 2] A = fot . ap [mm 2]

a p = cutting depth [mm] a p = cutting depth [mm] a p = cutting depth [mm]

Medium chip thickness

The chip thickness h changes during

enced by the cutting edge geometry

feed f [mm.rev -1] ning materials.

1,0 0,6 0,8 1,4 2,1 3,2 4,6 6,0 7,8

The roughness in axial direction

Volume of removed material

Needed input of machine driving motor

a .f.k .v ap.ae.fmin.kc.kγ kc1.f1-c.D.vc

ap.f.vc ap.ae.f D.f.vc

Pc = needed input [kW]

machined vc = cutting speed [m.min -1] vc = cutting speed [m.min -1]

It can be also (conditionally) used for ﬁ ne

It connects a good wear resistance with high

copy turning (CTP) of common and stainless

This grade is primarily intended for machining

of carbon and alloy steels and cast irons

is given by a specially developed substrate

used for turning of alloys and cast irons

This grade ﬁ nds its very wide application

It is used at machining of common and

It is the toughest grade intended for extremely

interrupted cuts and bad engagement

intended for machining of carbon steels and

milling of cast irons and especially at heavy

machinable alloys upon the basis of Ni, Co

(HRC > 55).

Milling of steels, stainless and cast steel.

under more difﬁ cult conditions.

UC5005 U420 U625

TELEDYNE NL25 MP37 MP26 MP15

Sr117 Sr127 Sr137 Gm40

TIZIT Sr17 Gm517 Gm520

T715X T803 T725X

VALENITE SV310 SV315 VN8 SV325 V1N

IC220 IC220 IC220 IC250 IC250 IC228 IC228 IC228

UP20M UP20M UP20M

TELEDYNE TP21 TP21 TP21

TOSHIBA AH120 AH120 AH120 AH120

VALENITE UC907 UC907 UC905 UC905 UC905

VC902 VC902 VC902 VC902

CY15 HC844 CY25 CZ250 CY250

VC901 VC929 VC928

Cutting depth a p Feed f Holder cross-section Holder overhang

An example for using the nomogram:

Shape and size 10 3,5

Maximum allowable cutting

15 10,4 10,0 - 7,1

Example for using the nomogram:

Insert Maximum acceptable feed f [mm.rev -1]

4.3 Choice of chip former

The overview of chip formers system Pramet:

The overview of chip formers system Pramet:

The overview of chip formers system Pramet:

Choice of turning tool